At present, the scientific and technological revolution represented by information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, the cycle of knowledge and technology renewal is greatly shortened, and scientific and technological achievements are transformed into real productive forces at an unprecedented scale and speed. The trend of economic globalization is accelerating, the impact of the world market on the economies of various countries is more significant, and international competition and cooperation are further deepened. The concept is constantly updated, various cultural exchanges are expanding day by day, and the awareness of openness, competition and efficiency is obviously enhanced. For developing countries, it is useless to blame economic globalization itself, because it is a trend. If we don't integrate into this development process, we will always fall behind. The only way is to do your own thing well and make yourself a strong competitor. Specifically, the following countermeasures and measures should be taken:
First, we must unswervingly and actively participate in economic globalization.
Economic globalization is the objective necessity of the development of productive forces and the objective historical trend of world economic development. It is not a policy choice of a certain country or a certain kind of country, but a general trend of international economic relations across the century. If we deny or even reject it, it is neither a historical materialism nor a great harm to our economic development. Closing the country to the outside world will inevitably lead to backwardness, and China has had a painful historical lesson in this respect. Therefore, we should emancipate our minds, renew our ideas, conform to the historical trend and actively participate in economic globalization. At present, China is an important trading country, but the development of foreign investment and transnational operation is relatively slow, and the amount of foreign investment is less than 1% of the world's foreign investment, which is not commensurate with the overall development of China's economy and the scale of foreign investment, and also shows that China is at a disadvantage in the international division of labor. Therefore, on the one hand, we should give full play to the advantages of existing technologies and expand direct investment in relevant countries; On the other hand, mature labor-intensive industries can be considered for transfer to developing countries for production. When we participate in economic globalization, we should keep a clear understanding of its risks and promote it step by step and in a planned way.
Two, attach importance to the development of science and technology and human resources training strategy, and implement the "strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education".
The rapid development and accelerated spread of world science and technology provide opportunities for the transformation of economic system and economic growth mode in developing countries. Developing countries can learn valuable experiences and lessons from developed countries. According to the objective needs and realistic possibilities, they can directly start from a relatively high starting point, learn from and learn from some mature civilized achievements of modern countries in terms of technical level and production organization form, and pay attention to independent absorption and innovation, so as to truly observe the leap of productivity. Man is the most active and positive factor in productivity. The essence of global competition in 2 1 century is the competition of science and technology, education and talents. With the expansion of globalization, the world economy is being pushed into an era of borderless competition. In addition to traditional international trade, international direct investment has a growing impact on international competition. Competitors invest and set up factories on each other's land, and a country's natural endowment resources become a competitive factor shared by domestic enterprises and foreign multinational corporations and their subsidiaries. The improvement of the competitiveness of all ethnic groups depends more on artificially created factors of production, such as the comparative advantages of science and technology and talents. High-quality human resources have become new scarce resources, especially in the fields of electronic information and life sciences. Therefore, it is of great significance for China's long-term development to increase investment in science and technology and attach importance to the development of human resources. We must establish the concept that people are the most important resource. On the one hand, we organize the development of talents and regard the investment in talents as an investment in truly realizing economic modernization; On the other hand, we should actively protect talents and regard protecting talents as protecting the national economy. Only by putting the development and protection of talents in an important strategic position can we adapt to the requirements of economic globalization.
Third, accelerate the establishment of a national innovation system.
This innovation system should include knowledge theory innovation system, knowledge theory dissemination system, technology innovation system and technology application system. In the future, we should reverse the situation of scientific research and economy, take enterprises as the main body of production and technological innovation, that is to say, we should establish a technological innovation system with enterprise technology development institutions as the main body. According to World Competitiveness Yearbook 1999, the proportion of R&D personnel in enterprises is generally 50%-70% in western developed countries, over 79% in the United States and only 28.6% in China. This phenomenon of disconnection between scientific research and enterprises has seriously hindered the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into productive forces. At the same time, enterprises should get in touch with relevant scientific research institutions and universities to speed up the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into products.
Fourth, accelerate the reform and construction of the domestic system to make it more suitable for the rules of the global market.
Whether in pursuit of profit in economic globalization or in order to ultimately promote overall economic development, system reform is necessary. Starting from the realistic needs of economic development in developing countries, the direction of institutional reform is to establish a sound market economic system, legal system and macro-control system. Because developing countries are at a disadvantage in economic globalization as a whole, market-oriented institutional arrangements are obviously not suitable for the domestic economy in the process of reform and development. In this process, the concept of national competitive advantage is not only reflected in the competitiveness of enterprises, but also involves all aspects of the whole country. It is an act that needs to mobilize all forces and must be organized and coordinated by relevant government departments. The government must study how to give full play to the competitive advantage of domestic products in the international market, formulate policies, plan and guide them. Specifically, when developing countries formulate national economic development plans for a period of time, they should first proceed from the actual situation of their own economic development, follow the objective laws of economic development, pay attention to the timing of development, and not rush to achieve success. For example, financial liberalization, especially capital account liberalization, should be more cautious. The eagerness to open the financial market will inevitably give international speculative forces an opportunity. Facts have proved that there are great risks in financial opening and financial liberalization. Ignoring these risks and not taking strict preventive measures will bring disastrous consequences to a country's economy. To establish an effective financial risk prevention mechanism, first, we must maintain our own financial health, prevent bubble economy, introduce foreign capital appropriately, and the exchange rate system should be reasonable; Second, it is necessary to establish multiple financial defense lines, which should include: the appropriate proportion of international funds and domestic funds, the appropriate proportion of loan funds and equity funds in imported international funds, the appropriate proportion of short-term loans and medium-and long-term loans in loan funds, and the appropriate proportion of direct investment and securities investment in equity funds.
Secondly, it is necessary to protect national industries and realize economic restructuring in a timely manner. Structural transformation is the key to economic development. Industrial structure is the core and foundation of the whole economic structure, which determines the nature, process and development direction of the whole structure. Under the condition of economic globalization, the adjustment and transformation of industrial structure often depends not on a country itself, but on the development of the global economy. Therefore, the government must adapt to the requirements of economic globalization and fully consider the factors of globalization when formulating industrial policies. On the one hand, actively support domestic pillar industries and give certain protection to key industries through WTO regulations and safeguard measures for protecting immature industries. On the other hand, we should seize the opportunity of global industrial restructuring and accelerate the pace of domestic industrial restructuring, so as to accelerate economic development and narrow the gap with developed countries.
5. Maintain national development space and national economic security, and adapt to the development trend of economic globalization.
No country can but improve its openness. Joining the WTO is an important step for China to participate in the process of world economic globalization. According to relevant agreements and WTO principles, we must promote trade liberalization as a whole and further open the domestic market. However, for developing countries, they are vulnerable to the impact of international speculative capital due to problems such as insufficient economic strength and fragile economic structure. Therefore, we should strengthen the awareness of financial risk prevention and early warning, strengthen the construction of financial legal system, strictly regulate financial order, strengthen the management of foreign exchange settlement and sale, strengthen the foreign exchange management of foreign-invested enterprises and other foreign-related institutions, and prevent and control the massive outflow of domestic capital.
In addition, we should advocate the establishment of a new international economic order. The existing international economic rules of economic globalization are only beneficial to developed countries with strong capital strength and strong trade technology, while developing countries are mainly affected and damaged. The new rules of the game we advocate must be equal rules, at least rules that do not harm the interests of developing countries. As a developing country, China should not only strengthen the prevention of financial risks, attach importance to national economic security, and strengthen the sense of commercial warfare, but also play its due role in establishing a new international order. For example, the new rules should resolutely stop the immoral behavior of speculative capital that seriously damages the economic interests of some countries and nations. Under the condition of economic globalization, financial unethical behavior has a great destructive effect on international economic development, but the speculation of international hot money has not been regulated at present. As a developing country, China must actively advocate the establishment of a new international economic order, establish new rules of an equal game, and work with other developing countries to safeguard national economic interests. Our government should implement a phased opening-up policy for immature key sectors of the national economy (such as banking, telecommunications, grain, etc.). ), rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. In addition, we should make good use of existing laws and practices (such as exception clauses, anti-dumping measures, technical standards, safety standards, hygiene standards, flexible exchange rates, high consumption taxes, etc.). ) to protect yourself. China is a big country, although it is a developing country, but the great country consciousness and national spirit determine that we cannot simply accept the international division of labor, and we must make a difference in the process of economic globalization.
6. Give full play to comparative advantages and actively expand foreign trade.
By participating in the international division of labor and expanding foreign trade, developing countries can not only accumulate a lot of funds for economic development, provide capital and means of production, but also promote the evolution of economic structure; It can also enable enterprises to enhance the concept of commodity economy in the international market, improve their sense of competition and absorb foreign advanced technology and management experience. So far, capitalist relations of production are still dominant in international relations of production, so developing countries are in a very unfavorable position in international division of labor. Developed countries use their monopoly advantages to raise the prices of manufactured goods and depress the prices of primary products, thus worsening the terms of trade of developing countries. In order to improve the terms of trade, developing countries must pay attention to improving the structure of export commodities and reducing the losses caused by the scissors difference between industrial and agricultural products in the international market when expanding foreign trade; At the same time, vigorously develop import substitution industries and reduce import costs; Realize the diversification of export market and reduce the impact of economic fluctuations of major trading countries on domestic economy; We should also proceed from China's national conditions, implement flexible trade policies, standardize import and export trade, make full use of our own advantages, and vigorously develop foreign labor trade and international tourism services. In short, in the face of the globalization of the world economy, we must make full use of the comparative advantages of labor and natural resources, strive to expand foreign trade in goods and actively develop foreign trade in services, so as to enhance our comprehensive competitiveness.
7. Establish a global development strategy and actively cultivate multinational companies.
Transnational corporation is the carrier of economic globalization and an important organizational form of international competition. In the long run, a country's international competitiveness and even its international political status depend on whether it has world-class multinational companies and world-class products. Therefore, one of the urgent tasks for developing countries to participate in globalization is to guide and support competitive enterprises to form large multinational companies and compete in domestic and international markets according to the requirements of market economy. By cultivating and expanding domestic multinational companies, arranging investment, development, production and sales with the world as the market, and giving financial and technical support, we can obtain the maximum benefits of globalization. Through the foreign direct investment behavior of multinational companies, the passive protection of the domestic market has been transformed into active participation in the global market, and the benefits brought by the specialization and refinement of international division of labor in economic globalization have been shared accordingly.
8. Further promote regional economic integration.
At present, in the process of economic globalization, western developed capitalist countries occupy a dominant position, while developing countries have weak economic strength, and a single developing country simply does not have the ability to compete with developed countries. In order to make its economy develop healthily and steadily in the era of economic globalization, developing countries with the same region or similar situation must unite, implement regional economic integration and open their markets to each other, so as to achieve a larger economic scale, strengthen their global trade capacity, resist the influence of economic globalization and explore the way out for economic development. With the deepening of economic globalization, developing countries are more deeply aware of the importance of strengthening themselves through unity. Developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America have established many regional economic cooperation organizations. On the one hand, we should also strengthen it. It is the only way for developing countries to seek common development to respond to economic globalization led by developed countries with regional economic integration.
Generally speaking, economic globalization is of great significance, but it also increases many risks. Now we should seek to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of economic globalization, achieve the best balance between them, and establish rules and reasonable domestic policies that adapt to changing conditions.