China's east neighbors are South Korea and Japan. China and North Korea have always been close neighbors, and had close ties as early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Zhou Wuwang once ordered Ji Zi to enter North Korea, and Kiko taught local residents to restrain stereotyped writing with etiquette. During the Warring States period, Yan, Qi and other countries were adjacent to North Korea and had frequent economic and cultural exchanges with North Korea. A total of 4,694 pieces of Yan Ming Dow coins were unearthed in six areas, including the original county, Jiang Jie county, Great Wall county, Yongbian county and Ningyuan county.
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, tens of thousands of people from Yan, Qi and Zhao fled to North Korea. When Lv Shao fled to Xiongnu, Wei Man of Yan led thousands of people to set out from Yan Di, crusade eastward, cross the Qingchuan River in North Korea, and enter the abdomen of North Korea, and soon became king. The capital is Wang Xian (now Pingpo), which is the so-called Weishi Korea in history.
Although the ancient cultural flow is a cheerful note in the historical symphony. But it is often accompanied by blood and fire. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty sent troops to pacify the virtuous regime in ancient Korea and established four counties: Le Lang, Lintun, Fan Zhen and Xuantu. Since then, the economy and culture of the Western Han Dynasty have spread to the East.
The torrent of history rolled forward, leaving many traces where it passed. Exquisite lacquer ear cups and lacquer plates unearthed in Pyongyang are the products of official handicrafts in the Western Han Dynasty. What's more noteworthy is that the day before liberation, I found a lot of lacquerware in Lelang County, North Korea. The bold and unrestrained figure painting is in the same strain as the romantic tradition of Chu culture.
Due to the economic and cultural flows between the two countries, ancient Koreans began to use Chinese characters. According to Korean historical records, at the beginning of 1 century, many Koreans could recite China classics such as The Book of Songs and The Spring and Autumn Annals. Linda Gao Li Yu, a North Korean ferryman, wrote An Introduction to Yunyun Town and Crossing the River in Wu Gong. Mourning is one of the six songs introducing Xianghe in Han Yuefu, which has been kept in Cui Bao's notes for thousands of years. Ancient and Modern Notes became the only literary work handed down by ancient Koreans.
Of course, the Korean Peninsula is also an important bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan. At that time, although China and Japan were separated by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan, they seemed endless. However, with the development of maritime traffic, the people of the two places crossed the ocean through Korea and traveled between the Japanese archipelago and the mainland, sowing the seeds of friendship and conveying economic and cultural information.
As we all know, in the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), Xu Fu, a Qi man, led 3,000 young boys to seek immortality in the sea and adopted the medicine of immortality. Legend has it that Xu Fudong went to Japan and landed near Shinomiya, Kumanopu, where they smashed the road. Today, there are tombs and monuments of Xu Fu in Kumano Mountain, Japan. It's hard to believe that Xu Fudong's crossing is just a magical and romantic legend, but it's an indisputable fact that China residents moved to Japan during the Qin and Han Dynasties.
There is a proper term in Japanese anthropoarchaeology called? Naturalization? . They called the residents who migrated to the Japanese archipelago from the East Asian continent or South Asian islands before the 3rd century A.D.? Qin and Han naturalized people? To distinguish the original inhabitants of Japan.
1958, the husband of Japanese archaeologist Jin Guan found a batch of funerary objects in Tanegashima, southeast of Kyushu Island, Japan, and unearthed them? Beza? (Shellfish slices are used as funerary objects). Wrist wheel? (bracelet) several pieces, in? Beza? It says. Han Li characters, in? Wrist wheel? Carved with reptile patterns, they immigrated to the Japanese archipelago from the Warring States to the Han Dynasty? Naturalization? The message left for us.
At that time, the Japanese archipelago was in a state of division and there were many small countries. The Han Empire, which unified China, surrounded by Megatron and megatron in the East, is very attractive to the Japanese who are short in stature, love singing and dancing, and have almost the same customs and habits as Baiyue people on the southeast coast of China. In order to absorb the culture of the Han Dynasty, more than 30 small countries in the Japanese archipelago were sent by messengers, risking their lives, crossing the vast waves to the west, and then establishing contact with the Han Dynasty through Le Lang, Korea. With the help of natural sea breeze, they arrived at the location of Dadou in Lelang County near Pyongyang, and exchanged the above things for rare items presented by China and North Korea. Among the remains of Yayoi culture in Japan, there are bronze mirrors, jade articles and Wang Mang's currency in the Han Dynasty, which is a strong proof. In this way, the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan took the Korean Peninsula as the stage, which opened the prelude of more than 2,000 years of history.
With the prosperity of Han Guangwu, the economic and cultural flow between China and Japan has further developed. At this time, the Japanese not only went to Le Lang, but also arrived in Luoyang, the capital. According to historical records at that time, Japan once sent people to pay tribute, and Emperor Guangwu kicked them to India. There is no strong evidence for several words in the history books, and many people doubt their authenticity. But in 1784, a gold seal was found on Shiga Island in the east of Fukuoka, Japan. It's engraved. King Hanweinu? Five Chinese characters cleared the fog of that period of history. Many bronze mirrors and swords of the Han Dynasty have also been found here, which shows that it is the center of Japanese and China literature. The words engraved on the golden seal are the same as those recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, indicating that this golden seal is the golden seal that Emperor Guangwu kicked to the envoy of the Japanese slave country.
Friendly exchanges with Japan, North Korea and other eastern neighbors are a brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese and Western cultural flows. Southeast Asia and South Asia in Qin and Han Dynasties, like Japan, were all small countries, and China established economic and cultural ties with these regions. China and Viet Nam have had close economic and cultural ties since ancient times. Qin Huang and Wu Han both conquered this place and spread etiquette education in these hot and humid lands. China's culture, customs, and iron farm tools continue to enter the hunting industry in Vietnam. Vietnam's native products, such as jade, rhinoceros horn and pearls, have attracted many businessmen from the Central Plains, thus enriching each other's economic and cultural life.
If the economic and cultural flow between China and Vietnam in the Western Han Dynasty was dominated by economy, then in the Eastern Han Dynasty, cultural exchange became the main theme at that time. The Chinese culture took root and sprouted here, and its influence became more and more obvious. Since the beginning of Guangxu's revival, the wise satrap Xiguang and Jiuzhen taught the Vietnamese people farming techniques, set a wedding ceremony and founded a school after taking office. Guiding etiquette and spreading China's advanced culture have greatly promoted the change of local backwardness. By the end of the Han Dynasty, the warlords in the Central Plains were separated and the civil war continued. Many scholars float on the sea or land and run south to avoid chaos.
According to historical records such as the History of the Three Kingdoms, Guo Pei Huanhua, Pei Jun Xue Zong, Runan Xu Jing, Zheng Xuan disciple Cheng Bing, Cangwu Ren Moumou, etc. Run south one after another to avoid chaos. Cross-toed is too defensive and willing to recruit scholars. Cheng Bing and Xue Zongshi studied righteousness and the Five Classics from the famous Confucian scholar Liu Xi. Mouzi is inclusive here and absorbs pagan nutrients. He quoted Laozi and wrote The Theory of Reason and Emotion to defend Buddhism and Taoism. At this time, the glory of Han culture not only shines on Wuling, but also shines on tiptoe through the valley of Wuling. Therefore, in the autumn of turmoil at the end of Han Dynasty, Jiaotoe once became one of the centers of maritime cultural exchanges between China and Vietnam and between China and the West. Ambassadors and profit-seeking businessmen from the West and the South China Sea often take this route when they go to Haidong, and then enter various regions in the south.
At that time, there were two communication lines between Qin and Han Dynasties and Southeast Asia and South Asia. Luke arrived in Myanmar from Sichuan via Yunnan. At that time, Shu Bu and Deng of China were transported to countries such as Toxoplasma gondii and Xia through this route. At the same time, maritime traffic was opened, and Myanmar could be reached by boat from Hepu or xuwen county, Guangxi, so the relationship between Han Dynasty and Myanmar became increasingly close.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shan State (now Myanmar) often presented treasures to the Han Dynasty, and the Han people returned gold seals and clothes. It should be pointed out that on the road of friendly exchanges between the people of China and Myanmar, the footprints of people from West Asian countries or in summer are often left. They drifted to the east. Cross the waves, sail into the Bay of Bengal, land in Myanmar, and travel along the mountains. It entered Yongchang County, Yizhou (now northeast of Baoshan County, Yunnan Province) in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, Shan State is also a transit point for maritime traffic between China and the West.
At that time, the Han Dynasty also had economic and cultural exchanges with today's Cambodia research countries, Indonesia's Yediao countries, Malaysia's Duyuan countries, and today's Myanmar's Fugandulu countries and Iruu countries. Not the country once sent envoys to the north to come to China all the way to offer rare animals such as raw rhinoceros; When Emperor Shun was in power, Ye Diaoguo sent envoys to Luoyang with gifts, and the Han government returned gold seals and crowns, thus opening the prelude to economic and cultural exchanges between China and India. Today, the blue glazed pottery and black glazed pottery of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Java and Sumatra are still lying quietly in the museum in Jakarta, Indonesia, and it is common to find pottery fragments of the Han Dynasty in Gotha and other places along the Johor River at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula.
At that time, the maritime traffic was more and more developed, the economic and cultural exchanges were more and more complicated, and envoys and business travelers kept coming and going at sea. According to historical records, the ship set out from Hepu or Xuwen at that time and could reach Du Yuan in five months. He continued to wander around for four months and arrived in Shandong, a city without a country; Sailing abroad for more than 20 days; Then abandon the ship and walk for more than ten days to fugandulo; Take a boat from Fugandulu and finally arrive at Huang Zhiguo; To the south of Huang Zhiguo is a country that has gone, which is Sri Lanka today.
If we look at the vast sea two thousand years ago, we will surely see a magnificent picture of countless ships, and countless Han Chinese sails face the sun and bathe in the sea breeze to sail to the ends of the earth; Foreign merchant ships are sailing from all directions to Guangzhou. It's really the heyday.