The establishment of the socialist system, the basic completion of socialist transformation 1953, and the transformation from private ownership of the means of production to socialist public ownership indicate that China has entered the primary stage of socialism and its production level has been greatly improved.
1953 12 Premier Zhou put forward the Five Principles of Peace, which became the guidelines for handling relations between countries and laid the foundation for friendly coexistence with the vast number of developing countries.
19641June1June 15, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully,1June 967 17 At 8 o'clock in the morning, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully,17.
197 1 10 At the 26th session of the United Nations General Assembly, with the help of developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin China, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 2758, which restored's legitimate seat in the United Nations (including one of the permanent members of the Security Council) and greatly improved its international status.
1978 The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party made a major decision to implement reform and opening up, and at the same time shifted the focus of the Party's work from class struggle to economic construction, which was implemented in 1979. From here, China officially began a period of rapid development.
From 1982 to 1992, Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theoretical system was established.
(1) changed from a semi-colonial country controlled by imperialist political and economic forces to an autonomous country with complete independence, sovereignty integrity and national dignity. Since 1840 Opium War reduced China to a semi-colony, achieving national independence has been the primary goal of people with lofty ideals in China. In the 60 years since the founding of New China, the people of China have withstood various forms of external pressure, defeated the isolation, blockade, interference and sanctions imposed by imperialist and hegemonic forces on China, and effectively safeguarded the independence, sovereign integrity and national dignity of the country. New China stands like a giant in the east of the world.
(2) From a divided country full of ethnic and class contradictions, it has become a country that has achieved unprecedented reunification on the basis of the socialist system. Old China has been divided for a long time. Over the past 60 years, the new China has not only achieved unprecedented reunification on the mainland, but also recovered its sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao, erasing the humiliating history of 100 years or even more than 300 years. With the turning point of cross-strait relations, the great cause of peaceful reunification of the Chinese nation has taken on a new look. ?
(3) From a reactionary and autocratic feudal and semi-feudal country to a country where the people are masters of their own affairs and the socialist democracy and legal system are constantly improving. Old China was famous for its feudal autocracy, reactionary autocracy and social darkness. Great social changes have taken place in the past 60 years, and the people's democratic dictatorship has been established. The people participate in the management of state affairs and other social affairs through various channels. After land reform and various democratic reforms, thousands of years of exploitation system ended; Tibet and other ethnic minority areas ended serfdom. Since the reform and opening up, we have constantly improved the democratic system and the legal system, actively and steadily promoted the reform of the political system, and improved the political system in Socialism with Chinese characteristics. ?
(4) From a country with deep ethnic discrimination and oppression to a country with equality, mutual assistance, unity and harmony among all ethnic groups. In old China, ethnic contradictions and ethnic oppression intensified. Since the founding of New China 60 years ago, the system of regional ethnic autonomy has been implemented, which opposes both Han chauvinism and local nationalism, constantly thwarts the attempts of ethnic separatist forces, and strives to achieve and consolidate the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country. The central government protects the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities in accordance with the law, promotes the unity and progress of all ethnic groups, advances hand in hand, and develops equal, mutual assistance and friendly relations. ?
(5) From a poor and weak country with very backward industry in modern times, it has become a country with great national economic development and is moving towards prosperity. Old China was poor and weak. 1949, the steel output was only158,000 tons, the GDP was less than 67.9 billion yuan, and the per capita annual national income was only $27. In the past 60 years of New China, mainly in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, the national economy has developed continuously and rapidly. By 2008, the output of major agricultural products and industrial products in China ranked first in the world, with 580 million tons of steel, GDP exceeding 30 trillion yuan and per capita national income exceeding 2360 US dollars. Many economic indicators have increased hundreds or even thousands of times. The country's economic aggregate ranks third in the world. ?
(6) From a country whose economy is controlled by foreign capital and bureaucratic capital to a country with a socialist market economic system with China characteristics. The economy of old China was mainly controlled by foreign capital and bureaucratic capital, which belonged to abnormal domination economy. After the founding of New China, the planned economy system was implemented. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, comprehensive reform has been carried out, and the transformation from planned economy system to socialist market economy system has been realized. While deepening the reform of the economic system, we have also deepened other reforms, initially forming and constantly developing a new system and mechanism that is in line with the national conditions of contemporary China. ?
(7) From a country forced to "open its doors" by imperialist powers, it has become a country that is open to the outside world in all directions. Old China was forced to "open its doors" by imperialist powers. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, we have persisted in opening to the outside world, from the establishment of special economic zones to inland opening, and then to joining the WTO. From "bringing in" on a large scale to "going out" in big strides, we have made great efforts to make use of both domestic and international markets and resources, and our international competitiveness has been continuously enhanced. By 2008, foreign exchange reserves exceeded $65,438 +0.9 trillion, ranking first in the world; The total import and export volume exceeds 2.5 trillion US dollars, ranking third in the world. The prosperity and stability of the world cannot be separated from China. ?
(8) From a country full of illiteracy, known as the "sick man of East Asia", it has become a country with great development in education, science, culture, sports and health. Old China was ridiculed by outsiders as "a big illiterate country" and "the sick man of East Asia". At present, nine-year compulsory education has been fully realized in urban and rural areas, illiteracy has been basically eliminated, and the total scale of higher education and the number of students in universities, primary and secondary schools rank first in the world. Great progress has been made in science and technology. Not only the "two bombs and one satellite" and "Shenzhou" manned spacecraft were successfully launched, but also the lunar exploration project has been started. Cultural undertakings are full of vitality, and sports undertakings are advancing by leaps and bounds. In 2008, the Summer Olympics and Paralympics were successfully held. Medical and health conditions have improved significantly. The Chinese nation is one of the advanced nations in the world. ?
(9) From a country where the broad masses of people have no food and clothing, and it is difficult to make a living, it has become a country where the people are well-fed and the overall living standard has reached a well-off level. 1949, the per capita cash income of urban residents was less than 100 yuan, the per capita net income of rural residents was less than that of 50 yuan, and most of the population was in a state of hunger and semi-hunger for a long time. By 2008, the problem of food and clothing for the population of 65.438+300 million has been solved steadily. The per capita net income of rural residents is 47,665.438+0 yuan, the per capita disposable income of urban residents is1.578,654.38+0 yuan, and the life expectancy of the population has increased from 35 to 73. The people of the whole country are struggling to build a well-off society at a higher level. ?
(10) From an unorganized and fragmented country, it has become a country with sound urban and rural grassroots organizations, gradually improved social management and strong cohesion. Over the past 60 years in New China, social organizations and social undertakings have been developing continuously, and they have fully demonstrated the spirit of unity and struggle in the face of major construction projects and catastrophic natural disasters. In the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, the people of the whole country showed the spirit of unity, courage and perseverance in earthquake relief, and formed a strong joint force of sharing weal and woe, saving the trapped people to the maximum extent, reducing casualties and winning the victory in earthquake relief. ?
(1 1) From a defenceless country that has been repeatedly invaded and bullied by foreign countries, it has become a country with strong national defense and fully guaranteed national security. In the century after 1840, old China lost more than 3 million square kilometers of land. In the 60 years since the founding of New China, the people's army has repeatedly defeated imperialist and hegemonic aggression and armed provocation. Since the reform and opening-up, the people's army has adhered to the revolution, modernization and regularization, and at the same time, in accordance with the requirements of building an information-based army and winning an information-based war, it has adhered to strengthening the army through science and technology and accelerated the compound development of mechanization and information. It has become a great wall of steel that can resist any foreign invasion. ?
(12) From a country without independent diplomacy and international status to a country that adheres to an independent foreign policy and enjoys high prestige in the international arena. Over the past 60 years, New China has pursued an independent foreign policy, advocated the Five Principles of Peace, engaged in equal exchanges with all countries in the world, actively developed friendship with people of all countries, resolutely supported the liberation of oppressed nations, the construction of newly independent countries and the just cause of people of all countries, opposed all forms of hegemonism and power politics, and carried out economic, trade and cultural exchanges with more and more countries and regions, thus playing an increasingly important role in international affairs.