Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Panama Canal, Suez Canal.
Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal:
The world-famous Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the earliest and longest artificial river course in the world, which is 16 times that of Suez Canal and 33 times that of Panama Canal.
The Grand Canal starts from Beijing in the north and ends in Hangzhou in the south. It flows through six provinces and cities of Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and connects five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of 1.794 km.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was built in the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,000 years ago, with a history of 2,500 years. An important river channel dug by Qin Shihuang in Jiaxing also laid the foundation for the future direction of the Jiangnan Canal. According to Yue Jue Shu, Qin Shihuang "ruled Lingshui Road from Jiaxing, crossed Qiantang River and crossed Zhejiang". About 2,500 years ago, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug a ditch, opened a canal connecting the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and built Seoul, from which the canal and its culture were derived.
The Grand Canal we are talking about today was dug in the Spring and Autumn Period, completed in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, straightened in the Yuan Dynasty, and dredged in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (dug in 486 BC and opened to traffic in A.D. 1293), which lasted 1779. In the long years, it has experienced three major construction processes. During the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di used millions of people to dig the Grand Canal, which made great contributions to the unprecedented prosperity of the country's economy and culture. After the development in Tang and Song Dynasties, it finally became a traffic artery connecting the five major water systems of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River in Yuan Dynasty.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal consists of artificial rivers and some rivers and lakes, and the whole process can be divided into seven sections: (1) Tonghui River; (2) North Canal; (3) South Canal; (4) Lu Canal; (5) the middle canal; (6) Li Yunhe; (7) Jiangnan Canal. The Beijing-Hangzhou Universiade, as the main artery of north-south traffic, has played a great role in history. The navigation of the canal has promoted the rapid development of coastal cities.
Location: The Grand Canal starts from Beijing in the north and ends in Hangzhou in the south. It flows through six provinces and cities of Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and connects five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of 1.794 km.
At present, the navigation mileage of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is 1442 km, of which the annual navigation mileage is 877 km, mainly distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces south of the Yellow River.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the second "golden waterway" in China after the Yangtze River, and its value is comparable to that of the Great Wall.
Panama canal:
Panama Canal is located in the middle of Panama, America, and it is an important shipping channel connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. The Panama Canal is 865,438+0.3 kilometers long, with a water depth of 65,438+03 meters to 65,438+05 meters and a river width of 65,438+050 meters to 304 meters. The water level of the whole canal is 26 meters higher than that of the two oceans, and there are six shiplocks. It usually takes 9 hours for a ship to pass through the canal, which can be used for the navigation of 76,000-ton ships.
The digging process of Panama Canal is an extraordinary history. For many years, imperialism has been trying to control Latin American countries, including their sovereign territory, energy and transportation. The Republic of Panama, located in this area, was once an expanded and occupied country. The Panamanian people have suffered from imperialist slavery and oppression in history, and the Panama Canal is the best witness.
Panama is located at the junction of North America and South America, with obvious geographical advantages. It borders the Pacific Ocean on the left and the Atlantic Ocean on the right, and its widest land area is only over 80 kilometers wide. All these make Panama an ideal place to connect the two oceans. As early as 16, Spanish King Charles V ordered the survey and investigation of the excavation of the Panama Canal. 1879, an international representative meeting was held in Paris, France, to inspect the Panama Canal, and it was decided that the French government was solely responsible for canal excavation. 1 880 65438+1October1,the French "Universal Panama Ocean Canal Company" announced the official start of the Panama Canal. However, due to the occurrence and spread of epidemic disease and financial difficulties, the excavation project finally stopped at 1889. In the later period, the United States, Britain and France fought fiercely over the excavation of the Panama Canal. 190 1 year, the United States forced Britain to submit, concluded the Ford Treaty of Pang Sai, and abolished the Clayton-Bourne Treaty signed in 1850, thus ensuring the equal rights of the two countries to the Panama Canal. Since then, the United States has gained the privilege of digging, operating and managing the Panama Canal. 0 1903, under the planning of the United States, some people in Colombia and Panama staged a coup and announced the establishment of Panama. In the same year165438+1October 18, the United States and Panama signed an unequal US-Pakistan treaty, stipulating that the United States would pay100000 dollars in one lump sum and 250000 dollars in rent every year after nine years, and obtain the Panama Canal Zone (about 147400). In addition to this right, the United States also has the right to build railways and station troops.
On the basis of the original canal channel excavated by France, the United States continued to invest 387 million US dollars and hired hundreds of thousands of people to excavate the canal. During the whole excavation process, laborers from all over the world, including many workers from China, paid a lot of blood and sweat to dig the Panama Canal. At that time, workers were working in extremely bad conditions, and 70 thousand workers in Panama and other countries died one after another. Panama canal 19 14 was completed, 19 15 was opened to traffic, and 1920 became an international navigable waterway. Due to the opening of the Panama Canal, the voyage between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean was shortened by 5,000 kilometers, reaching 10000 kilometers. Now, about 12000 to 15000 ships from all over the world pass through this canal every year.
Since the Panama Canal was opened to traffic, the United States has been controlling the navigation and other links of the canal. To this day, the highest authority to manage the canal is Panama Canal Management Committee, whose director is American, the deputy director is Panamanian, and all the navigators of the canal are American.
In order to regain the management right of the canal, the Panamanian people have been fighting bravely. 1946 65438+1On October 9, Panama once broke out an anti-American patriotic struggle that shocked the world. Thanks to the unremitting resistance and struggle of the Panamanian people, the US government finally signed the Panama Canal Treaty with the Panamanian government. According to this treaty, the United States should return all the Panama Canal and Canal Zone to Panama before 1999, and all the American troops stationed in the Canal Zone 16 base should be withdrawn. After the canal is recovered, the Panamanian government will set up another special management agency to handle canal affairs in a unified way.
Suez canal:
The famous international waterway. Located in Egypt, it is the main international shipping channel connecting Europe, Asia and Africa, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and connecting the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, greatly shortening the voyage between East and West. This is one of the dividing lines between Asia and Africa. Compared with bypassing the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, it is 5500-8009 kilometers shorter from the countries along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Indian Ocean. Shorten the Mediterranean countries to the Indian Ocean by 8000- 10000 km; For the Black Sea coast,1.2000 km is shortened. It is an international shipping channel with strategic significance in international shipping, and takes 14% of the world shipping trade every year.
The Suez Canal has a total length of170km, an average width of135m and an average depth of13m. The Suez Canal was dug from 1859 to 1869 and completed. After the opening of the canal, Britain and France monopolized 96% of the shares of Suez Canal Company, making huge profits every year.
Since 1882, Britain has established the largest overseas military base in the canal area, with nearly 65,438+10,000 troops. After World War II, the Egyptian people insisted on recovering the sovereignty of the Suez Canal and made unremitting struggles for it. 1954 10, Britain was forced to agree to completely withdraw its occupation troops from Egyptian territory before June 1956. 1956 On July 26th, the Egyptian government announced that it would nationalize the Suez Canal Company.
1976 65438+ 10, the Egyptian government started the expansion project of the canal. The first phase of the project was completed at 1980, and the navigable waters of the canal were expanded from 1800 square meters to 3,600 meters (that is, the navigable section of the canal); The draft of navigable ships is increased from12.47m to17.9m, which can handle150,000t full cargo ship. The second phase of the project was completed at 1983, the navigable water area was expanded to 5,000 square meters, and the draft of navigable ships was increased to 2 1.98 meters, which can pass through cargo ships with a deadweight of 250,000 tons.
The only bridge across the Suez Canal-"Mubarak Bridge"
198010125 October, Egypt's first Suez canal tunnel was opened to traffic, greatly shortening the time to and from the west bank of the canal. This tunnel is located at17km north of Suez, with a length of 5.9km, and the tunnel itself is1.64km long. The road in the tunnel is 7.5 meters wide and runs in parallel, with 2000 vehicles per hour. This is the first land passage connecting Asia and Africa through the Suez Canal.
Between Asia and Europe, 80% of general goods except oil are transported by sea through Suez Canal. Due to the laying of a large number of oil pipelines and the rapid development of roads and railways in the Middle East, the Suez Canal is facing a situation that the number of passing ships, especially oil tankers, is decreasing year by year, and the income of transit fees collected by Egypt from passing ships in the Suez Canal has also begun to decline. 1993 February 14, Egypt decided to widen and deepen the Suez Canal to increase foreign exchange earnings. The canal is widened by 30m and deepened by 1 to17m. This project was completed at the end of the year. 1On July 24, 1996, the Suez Canal Authority decided to further increase the depth of the canal to attract more large oil tankers and cargo ships to use the Suez Canal, thus ensuring that Egypt's income from the Suez Canal would not be reduced.
The Suez Canal is Egypt's third largest source of foreign exchange income, second only to remittances and tourism. According to the statistical report of the Canal Authority, during the 25 years from the reopening of the Suez Canal in June 1975 to June, 2000, * * * levied a ship transit tax of US$ 30 billion on Egypt, which was from the official completion and opening of the Suez Canal in June 1869 to its closure due to the Middle East war in June 1969. According to the annual report published by the Canal Authority, in 2006, there were 1 * * 13986 ships of various types passing through the Suez Canal, with a total deadweight of 456 million tons and a transit fee of190,000 US dollars. From July, 2002 to June, 30, 2003, the income of Suez Canal reached US$ 2.308 billion, setting a new high since the opening of/kloc-0 in June, 869.