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What are the factors that affect the microeconomic benefits of foreign trade? The formation of several major social forces that have an important impact on the micro-environment reflects the development and changes of a country and society. Including: population, politics and law, culture, economy, science and technology and other environments.
What are the economic benefits of foreign trade? Evaluation index system of economic benefits of foreign trade enterprises.
1. return on total assets: It reflects the ability of foreign trade enterprises to make profits by using all their assets. Calculation formula:
Total profit+net interest expense
Return on total assets =—————× 100%
Average total assets
Average total assets = (total assets at the beginning+total assets at the end) ÷2
2. Return on capital: It is used to measure the level and ability of enterprises to obtain income by using the capital invested by investors. Calculation formula:
net profit
Return on capital =-×100%
paid up capital
Net profit = total profit-income tax
3. Return on net assets: reflects the ability of enterprises to bring benefits to investors. Calculation formula:
Net profit-used to make up for losses in previous years.
Return on net assets = ————————×100%
Total initial owner's equity
The numerator of the calculation formula: it reflects the income obtained by the enterprise for investors in the current period minus the amount to make up for the losses in previous years, and the net profit-used to make up for the losses in previous years ≥0.
4. Capital preservation and appreciation rate: reflecting the integrity and safety of investors' investment in enterprise operation. Calculation formula:
Total owner's equity at the end of the period-total new investment equity in the current period
Capital preservation and appreciation rate = ————————×100%
Total initial owner's equity
Calculation formula numerator: reflects the amount of capital preservation and appreciation obtained by the enterprise through operation. The index value ≥ 100% reflects the preservation or appreciation of capital, which belongs to the category of financial preservation.
5. Export cost per dollar: it reflects the total cost of RMB that the average enterprise spends 1 dollar in exchange for foreign exchange. Calculation formula:
Total export sales cost (yuan)
Export cost per dollar = —————————
Export sales revenue (USD)
Total cost of export sales = purchase price of export commodities+export circulation expenses (operating expenses, management expenses and financial expenses)+export taxes (including customs duties and urban and rural maintenance and construction taxes)-export tax rebate (consumption tax).
Export sales revenue: the net export sales revenue of enterprises reflected in US dollars.
6. Asset-liability ratio: It is used to measure and reflect the extent to which the enterprise protects the interests of creditors in the liquidation process and the debt management level of the enterprise. Calculation formula:
total liabilities
Asset-liability ratio =-×100%
total assets
7. Current ratio: It is used to measure the ability of an enterprise to repay debts due at a certain moment, also known as short-term solvency ratio. Calculation formula:
floating assets
Current ratio =-×100%
current liabilities
Quick ratio: refers to the ratio of quick assets to current liabilities, which is an index to measure the ability of enterprises to pay due debts with assets that can be realized at any time, and is a supplement to the current ratio. Calculation formula:
quickassets
Quick action ratio =-×100%
current liabilities
Quick assets = current assets-inventory
8. Commodity business cycle: refers to the time from obtaining inventory to selling inventory and recovering cash. It reflects the time required for an enterprise to convert all ending inventory into cash. Calculation formula:
Business cycle = inventory turnover days+average collection period.
Inventory turnover days = 360 ÷ inventory turnover rate
Cost of sales
Inventory turnover rate = ———×100%
Average inventory cost
Average inventory cost = (beginning inventory cost+ending inventory cost) ÷2
Average collection period = 360 ÷ Accounts receivable turnover rate
Under normal circumstances, the short business cycle shows that the capital turnover rate of enterprises is fast and the normal liquidity ratio is low; On the contrary, it means that the flow ratio is high. It is not only the supplement of current ratio and quick ratio, but also includes two indicators: accounts receivable turnover rate and inventory turnover rate, which can comprehensively reflect the fund operation efficiency of enterprise managers.
9. Net foreign exchange income from assets: used to measure the level and ability of an enterprise to obtain net foreign exchange by using all its assets. Calculation formula:
Net export earnings (USD)
Net foreign exchange income of assets = ——————————————————————————————————————————————.
Average total assets (RMB)
Net export proceeds: refers to the net export settlement after deducting the transportation insurance premium, commission, indemnity and bank formalities paid by export, as well as the re-export of foreign exchange principal and foreign exchange loan principal and interest.
10. Social contribution rate: reflects the level and ability of enterprises to use all their assets to create macro benefits for society. Calculation formula:
Total social contribution of enterprises
Social contribution rate =——————× 100%
Average total assets
Total social contribution of enterprises: the total national income created by enterprises for the society in monetary form, including wages (including wage income such as bonuses and allowances, that is, the amount of wages that enterprises should pay in cost expenses), social welfare expenditures such as labor insurance and retirement planning, net interest expenditures, value-added tax payable, business tax payable and surcharges, income tax payable, customs duties, other taxes, net profit, etc. These include:
Labor insurance and retirement planning as a whole: refers to the labor insurance premium and unemployment insurance premium charged by enterprises in management expenses. Among them, the labor insurance fee refers to the retirement fee paid by the enterprise to retired employees (including the overall retirement fee paid in accordance with the regulations), price subsidies, medical insurance and work-related injury insurance premiums for retired employees, severance pay for employees, sick pay for more than 6 months, funeral subsidies for employees' death, pension fees, and various funds paid to retired cadres in accordance with the regulations.
Other social welfare expenditures: refers to employee welfare funds, employee education funds, trade union funds and public welfare donations. According to the total wages, but does not include the surplus reserve in the public welfare fund.
If the value-added tax payable is negative, fill in the column with zero. Business tax payable and surcharges: including consumption tax, urban construction tax, resource tax and education surcharge.
Other taxes: refers to the four small taxes (stamp duty, land use tax, vehicle and vessel license use tax, property tax) included in the cost, business tax included in other business expenses and other new taxes. Customs duty: refers to the customs duty paid by or on behalf of enterprises in import and export business.
The most fundamental factor affecting population growth is (). A: A.
Analysis:
The most fundamental factor of population growth is economic factor, which can only be promoted after the productivity and economic level reach a certain level. The population explosion after the industrial revolution can be seen. So choose a.
How to improve the microeconomic benefits of foreign trade? Ways to improve the economic benefits of foreign trade. Strengthening regulation and maintaining a good business order With the gradual establishment of the basic framework of China's market economic system and the initial formation of a free trade system with China characteristics, the state's regulation and control of foreign trade has changed from direct regulation mainly by administrative means to indirect regulation mainly by economic means such as exchange rate, interest rate and tax rate. On the one hand, this change has greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of foreign trade enterprises to operate independently, which is conducive to the majority of enterprises to let go of their hands and feet and fight hard in the highly competitive international market. On the other hand, however, we should also see that the state's direct control over foreign trade enterprises is relatively small, which also brings about the negative effects of chaotic management order, which are embodied in the following aspects: (1) Chinese foreign trade enterprises snap up domestic sources in export business and reduce prices abroad to compete for sales; They raise prices in import business; Low-price bidding and special project competition in foreign contracted labor services. These actions have greatly damaged China's trade interests and reduced its economic benefits, and must be corrected. In the future foreign trade work, the state should further strengthen macro-control, strengthen the construction of foreign trade management system and regulations, coordinate the management of foreign trade with policies, regulations and economic adjustment mechanisms, and safeguard the overall economic interests of the country. Specifically, the following measures can be taken: First, give preferential treatment to industries and enterprises with good economic benefits, large export scale and development potential in import and export credit and export tax rebate. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a sound import and export approval and minimum export quota system. Third, give priority to ensuring the import and export consumption of enterprises with good benefits and distinguish between good and bad. Fourth, uniformly set the minimum (high) price limit for import and export, put an end to the unhealthy phenomenon of self-competition and harming others' interests, and effectively shift all economic activities to the track centered on improving economic efficiency. Second, adjusting the proportion of investment and improving the structure of foreign trade investment are the leading factors of economic growth and the material guarantee for accelerating the transformation of economic growth mode. Since the reform and opening up, China's investment scale has grown rapidly. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period alone, the investment in fixed assets of the whole society increased by 2.6 times, with an average annual increase of 37.5%. Although the investment grows rapidly, the investment structure and effect are not satisfactory, mainly as follows: 1. The low investment and insufficient supply of basic industries such as agriculture have led to a sharp increase in production costs and a rapid decline in comparative advantages. 2. The investment scale is small and scattered, and the benefit is low. 3. The proportion of investment in technological transformation is low, which is incompatible with the technological transformation tasks faced by enterprises. 4. The proportion of science and technology investment in GDP is low, and it is decreasing year by year, and the phenomenon of disconnection between science and technology and production is serious. Poor investment structure will inevitably lead to unreasonable foreign trade structure. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, although the proportion of manufactured goods in China's import and export commodities has increased greatly, the export structure still has obvious basic characteristics of developing countries: the export products are still mainly labor-intensive, resource-intensive and low value-added products, and the expansion of export scale mainly depends on quantitative expansion, with little actual economic effect. In order to effectively improve economic benefits, the investment structure must be adjusted during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period. First of all, it is necessary to establish a scientific investment decision-making system and risk restraint mechanism, adhere to the principle of "who invests, who makes decisions, who benefits and who bears risks", and truly achieve the unity of responsibility, right and benefit in the investment field. Secondly, implement unbalanced development strategy, highlight key points, concentrate investment and improve economic benefits. The state should concentrate capital and investment to quickly form a production capacity that reaches economic scale. Third, adjust the investment structure, increase investment in science and technology, and improve the technical content of investment. Because of high unit material consumption, poor variety quality and low technical content, China's export commodities are weak in competitiveness in the international market, so the economic benefits naturally cannot be very high. To reverse this unfavorable situation, the state must further adjust the investment structure, increase investment in science and technology, and vigorously develop the production of high-tech and high value-added products, so as to promote the development of the entire national industry. If so, our economic benefits will certainly be greatly improved. Fourth, further deepen reform, so that enterprises can truly become the main body of investment and industrial technological progress. Fifth, coordinate the relationship between the overall national interests and local interests and strengthen regional cooperation. Third, adjust the organizational structure of enterprises and improve scale efficiency. A remarkable feature of modern economic development is highly concentrated production, enterprise collectivization and emphasis on economies of scale. Over the years, China's economic growth has mainly relied on high input and consumption. An important reason for this situation is that our enterprise organization structure is unreasonable, the enterprise scale is small, the benefit is poor, and it lacks influence and competitiveness in the world. In order to change this unfavorable situation, the state must further adjust the organizational structure of enterprises, encourage a group of efficient enterprises to engage in joint ventures through policy guidance, give full play to the overall advantages of capital, technology and resources, and strive to form a super-large enterprise group with international influence and competitiveness. After reaching a certain economic scale, enterprises have the ability to make large-scale investments and carry out large-scale technological transformation, so as to realize the rapid rolling progress of industrial technology and the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. At the same time, every export-oriented enterprise should further deepen its reform, tap its own potential, seek benefits from management, survive by quality, develop by scale, explore from outside, make full use of domestic and international resources and markets, and constantly enhance its ability to resist risks. 4. Establish and improve the guarantee mechanism to improve the quality of economic implementation. Fundamentally speaking, foreign trade enterprises need to further deepen the reform of the economic system, and finally form an enterprise economic mechanism conducive to saving resources, reducing consumption and increasing efficiency, a technological progress mechanism conducive to independent innovation, and an economic implementation mechanism conducive to open market competition and optimal allocation of resources. To this end, the state should further intensify its efforts in the reform of the economic system to change the unfavorable situation of unfair benefit distribution mechanism, unclear employment mechanism and unsatisfactory enterprise elimination mechanism. In the interest distribution mechanism, we should emphasize high efficiency and high benefit, change the past practice of using cheap resources to seek benefits, establish a set of enterprise assessment index system that conforms to the market economy and highlights quality and benefit, and avoid short-term interest industries. On the employment mechanism, we should vigorously develop the social security system. It is estimated that the surplus staff of various enterprises in China is as high as 20% ~ 30%. With such a heavy burden of personnel, how can enterprises reduce costs and improve the competitiveness of their products in the international market? Under the perfect social security system, the state should give priority to reducing the surplus staff of foreign-funded enterprises, so that enterprises can go into battle lightly and fight hard. We should realize such a dialectical relationship: the development of a foreign trade enterprise will inevitably lead to the development of domestic related enterprises, and the development of the whole foreign trade enterprise will inevitably promote the development of the whole national economy. Conversely, the development of national economy and the enhancement of comprehensive national strength will create a good internal environment for foreign trade and promote the further development of foreign trade. Once we step into such a virtuous circle, we will naturally improve the economic benefits of foreign trade. As for the elimination mechanism of enterprises, the state should make up its mind to resolutely pull down those enterprises with high consumption, high cost and poor efficiency, and truly act in accordance with the laws of the market economy to ensure the survival of the fittest. 5. Deepening micro-management, strengthening basic work and improving economic benefits of foreign trade are inseparable from national macroeconomic policies, but doing well in micro-management of enterprises and strengthening basic work are also important links that cannot be ignored. First of all, we should strive to improve the professional quality of all foreign trade personnel. Due to the changeable international political and economic situation, international trade is far more complicated than domestic trade, which inevitably puts forward higher and more comprehensive requirements for all kinds of foreign trade talents. Without a team of skilled foreign trade personnel, our foreign trade economic benefits will not be greatly improved. People are the foundation of all work. We should firmly grasp this link, truly take the initiative in the process of foreign trade negotiation, contract signing and contract performance, and strive for more trade benefits for the country. Secondly, we should pay full attention to the collection, collation and utilization of intelligence information, so as to have a clear idea and a clear goal. "Shopping malls are like battlefields", "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible". In today's information age, whoever does not attach importance to information work will surely lose in the fierce business war, and the historical experience and lessons are worth learning seriously. Third, strengthen product packaging. Over the years, China's foreign trade enterprises have invested more in improving product quality, but they have not paid enough attention to product packaging and have insufficient understanding of the role of improving product packaging. Judging from the actual situation in the international market, the role of packaging is more important than the internal quality of products. Because product packaging, especially sales packaging itself has the functions of beautifying goods, promoting goods and promoting sales, it is precisely because of this that sales packaging enjoys the reputation of "silent salesman" in the international market. Judging from years of foreign trade practice, some products in our country are not of poor quality, but only because of poor packaging. If we spend more energy and financial resources on packaging, the quality of our export products will go up a step, and the economic benefits will be greatly improved. Fourth, establish new and smooth sales channels. Throughout the famous foreign enterprises, all attach importance to the establishment of product sales network. From the stage of product development and trial production, they have conducted extensive market research and cultivation, and once mass-produced, they will soon occupy the market. In contrast, our work in this area is relatively weak. I think we should solve this problem from the following three aspects: first, we should cooperate with foreign enterprises extensively to carry out cooperative production and operation, so as to enter and occupy foreign markets. Second, various trade methods such as underwriting, fixed sales, distribution, agency, consignment, exhibition, bidding, bidding, auction, leasing, resale, compensation, processing and assembly are widely used to gradually cultivate and improve the sales network in China. Third, the extensive implementation of China's famous brand strategy and the overall improvement of the popularity of our products in the international market will undoubtedly be of great benefit to our products' comprehensive entry into the international market competition.
The most fundamental factor affecting the natural belt is temperature or precipitation. We found that precipitation and heat have the following relations with the height of vegetation distribution: First, in the area with excess heat in baseband, water is the main factor to determine the height of natural belt. We all know that the growth of plants needs a certain amount of water and heat. Different plants have different needs, and the water and heat required by the same plant have a certain proportion. In areas with excess heat, with the increase of altitude, the water in the air gradually decreases, and the sloping land with less precipitation always cannot meet the needs of plants because of the lack of water first. Therefore, the distribution height of the same vegetation on leeward slope is lower than that on windward slope. Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa is located south of the equator and is rich in heat. The south slope is the windward slope of the southeast trade wind, and the precipitation condition is better than that of the north slope. The distribution height of the same natural belt is higher on the south slope than on the north slope. 2. In the area where the base band heat is not excessive, the soil water and heat condition is an important factor to determine the height of vegetation distribution. 1. In mountainous areas with sufficient water and obvious difference in heat between two slopes, the same vegetation has a higher altitude on the slope with better heat. Under the condition of sufficient moisture, the heat condition of sunny slope is better than that of shady slope. For the upper limit height of the same natural zone, the sunny slope is higher than the shady slope. The Alps, located in western Europe, are influenced by the west wind and have abundant rainfall. The south slope is sunny and the heat condition is better than that of the north slope. The distribution height of the same natural belt is higher on the south slope than on the north slope. 2. In the mountainous area with sufficient water and little temperature difference between the two slopes. The distribution of vegetation on leeward slope with less precipitation is higher than that on windward slope with more precipitation. In mountainous areas where there is no residual heat, the precipitation can meet the needs of plant growth. With the further increase of altitude, the temperature drops. When the heat condition in this area is close to the lower limit of a certain plant growth, the windward slope with more precipitation will be at a certain height due to the drop of temperature and the weakening of evaporation. At first, the water content in the soil will be too much, the soil temperature will drop, and the soil will lack oxygen, thus affecting the growth of a certain plant. So this height becomes the upper limit of the distribution of this plant on this windward slope. On the leeward slope at the same height, due to less precipitation, there is not much water in the soil, and the soil has a good supply capacity for water, nutrients, air and heat, and plants grow well, but they do not reach the upper limit of the distribution of such plants. That is to say, the leeward slope with less precipitation is higher than the windward slope with more rain in the distribution height of the same natural zone in the area with no excess heat. In fact, this phenomenon is not uncommon. "From the humid area in the southeast to the arid area in the west, with the increase of drought degree, the height of vegetation soil distribution zone increases gradually, and the band structure tends to be simplified" (Physical Geography of China) 3. Where water is scarce, water is the main factor restricting the growth of plants. The multi-slope direction of precipitation can better meet the needs of plant growth, and the height of vegetation distribution is higher. The forest belt on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang is higher than that on the southern slope. 3. In areas with serious shortage of heat, because the temperature drops with the altitude of people, in areas with serious shortage of heat that can't meet the needs of plants, no matter which height, there will be no adaptation to vegetation growth, so there is no need to consider the difference of slope direction.
What are the factors that affect the economic benefits of raising snakes (1)? Determine which factors constitute an index, and arrange each factor in the normal order.
(2) Determine the relationship between each factor and an index, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, power relationship, function relationship, etc.
(3) According to the purpose of analysis, analyze each factor to determine the direction and degree of influence of a certain factor on the index change.
What are the factors that affect the consumption level? What is the most fundamental factor? Per capita disposable income, psychological expectation, social welfare, age …
per capita disposable income
Throughout the ages, the most important and basic factors of population migration are (a) political factors, (b) natural environment factors, (c) traffic factors and (d) economic factors. I remember when the junior high school economy moved south, it was said that there were many wars in the north. This is also the reason why it moved south on a large scale.
What is the fundamental difference between foreign trade and domestic sales? Foreign trade is selling goods abroad, usually settled in foreign exchange, and domestic sales are domestic.