Example 1: If the total sales of goods paid in cash by the whole society is 500 billion pieces a year, and the average price level is 8 yuan, the currency will turn around five times on average in this year. Then, the currency circulation this year should be 1 100 million yuan. If 1 60 billion yuan banknotes are actually issued this year, the1yuan currency at this time is equivalent to RMB, which will cause.
A.8000 0.5 Inflation B.4000 0.25 Decreased purchasing power.
C. 160002 Appreciation of paper money D. Improvement of purchasing power in D.20003
According to the calculation formula of the actual amount of money needed in circulation: the actual amount of money needed in circulation = total price of goods/currency circulation times = (quantity of goods for sale × price level of goods)/currency circulation times, we can know that the amount of money needed in circulation this year is: (5000×8)/5=8000 (100 million yuan), and the actual banknotes issued this year are 1600. So it will lead to the devaluation of paper money, rising prices and inflation. At this time, the purchasing power of 1 yuan is only equivalent to 8000/ 16000=0.5 (yuan).
(2) Calculation of currency appreciation (depreciation) or exchange rate fluctuation
Example 2: In the international foreign exchange market, in July 2007, the exchange rate of USD against JPY was 100 USD = 14000 JPY, and in October 2008, the exchange rate was 100 JPY =0.909 USD. That is to say ()
The yen appreciated, the dollar appreciated, the yen fell against the dollar, and the dollar fell against the yen.
A.① ③ B.② ③ C.① ④ D.② ④
To analyze and solve this problem, we first convert the formula in the problem: 100 USD = 14000 JPY into: 100 JPY =0.7 14 USD, from which we can see that compared with July 2007, from June 2008 to 2008/kl.
Example 3: (Tianjin Volume 26 of the National College Entrance Examination for Liberal Arts) The image of "Masonry Zhang" in Tianjin is vivid and vivid, and it is known as the wonderful work of national art and is deeply loved by Chinese and foreign people. If the export price of a commodity expressed in RMB rises by 5%, the commodity will be priced in USD as () after the depreciation of USD, other conditions being unchanged.
A. the growth rate is less than 5%. Growth of more than 5%.
The analysis of this problem mainly examines the relevant knowledge of exchange rate. After the depreciation of the US dollar, the RMB exchange rate in China will rise, which means that the same amount of RMB will be exchanged for more US dollars, and the export price expressed in RMB will rise by 5%. Other things being equal, if the price is expressed in dollars, it will rise by more than 5%. The correct answer to this question is B. Or understand it this way: RMB can be expressed as X: Y = (1+5%)X: (1+5%) Y. After the depreciation of the US dollar, it means that the amount of RMB in X is more than that of Y, and the amount of RMB in (1+5%) X is.
Example 4: A China enterprise sold 10,000 pieces of goods in the international market at the price of10, and the cost of producing the goods was RMB 14 yuan. Assuming that the exchange rate on the settlement date is US$ 65,438 +0 to RMB 7 yuan, the enterprise can make a profit in RMB ().
A,140,000 yuan b, 56 million yuan c, 70 million yuan d and 98 million yuan.
The analysis of this small question mainly examines the foreign exchange rate, enterprise economic benefits and other knowledge points. Firstly, combined with the exchange rate knowledge, the price of each commodity in RMB is calculated as 10×7=70, so the total production value of the enterprise is 70× 1 10,000 = 70 million, and the final profit is 70 million-14× 1 10,000 = 56 million.
(3) Calculation of socially necessary working hours
Example 5: (Hainan Political Volume 1, Question 2 of National College Entrance Examination) Suppose that there are only two enterprises producing M goods in a certain country. In 2007, the output of Enterprise A was 654.38+10,000 pieces, and the production time of each commodity was 6 hours. The output of enterprise B is 80,000 pieces, and the production time of each commodity is 10 hour. If the labor productivity of enterprise A increases by 20% in 2008, other conditions remain unchanged, the socially necessary labor time in 2008 will be ().
A.5 hours B.7 hours C.7.5 hours D.8 hours
Analyzing this small problem mainly examines the understanding of the meaning of socially necessary labor time. Socially necessary labor time refers to the labor time needed to create certain use value under the existing normal social production conditions and average social labor proficiency. According to the topic, enterprises A and B, which produce M goods, both require the socially necessary labor time of unit goods under normal social production conditions in 2008, that is, the labor time of producing unit goods M under the average social labor proficiency. First of all, it is necessary to calculate the sum of the number of m pieces of goods produced by two enterprises in 2008,10× (1+20%)+8 = 200,000 pieces. It is also calculated that in 2008, the total time spent by the two enterprises in producing all commodities was 6 ÷ (1+20%) ×120,000+10× 80,000 =1.4,000 hours. Finally, it can be calculated that the socially necessary labor time of each M commodity in 2008 is1.40,000/200,000 =7 hours.
(4) About the calculation of value quantity
Example 6: (Supplementary question) If Party A needs 3 hours' labor time, Party B needs 2 hours' labor time and Party C needs 1 hour's labor time to produce the same teacup, then the value of teacups produced by three people ()
A. of the same size, B. A is bigger than b, and b is bigger than C.
C.C is greater than b, b is greater than A. D. A, and b and c cannot be compared.
(5) Calculation of Engel's coefficient
Example 7: (Guangdong Volume 9, 2008) The Engel coefficient of urban residents in A province and B province is 35.3% and 36. 1% respectively, which shows that ().
A. In terms of income level, urban residents in A province are slightly higher than those in B province.
B In terms of income level, the urban residents in B province are slightly higher than those in A province.
C in terms of living standard, the urban residents in province A are slightly higher than those in province B.
D In terms of living standard, the urban residents in B province are slightly higher than those in A province.
Analysis of Engel's coefficient, which is commonly used in the world to measure people's living standards in a country or region, shows that the poorer the life, the greater the Engel's coefficient, and vice versa.
Example 8: (Supplementary question) In 2006, the composition of Shanghai residents' consumption expenditure was as follows: transportation, communication, education and medical care accounted for 33.4%; Clothing and household items account for14.0%; Food accounts for 37.2%; Others account for 15.4%. What is the Engel coefficient of urban residents in this city?
(VI) Calculation of the relationship between commodity value and labor productivity
Example 9: (National Volume 2007) Suppose that the social labor time for producing a commodity A is 2 hours, and the value is 40 yuan. If the individual labor time for producer A to produce this commodity is 1 hour, the total use value, total exchange value and unit commodity value produced by A within 4 hours are () respectively.
a . 2 80 40 b . 2 40 20 C . 4 80 20d . 4 160 40
Analyze this question to examine the examinee's understanding of the relationship between commodity value and socially necessary labor time. The understanding of the relationship between commodity value and personal labor time involves the understanding of total value, total exchange value and total use value. It can be solved in three steps: the first step is to find out the total number of goods produced four hours after the labor productivity is improved. According to the meaning of the question, the number of goods produced by producer A in 4 hours is 4, that is, the total use value is 4. The second step is to find out the total value of the four commodities. The value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time. In the topic, the individual labor productivity has increased, but the social labor productivity has not changed, and the socially necessary labor time has not changed. So the value of the unit commodity is still 40 yuan, and the total value should be 4×40= 160 yuan. The third step is to find out the total exchange value. Total value of commodities 160 yuan. According to the principle of equivalent exchange, the total exchange value of commodities should also be 160 yuan.
Example 10: (National College Entrance Examination for Liberal Arts) Suppose that in 2007, the value of one unit of M goods in a certain country was expressed as 15 yuan in the currency of that country. If the socially necessary labor productivity for producing M commodities increases by 50% in 2008, and the monetary value of the country decreases by 20% (depreciating by 20%), the value of 1 unit M commodities in 2008 is expressed as () in money, and other conditions remain unchanged.
A 12 yuan b 12.5 yuan c 18 yuan d 18.75 yuan.
This paper analyzes the main knowledge points examined in this question. The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the commodity. The unit commodity value is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time and inversely proportional to the social labor productivity. The total commodity value has nothing to do with the socially necessary labor time and social labor productivity, and the monetary value is inversely proportional to the commodity price. This topic organically combines mathematics knowledge with political economy knowledge. This is very confusing. This is a multiple-choice question that candidates think is difficult in this year's college entrance examination. There are two different ways to solve this problem. Method 1: To solve this problem, we must first understand that when the social labor productivity increases by 50%, the unit commodity value is15 ÷ (1+50%) =10 (yuan). Secondly, a 20% devaluation of the currency means that the purchasing power of the same amount of currency is only 80%, so the value of the country's currency is reduced by 20% (devaluation by 20%). Other things being equal, the value of commodities in 2008 1 unit m is expressed in currency as: 10 ÷ (1-20%) = 65440. Method 2: Calculate by mathematical method. Suppose that in 2007, the country can produce X kinds of goods in a unit time, and the price is 15 yuan. Now, because the social labor productivity of producing this commodity has increased by 50%, assuming that the price of each M commodity is Y yuan, the country can produce (1+50%) X commodities per unit time. Because the total value created by the same labor at the same time remains unchanged, it is 15X=( 1+50%)xy, which leads to: y= 10 (yuan), that is, after the social labor productivity is improved and before the currency depreciates, the price of a unit m of goods in this country is1. Assuming that before the currency devaluation, the price of one unit of M commodity is only equivalent to N yuan after devaluation, then it can be seen that 1: 0.8 = n: 10 (note that the proportion before and after the equation is equal) is calculated as: N= 12.5 (yuan).
Example: 11:In 2006, the value of a commodity was1yuan. In 2007, the socially necessary labor productivity of producing this commodity increased by 25%, and the value of this commodity was () under other conditions unchanged.
0.75 yuan for A, 0.80 yuan for B and 0.85 yuan for C 1.25 yuan.
This problem is much easier to analyze than Chinese paper and Sichuan paper. This topic examines the total value, unit commodity value and their relationship with social labor productivity. Taking 1 yuan as the value of 1 unit commodity, the socially necessary labor productivity will increase by 25%, that is, the number of commodities is 1+25%, and the total value is still 1 yuan, so the value of unit commodity is 1 yuan ÷ (/kloc-)
Example 12: suppose a country produced 10 billion pieces of m goods in 2007, the unit price of m goods was 10 yuan, and the total value and price of m goods were 10 billion yuan. If the number of workers engaged in the production of M commodities increases by 10% and the social labor productivity increases by 10% in 2008, other conditions being unchanged, the total value and total price of M commodities in 2008 will be () respectively.
A.10 billion yuan and 1 10 billion yuan B. 1 10 billion yuan and10 billion yuan.
C. 1 1 billion yuan and 12 1 billion yuan D. 12 1 billion yuan and10/billion yuan.
The main knowledge points of analyzing this problem are: the relationship between labor productivity, social labor productivity and total value, and the relationship between price and value. If the total value of M goods in 2007 is 654.38+0 billion yuan as the value of unit goods, other conditions remain unchanged, the number of workers will increase by 654.38+00% in 2008, that is, the use value of M goods will increase by 654.38+00%, and the total use value will be 654.38+0+654.38+00%. Social labor productivity has increased by 10%, and the total value of m commodities remains unchanged, but the quantity of m commodities has increased by 10%, that is, the current quantity is 1+ 10%. With 11000 million yuan as the total price of1set, the total price of m goods 1+ 10% set is11000× (1+/) That is, the total value of m commodities in 2008 = 100 billion× (1+10%) =100 billion; Total price =100× (1+10% )× (1+10%) =121100 million.
Example 13: In 2007, a country produced m commodities 10 billion pieces, with a total value of 10 billion yuan. If the number of workers engaged in the production of M commodities increases by 10% in 2008 and the social labor productivity increases by 20%, other conditions remain unchanged, the total value of M commodities in 2008 will be ().
A. 1 1 100 million B.12 billion C.13 billion D.13.2 billion.
(seven) the calculation of deposit (bond) interest or bank profit.
Example 14: A resident deposits 20,000 yuan in the bank, 1 year, with an annual interest rate of 2.25%. After deducting interest tax (the tax rate is 5%), the interest is RMB ().
20360 B、427.5 C、360 D、450
The analytical solution of this problem can be based on the formula: after-tax interest = principal× interest rate× (1-interest tax rate) = 20000× 2.25 %× (1-5%) = 427.5 (yuan).
Example15: In 2007, a commercial bank absorbed 20 million yuan in deposits and issued loans 1500 yuan. At that time, the bank deposit and loan interest rates were 3% and 8% respectively, including various expenses of 500,000 yuan. What was the bank's profit in 2000?
(8) Calculation of distribution mode
Example 16: An employee works in a foreign-funded enterprise with an annual salary of 50,000 yuan; Part-time job in private enterprises in spare time, with an annual salary of 20 thousand yuan; Buying stocks, the dividend at the end of the year is 6,543,800 yuan+0,000 yuan; Rental housing, annual income of 20 thousand yuan. The annual labor income of employees is.
A, 65,438+10,000 yuan B, 90,000 yuan C, 80,000 yuan D, 70,000 yuan
The key to solve this problem is to grasp the "labor income", that is, the income obtained by paying labor. In the test questions, only the annual salary is labor income, that is, 5+2=7 (ten thousand yuan). Dividend income and rental income belong to non-labor income, which is irrelevant.
Example 17: Liu Guoqing, an employee of a public-owned enterprise, received a monthly salary of 800 yuan and a bonus of 200 yuan. When he invests 10000 yuan as the shares of the enterprise, he can get a dividend of 2400 yuan every year. At the same time, Liu Guoqing can get a dividend of 12000 yuan every year for its technology. Liu Guoqing also has two frontage facades, which rent 600 yuan every month. What is the monthly income by work in Liu Guoqing? What is the distribution of income according to production factors?
(9) Calculation of individual income tax
Example 18: if an employee's monthly salary is 6000 yuan, then his monthly personal income tax should be.
A 300 yuan B 440 yuan C 475 Yuan D 600 yuan
series
Monthly taxable income
Tax rate (%)
1
No more than 500 yuan.
five
2
500 yuan above to 2000 yuan.
10
three
More than 2000 yuan to 5000 yuan.
15
four
More than 5000 yuan to 20000 yuan.
20
(Note: Monthly taxable income refers to the balance of 2,000 yuan after deducting expenses from monthly income)
To solve this problem analytically, we must first calculate the monthly taxable income of the employee: 6000-2000 = 4000 yuan; Secondly, according to the personal income tax rate table, the personal income tax payable is calculated by stages: 500×5%=25 (yuan),1500×10% =150 (yuan), and 2000×15% = 30.
(X) Calculation of stock price
Exodus 19: The listed circulation of a stock is 20 million shares. When the expected dividend is 0.4 yuan, the market price of the stock is 20 yuan. If the bank interest rate increases by 1 times, when the expected dividend is 0.6 yuan, the market price of the stock is ().
A, 15 yuan b, 20 yuan c, 30 yuan d, 40 yuan.
There are three steps to solve this problem: first, make clear the calculation formula of stock price: stock price = expected dividend/bank interest rate; Secondly, calculate the bank interest rate according to the formula, that is, bank interest rate = expected dividend/stock price = 0.4/20 = 2%; Thirdly, calculate the stock price according to the formula, that is, stock price = expected dividend/bank interest rate =0.6/(2%+2%)= 15 (yuan).
Through the analysis of the college entrance examination calculation questions, we can see that the college entrance examination pays more attention to the examination of the basic knowledge of teaching materials, which is a relatively stable aspect in the process of making political examination questions in the college entrance examination over the years; College entrance examination, as a selective examination, focuses on the examination of students' comprehensive application of knowledge, their understanding of the basic theory of the subject and their ability to use knowledge to solve practical problems, and their ability to comprehensively use and mobilize all aspects of knowledge. This is the easiest aspect of the college entrance examination questions at present. As a trend, the political examination questions in the form of calculation questions in the college entrance examination will be implemented for a long time, which should attract our attention.
The calculation problem in college entrance examination politics is to examine students' understanding and application of the most basic economic principles. We should emphasize this practice in our usual study or review, and carry out intensive training in review.