Agriculture refers to an important industrial sector in the national economy that takes land resources as the production object. It is an industry that produces food and industrial raw materials by cultivating animal and plant products. Agriculture belongs to the primary industry. The department that uses land resources for planting and production is planting, the department that uses water space on the land for aquaculture is aquaculture, also called fishery, the department that uses land resources to cultivate and cut trees is forestry, and the department that uses land resources to cultivate or directly use grassland to develop animal husbandry is animal husbandry. Small-scale processing or production of these products is a sideline, and they are all organic parts of agriculture. It is sightseeing agriculture, also known as leisure agriculture, that develops and displays these landscapes or regional resources. It is a new agricultural form in which people use their leisure time in the new period.
Agriculture in a broad sense refers to five industrial forms, including planting, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and sideline; Agriculture in a narrow sense refers to planting. Including the production of food crops, cash crops, feed crops and green manure.
Agriculture is widely distributed. Except polar regions and deserts, almost all the earth's surface can be used for agricultural production. In the actual land area of nearly 1.3 1 100 million square kilometers, about 1% is cultivated land and perennial crop land, 24% is grassland and pasture, and 3 1% is forest and woodland. Marine and inland waters are the producing areas of aquaculture. The distribution of agricultural natural resources is very uneven. Cultivable land is mainly concentrated in Asia, Europe and North America. The economically developed countries in North America, Europe and Oceania are 0.56 hectares, while the developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are only 0.22 hectares, of which Asia is only 0. 16 hectares (1984). Forests are distributed in Europe and Latin America. The grassland area in Africa ranks first, followed by Asia; There are also great differences between different countries and regions. The basic trend and characteristics of agricultural development in the contemporary world are highly intertwined with commercialization, capitalization, scale, specialization, regionalization, factory, knowledge, socialization and internationalization, which greatly improves the land output rate, agricultural labor productivity, commodity rate of agricultural products and competitiveness in the international market.
classify
According to the nature and status of productive forces, agriculture can be divided into primitive agriculture, ancient agriculture, modern agriculture and modern agriculture. Modern agriculture refers to the transformation from hand tools and animal farm tools to mechanized farm tools, from the direct experience of laborers to modern science and technology, and from self-sufficient production to commercial production. Modern agriculture refers to socialized agriculture that widely uses modern science and technology, means of production provided by modern industry and modern production management methods. The fundamental feature of agriculture is that economic reproduction and natural reproduction are intertwined, which is restricted by the laws of biological growth and reproduction and natural conditions, and has strong seasonality and regionality; The production time is inconsistent with the labor time; Long production cycle and slow capital turnover; Most products are fresh, inconvenient to transport and store, and the unit product value is low.
China has a vast territory, spanning tropical, subtropical, temperate and cold temperate zones from south to north. Crop species and crop cultivation systems are different, from three seasons a year, two seasons a year to one season a year, and the regional differences are very significant. According to different geographical, climatic conditions and farming systems, it can be divided into tropical agriculture, subtropical agriculture, temperate agriculture and cold temperate agriculture; From the southeast coast to the northwest plateau, with the change of natural conditions and resource types, it can be divided into agricultural agriculture, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral agriculture and pastoral agriculture. Agriculture is the source of basic means of subsistence on which human society depends, the premise and foundation for social division of labor and other sectors of the national economy to further develop into independent production sectors, and the foundation for the existence and development of all non-production sectors. The development scale and speed of other sectors of the national economy are all restricted by the level of agricultural productivity development and agricultural labor productivity.
Modern agriculture:
Precision agriculture, supported by information technology, implements a set of modern agricultural operation technology and management system based on spatial variation. Its basic meaning is to adjust the input to crops according to the soil characteristics of crop growth, that is, on the one hand, to find out the spatial variation of soil characteristics and productivity in the field, on the other hand, to determine the production target of crops, and to carry out "systematic diagnosis, optimized formula, technical assembly and scientific management" for positioning. Mobilize soil productivity, achieve the same or higher income with the least or least investment, improve the environment, make efficient use of various agricultural resources, and obtain economic and environmental benefits. It consists of ten systems, including global positioning system, farmland information collection system, farmland remote sensing monitoring system, farmland geographic information system, agricultural expert system, intelligent agricultural machinery system, environmental monitoring system, system integration, network management system and training system. Its core is to establish a perfect farmland geographic information system, which can be said to be a new type of agriculture that comprehensively combines information technology with agricultural production.
Organic agriculture refers to the planting industry that completely or basically does not need synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and feed additives for livestock and poultry, but uses organic fertilizers to meet the nutritional needs of crops or organic feed to meet the nutritional needs of livestock and poultry. Compared with agriculture, organic agriculture has the following characteristics: (1) it can provide pollution-free, delicious and safe food for the society, which is beneficial to protect people's health, without worrying about the harm of food and reducing the occurrence of diseases. (2) It can reduce environmental pollution and help to restore ecological balance. (3) It is conducive to improving the international competitiveness of China's agricultural products and increasing foreign exchange income. (4) It is conducive to increasing rural employment, increasing farmers' income and raising the level of agricultural production. The development of organic agriculture in China began in 1980s. Since 1984, China Agricultural University has started the research and development of ecological agriculture and organic food. From 1988, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Protection, State Environmental Protection Bureau, started the scientific research of organic food and became a member of the international organic agriculture movement alliance. 1994 10 the state environmental protection agency formally established the organic food development center, and the development of organic food in China was normalized. Many organic food bases have been developed in various parts of China, and organic agriculture has developed rapidly in three northeastern provinces and some remote mountainous areas such as Yunnan and Jiangxi. In recent years, many foreign trade companies have jointly developed a variety of products, such as organic beans, peanuts, tea, sunflower seeds and honey. Most organic foods have been exported to Europe, America, Japan and other countries.
Prospect: Generally speaking, the production of organic food in China is still in its infancy, with a small scale, basically facing the international market, and the domestic market is almost zero. There are many advantages and broad prospects for developing organic agriculture in China. First of all, China's traditional agriculture has a long history, and it has accumulated rich experience in intensive cultivation, combination of use and nutrition, combination of constant fertilizer and combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, which is also the essence of organic agriculture. Organic agriculture is a new application of traditional agriculture based on modern scientific knowledge and guided by the scientific principles of biology, ecology and soil science. Secondly, China has its geographical advantages, diverse agricultural ecological landscapes and different production conditions. Although the main part of China's agriculture still depends on a large number of chemicals in conventional agriculture, there are still many places, mostly concentrated in remote mountainous areas or poor areas, and farmers rarely or completely use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which also provides a favorable development foundation for the development of organic agriculture. Third, the production of organic agriculture is a labor-intensive industry. There are many rural laborers in China, which is beneficial to the development of organic food and can also solve a large number of rural surplus laborers. Fourthly, with the approach of China's entry into WTO, China's agricultural exports will be restricted by green non-trade barriers, and the development of organic food can be in line with international standards and open up the international market. At the same time, with the improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of environmental awareness, the domestic organic food market will develop greatly in recent years, so organic food will have broad development prospects at home and abroad. There are also a number of organic food production materials with independent intellectual property rights in China, such as Wuyi mycin (produced by Shandong Weifang Wansheng Biological Pesticide Co., Ltd.) used for food safety of the 2008 Olympic Games delegation.