-Where white people live?
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Libya, the full name of "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", is located in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the north. The word Libya comes from Greek, which means "where white people live" to distinguish Sahara (where black people live). Libyans are very old. As early as 2000 BC, ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs recorded them. It is mentioned in Homer's epic Odessa in ancient Greece, but it only refers to the whole North Africa or the whole African continent west of Egypt. About 300 years ago, Emperor Diocletian established Upper Libya and Lower Libya in northern cyrenaica. This name has always been used as a geographical alias for Tripoli or Berber, referring to the central part of North Africa. By 1934, after the Italian occupation of cyrenaica and Tripoli Tania, these two provinces were collectively called Libyan colonies. (2) This name was originally the name of a desert tribe living in the west of the Nile valley in Egypt, and was called Loeb or Reb. After that, the Greeks called all North Africans except the Egyptians Libyans. Now it is called the Semitic Greek Lehabim. (3) It comes from Greek Ba Li or lips, which means southwest wind, meaning that Libya is located in the southwest of Greece, facing it across the sea. The inhabitants of ancient Libya were basically Berbers, and the kingdom of Numidia was established in the 7th century BC. BC 1 century, became the territory of the Roman Empire. In the 7th century, Arabs conquered the Berbers. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Libya was occupied by the Ottoman Empire. 19 12 became an Italian colony. During World War II, Britain and France carved up Libya. 195165438+February 24th, independence, the establishment of the United Kingdom of Libya; 1April 1963 15 was renamed the Kingdom of Libya; 1969 September, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was founded; 1on March 2, 977, the country was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
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Libyan economy
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Article Type: Edited Content Category: Other
I. Overall economic situation:
Since 1 September 19691Revolution, the Libyan government has implemented a policy of nationalization in order to get rid of the control of colonialism on its economy. Since 1970, foreign oil sales networks, foreign banks and insurance companies have been nationalized, and all the fertile farmlands occupied by Italians have been recovered. Since February 197 1 announced the confiscation of American oil companies, all or 50% of the shares of foreign companies have been nationalized. However, due to the implementation of a single state-owned economy, the main daily necessities are subsidized by the state, so the market is depressed and business life is almost stagnant. After 1987, Li began to adjust the economic policy, allowing the existence of private enterprises, which contributed to the rapid economic development, but the structure was unbalanced, food could not be self-sufficient, and daily necessities were mainly imported. Libya is an important oil producer in North Africa and a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Oil revenue is the main pillar of the economy, accounting for about one-third of the gross national product and 95% of export revenue. Oil revenue makes Libya one of the countries with high per capita GNP in Africa. In order to diversify the national economy, Libya focuses on developing non-oil sectors such as agriculture, industry and technical economy. Since 1992, the Lockerbie issue in Libya has been subject to international sanctions, and its oil production has also been affected to some extent. Therefore, the economy is now facing some difficulties. Except for the main necessities subsidized by the state, the prices of other commodities have risen and people's living standards have declined, but the economy can still operate normally. 1997, Li proposed a new economic policy, which further relaxed the restrictions on the private economy. After the United Nations lifted the sanctions against Libya in 2003, in order to develop the economy, improve the economic structure and get rid of excessive dependence on oil, the Libyan government formulated and adopted a series of policies and measures to open to the outside world, invigorate the domestic economy, increase financial expenditure and actively attract foreign investment. While expanding the development and construction of oil and gas projects, Libya is also vigorously developing infrastructure industries such as transportation, communication and electricity. Libya has entered a new stage of opening to the outside world and comprehensive economic reform.
Libya has established some joint ventures with foreign capital, for example, in the public sector. Some national cooperation projects have been established in many fields, and more and more private capital has participated in these cooperation.
Libya has signed economic and trade cooperation agreements with most European and African countries and participated in all Arab regional agreements. According to bilateral agreements, Libyan foreign investment involves joint ventures in various industrial sectors, including cattle raising in Africa, agricultural production, mining, Maltese project construction, fishing in Tunisia, and industrial product production in Europe and Latin America.
Two. Introduction to the main economic situation in Libya:
1. Natural resources:
① Oil and gas: Libya is rich in oil and gas reserves. The total oil reserves are estimated to be 654.38+000 billion barrels, of which 40.4 billion barrels have been proved. The proven natural gas reserves reach 1.3 1 trillion cubic meters, making it one of the major oil producers and oil exporters in the world.
② Mineral resources: iron (about 2-3 billion tons), potassium salt, manganese, phosphate, copper, tin, sulfur, bauxite, salt, etc.
③ Water resources: Libya is rich in groundwater resources, and the total proven reserves of groundwater resources in its southern desert reach 25 billion cubic meters.
④ Marine resources: Libya is rich in marine resources. After preliminary exploration, marine resources mainly include: all kinds of white fish, tuna, sardines, sponges, corals, seaweed and so on.
⑤ Tourism resources: Libya has many historical, social and cultural heritages, including beaches, historic cities, oases, desert landscapes, sunshine, lakes and springs.
2. industry. Since the 1970s, the Libyan government has attached great importance to the development of domestic industry, and has invested tens of billions of dollars to develop processing and manufacturing industries. Its purpose is to replace imports, reduce imports of consumer goods, increase exports of heavy chemical products, and diversify export products, thus changing the export situation of relying solely on petroleum products. According to statistics, from 1970 to1September 1997, Libya has completed 723 industrial projects, and 83 industrial projects are under implementation. In addition to state-owned industrial enterprises, there are currently 10250 industrial partner enterprises in Libya, involving food, textiles, furniture, paper, chemistry, metals, building materials, marine fisheries and other industries.
Libyan industries (excluding oil and related industries) mainly include food, textiles, clothing, leather, building materials, hardware, wood, feed, paper products, steel products, tires, automobiles, tractors, freezers, refrigerators, televisions and so on.
-Petroleum and related industries. Libya is an important oil producer in North Africa and a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Libya is rich in oil and natural gas reserves. At the end of 1990, the proven oil reserves reached 45 billion to 50 billion barrels, and the natural gas reserves reached 12,1800 million cubic meters. Li Petroleum has the characteristics of good oil quality, shallow oil layer and easy development.
Libya's oil production started at 1959, and has increased rapidly since then. 1970 reached its peak, with a daily crude oil output of 3.32 million barrels and an annual output of 654.38+73 million tons. 1980, the daily output of crude oil decreased to1830,000 barrels; By 1983, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries had adopted a price limit protection policy, and Libya's production quota was 165438+ 10,000 barrels; The quota of 1986 was reduced to 948,000 barrels; 1After the Gulf crisis broke out in August 1990, the oil price rose, and the daily output of Libyan oil increased to1500,000 barrels. Since 1992, due to the United Nations sanctions against Libya, oil equipment has aged and oil production has been affected to some extent. 1993 daily output is1380,000 barrels; The daily output 1994 is 14 10000 barrels; 1995 daily output is1420,000 barrels; 1996 daily output is1440,000 barrels; 1997 daily output is1390,000 barrels.
Europe is the main market for Libyan oil. Italy imports a lot of oil from Italy, accounting for about 30% of Italy's imported crude oil. Italy, Germany and Spain are the biggest buyers of Libyan oil, and the oil imported from Libya by the three countries accounts for three quarters of Libya's oil exports.
The Liberian government is also actively developing and utilizing natural gas. In recent years, the output of natural gas is about 654.38+05 billion cubic meters, which is mainly used for domestic consumption and a small part for export.
Since the late 1970s, the Liberian government has been actively developing the petrochemical industry. Now we have the largest joint venture of Las Unuf petrochemical industry in Africa, producing chemical products such as ethylene, propylene and polyethylene. In addition, there are seven factories producing methanol, ammonia, urea and liquefied gas and 1 liquid chemical products factory in Libya. The annual output of urea is 600,000 tons. The above-mentioned factories basically use natural gas as raw material, and the products produced are mainly exported except a small amount of urea for domestic consumption.
-Steel industry. Misrata Iron and Steel Complex is the only steel plant in Mali, ranking first.
Misrata, about 240 kilometers east of Tripoli, imports complete sets of equipment from Germany, Austria, Japan and Sweden, and is the largest industrial enterprise in Libya. The first phase of the project is USD 6 billion, which was put into operation in 65.438+0.990, with an annual design capacity of 65.438+0.324 million tons of steel. 1992 produces 930,000 tons of steel; 1993 produced 953,000 tons of steel. The second phase of the project started construction on 1994, with a designed annual output of 450,000 tons of steel. 90% of the wires and bars (including wires and rebar) produced by Migang are sold in China, and most of other varieties, such as light and medium-sized steel, hot and cold rolled coils and steel plates, are exported, mainly to Arab countries and Britain, France, Italy and other countries in Western Europe.
3. Agriculture
The agricultural population in Libya accounts for about 24% of the national population. More than 94% of the country's land area is semi-desert and desert, and arable land only accounts for about 1.5% of the country's land, about 3.7 million hectares. The main crops are: wheat, barley, vegetables, fruits and so on. Libya's agriculture and animal husbandry production is underdeveloped, and food cannot be self-sufficient. According to statistics, Libya needs about 600,000 tons of grain every year, and its grain output is far from meeting this demand. 1996 Libya's grain output is only 297,000 tons. And you need to import a lot of food every year. According to statistics, the total amount of food and live animals imported by Libya in 1996 reached 930 million US dollars, accounting for17.8% of the total annual imports; The import of edible oil and beverage reached US$ 65,438+0./kloc-0. 60 billion, accounting for 2.2% of the total annual import.
The Libyan government attaches great importance to the development of agricultural production, with an average of 18% of its total income as a special agricultural fund every year.
Libya began to build the "Artificial River" project in August, 1984, which is the most important and magnificent water conservancy project in Libya, with a planned cost of 25 billion to 30 billion US dollars. The first phase of the project has been completed, and the second phase was also completed on April 1998, both of which were contracted by Korea East Asia Company. At present, the third phase of the project is waiting to be launched.
Libya's "artificial river" is actually a cement water pipe network buried 7 meters underground and 4 meters in diameter, with a total length of about 4040 kilometers. The main purpose is to develop the rich groundwater resources in the deep desert of southern Libya, collect and transport the groundwater to the northern coastal areas for farmland irrigation, and solve the problems of industrial water and residential water use in coastal cities of Libya.
According to Libyan official estimates, by the year 2000, Libya will need about 700,000 tons of grain, 833,000 tons of fruit, 900,000 tons of vegetables and 6,543,800+200,000 tons of feed every year. The construction of "artificial river" can greatly improve the present situation of agriculture and animal husbandry, increase cultivated land and irrigation area, and is conducive to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
4. Foreign trade:
Libya's main export product is oil (more than 80% of its output is exported). It mainly imports grain, food, machinery, building materials, transportation equipment, electrical appliances, chemical and light industrial products and weapons and equipment. The main trade targets are Italian, German, Spanish, Tunisia and Turkish. The total trade volume in 2003 was $20.6 billion. The import and export situation in recent years is as follows (unit: billion US dollars):
200 1 2002 2003
Export value120116143
Import value 53 74 63
Difference 67 42 80
(Source: June 5438 +2004 10 Economic Quarterly)
In 2002, the proportion of major trade objects in foreign trade was as follows (unit: percentage):
Italy, Germany, Spain, Turkey and Switzerland.
Exit 42.614.113.6 6.9 4.4
Italy Germany Korea Turkey Switzerland
Import 25.6 9.8 6.6 6.6 6.5
(Source: World Economic Data in 2003)
Overview of investment environment in Libya
2004-04- 10 23:22
Libya, a mysterious and charming country, is rich in resources, with bright development prospects and huge business opportunities. After the United Nations lifted the sanctions against Libya, it has increasingly become the focus and investment hotspot of investors all over the world. This paper introduces the investment environment in Libya from the following aspects.
I. Libya's natural environment and resources
Second, the external environment for investment.
Third, the internal environment of investment.
Four. Libya's investment policy
Verb (abbreviation of verb) The present situation of investment in Libya
I. Libya's natural environment and resources
Libya is located in the middle of North Africa, with an area of 6.5438+0.77 million square kilometers and a population of 5.48 million. It borders Egypt and Sudan in the east, Tunisia and Algeria in the west, Niger and Chad in the south, the Mediterranean Sea in the north and Italy and Yugoslavia across the sea. Its geographical location is very important, and it is known as the "North Gate of Africa".
More than 90% of Libya is desert and semi-desert. The coastal and northeastern areas are plains below 200 meters above sea level, and other areas are basically covered with gravel, which are plateaus and inland basins inclined to the north. There are some oases scattered in the desert, and impermanent rivers and lakes are widely distributed in Jing Quan.
Northern Libya has a subtropical Mediterranean climate, with warm and rainy winters and dry summers. The inland area has a tropical desert climate, with a summer temperature of 35℃ and an average winter temperature of 65438 05℃. The average annual rainfall decreases from 500-600 mm to less than 30 mm from north to south, which is often harmed by desert winds from southern desert areas. Central Sabha is one of the driest areas in the world.
Under this 90% desert land, there are abundant mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, iron, potassium salt, manganese, phosphate, copper, tin, silica, limestone and kaolin. According to testing, the proven reserves of Libyan crude oil are 40.4 billion barrels, and the estimated total reserves are 654.38+000 billion barrels; The total natural gas reserves are 1.3 1 10,000 cubic meters; Iron ore reserves of 2-3 billion tons; Limestone reserves18.4 million tons; Kaolin reserves are 20.04 million tons.
Libya is not only rich in crude oil, but also rich in groundwater resources. The proven groundwater reserves in the desert area of southern Libya have reached 25 billion cubic meters. The artificial river project in Libya, the largest water conservancy project in the world, is currently being implemented, and 6.2 million cubic meters of production and domestic water are transported to the whole country through a 4,200-kilometer pipe network every day.
Due to its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, Libya has 2000 kilometers of coastline and abundant marine resources for development. After preliminary exploration, Libya's marine resources mainly include: all kinds of white fish, tuna, sardines, corals and seaweed.
In addition, Libya has many historical and cultural heritages and monuments, unique folk customs, Mediterranean scenery, desert landscape and other tourism resources that can be developed. Second, the external environment for investment.
In recent years, Libya has implemented a diversified foreign policy, actively participated in international affairs, improved its relations with western countries, neighboring countries and African countries, expanded its international living space, and greatly improved the external environment for investment.
1. After years of diplomatic efforts, Libya declared civil liability for the Lockerbie air crash in August 2003, and reached an agreement with Britain and the United States on compensation, agreeing to pay the victims $2.7 billion in compensation in exchange for Britain and the United States agreeing to lift sanctions against Libya. In September 2003, the United Nations Security Council adopted a comprehensive resolution 1502.
On June 5438+February 65438+February 09, 2003, Libya unexpectedly announced that it had completely abandoned its weapons of mass destruction program and accepted weapons inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Libya's cooperative attitude on anti-terrorism, "Luo case", weapons inspection and other issues, as well as its long-term protection of the interests of the United States in Libya, have received positive responses from the United States and Britain: Britain resumed diplomatic relations with Libya after handing over two suspects in the "Luo case" on 1999, and its economic and trade relations have also developed greatly. In 2003, Britain announced that it would relax and simplify the examination and approval procedures for the entry and residence of Libyans, and in early 2004, it called on the EU to disarm Libya. In early 2003, the United States secretly contacted Libya. After Libya announced that it would abandon its weapons of mass destruction program, the two countries formally began to discuss the normalization of relations. At the beginning of 2004, a US congressional delegation visited Libya for the first time after Gaddafi took office for more than 30 years, and achieved good results. On February 26, 2004, the US government officially announced that it would lift the travel ban on American citizens to Libya and allow American companies to return to Libya to engage in business activities. There are signs that the normalization of relations between Libya and the United States is not far off.
2. Due to the geographical relationship, Libya and the European Union have long been very close. EU countries are the main source and destination countries of Libya's import and export. Even during the UN sanctions against Libya, the political and economic relations between the two sides were very close. 1999 After the United Nations suspended the sanctions against Libya, the bilateral relations between Libya and Europe were further developed. The establishment of the "5+5" dialogue mechanism in the western Mediterranean has enhanced mutual trust and understanding. At the beginning of 2004, the last obstacle affecting the development of bilateral relations was removed after the agreement was reached on the compensation for the Yuta case. Recently, during the African Union Summit in Libya, European Union President Prodi invited Libya to formally join 199.
3. As an African country, Libya emphasizes its African attributes, advocates and organizes the African Union, the League of Sahelo-Sahelian Countries and the Maghreb Union, actively participates in African affairs, mediates disputes, strengthens and develops relations with neighboring countries and other African countries, and devotes itself to regional political and economic cooperation, which has achieved remarkable results, and Libya's role in African affairs has obviously improved. In its relations with the Arab League, Libya played down its Arab attributes, disagreed with other Arab countries, especially the Gulf countries, on many issues, and demanded the reform of the Arab League, so its relations with some Arab countries were alienated and even tense. Third, the internal environment of investment.
1, Libya Since the success of the September 1st revolution led by Gaddafi, the political situation in Libya has remained stable.
2. Economic development in Libya
(1), overall situation
Libya is a single oil economy country, which relies heavily on oil production and export. According to statistics, the oil industry currently accounts for 52.7% of Libya's GDP and 95% of its total exports, and 80% of Libya's national fiscal revenue comes from oil exports.
At the beginning of Gaddafi's coming to power, in order to get rid of the control of colonialism on Libya's economy, he carried out a large-scale nationalization policy, and nationalized the farm land occupied by foreign oil companies, oil sales networks, foreign banks, insurance companies and foreigners. At the same time, in order to change Libya's poverty and backwardness, Libya took advantage of the sharp rise in international oil prices to invest a large amount of petrodollars in economic development, established many state-owned industrial and mining enterprises and infrastructure, and implemented the national planned economic system for a long time. According to statistics, from 1970 to 1998, 723 state-owned enterprises of various types were established in Libya. During the period of 1973- 1985, Libya implemented three five-year development plans with an investment of 70 billion US dollars. After 1986, Libya did not formulate a new development plan, but allocated $5 billion from the fiscal budget for economic development every year.
1988 After the Lockerbie air crash, the sanctions imposed on Libya by the international community and the sharp drop in international crude oil prices have dealt a serious blow to Libya's economy. It is estimated that the losses caused by sanctions to Libya exceed $30 billion.
After 1997, in order to change the difficult economic situation, Libya formulated and implemented policies such as reform and opening up, attracting investment and developing diversified economy. After several years of development, Libya's economic prospects have improved, the country's financial situation has continued to improve, and national strategic projects and infrastructure projects have been restarted and developed rapidly.
According to the statistics released by the Central Bank of Libya, during the period from 1999 to 2002, Libya's GDP increased by 3% every year at the fixed price of 1997. In 2002, Libya's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 24.98 billion litas (150.7 billion litas at constant prices of 97). In 2002, China's foreign exchange reserves reached 654.38+08.59 billion Li Di (about 654.38+043 billion US dollars), and increased to 25.08 billion Li Di (about 654.38+092 billion US dollars) on June 30, 2003. In 2002, the foreign debt of this country was about 4 billion lidi (about 365.438 billion US dollars).
(2), the development level of various industries
Libya is an oil economy country, with extremely unbalanced economic structure, unable to feed itself, and its daily consumer goods mainly depend on imports. The development of various industries is roughly as follows:
Industry: Libya's industry is mainly oil and petrochemical industry. During the kingdom period, oil production in Libya was controlled by American oil companies. After Gaddafi came to power, he implemented the policy of nationalization of oil. From 65438 to 0976, the Libyan National Oil Company occupied 65% of the oil shares. After 1986, the relationship between Libya and the United States deteriorated. American oil companies withdrew from Libya, and oil companies from other western countries took the opportunity to enter the Libyan market, filling the gap left by the withdrawal of American oil companies. At present, Libya has five refineries with a daily output of 6.5438+0.4 million barrels of crude oil, most of which are exported to European countries.
Petrochemical industry is a new industry in Libya. At present, it has the largest petrochemical enterprise in Africa-the petrochemical industrial joint venture in Naslanu, which produces chemical products such as ethylene, propylene and polyethylene. In addition, there are seven petrochemical production enterprises that produce petrochemical products such as methanol, ammonia, urea and liquefied gas.
In addition to petroleum and petrochemical industry, Libyan industry also includes food, textile, clothing, leather, building materials, hardware, wood, feed, paper, steel, tires and other processing and manufacturing enterprises and automobile, tractor, refrigerator, television and other assembly enterprises. Among them, the food industry accounts for a large proportion in Libya's non-oil economy, accounting for 34.6% of the output value of the processing industry, followed by steel, textiles and clothing.
From the overall development level, except for a few enterprises in food, steel, construction, feed and other industries, Libyan industries (excluding petroleum and petrochemical enterprises) still have development prospects and are slightly profitable. At present, most industrial enterprises have outdated equipment and backward technology, and are in a state of suspension or semi-suspension, and some enterprises have gone bankrupt.
Agriculture and animal husbandry: The population of agriculture and animal husbandry in Libya accounts for about 24% of the total population, and the arable land area is about 3.7 million hectares, accounting for 1.2% of the total area. The main crops are wheat, barley, corn, peanuts, oranges, olives, tobacco, dates and vegetables. Agriculture in Libya is very backward. According to official statistics, the annual output of its main agricultural products in 2002 was 90,000 tons of wheat, 200,000 tons of barley, 6.5438+200,000 tons of various vegetables and 660,000 tons of various fruits. The pasture area in Libya is about 8.5 million tons, and the livestock are mainly sheep, cattle and camels, including 6.5438+0.038 million sheep, 6.5438+0.07 million cattle and 230,000 camels. Nearly 50% of Libya's grain and livestock products depend on imports.
Libya's core leadership attaches great importance to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, and visits state-owned farms every year to guide agricultural production. The Libyan government allocates special funds from its fiscal revenue for agricultural production every year. According to statistics, from1970-1991* *, the appropriation is 164 billion US dollars, reaching an average annual1700 million US dollars.
Fisheries and aquaculture: It should be said that Libya has not developed and utilized its marine resources on a large scale so far. It is understood that the offshore fishing operations in Libya are all foreign fishing companies, limited to tuna fishing, and the number of companies is limited. Aquaculture is also limited to laboratory research and has not yet entered the actual operation stage.
Tourism: Libya is rich in tourism resources, which have not been well developed and utilized for many years. In recent years, Libyan leaders have realized that the country should not rely too much on oil revenue, and put forward the idea of developing diversified economy, with tourism as their first choice. Since 2003, the development of tourism in Libya has entered a substantive implementation stage.
Foreign trade: The fluctuation of world crude oil price has a great influence on Libya's foreign trade. In recent ten years, affected by the price of crude oil, its import and export trade volume fluctuated greatly, showing a zigzag trend. Since 2000, with the sharp rise in crude oil prices, Libya's import and export trade has made great progress. According to the latest statistics of the Central Bank of Libya, in 2002, Libya's import and export trade volume reached 65.438+05.763 billion profits, about 65.438+02.65438+02.5 billion dollars, of which 65.438+065.438+0077 billion profits were exported and 5.585 billion profits were imported, which was 65.438+098. Statistics also show that Libya's foreign trade has maintained a trade surplus during the decade of 1993-2002.
According to the statistics of the Central Bank of Libya, Libya's export commodities are mainly crude oil and petrochemical products, accounting for more than 95%, and the total export of other industrial and agricultural products is less than 5%. Machinery, equipment and means of transport account for the largest proportion of imported goods, followed by all kinds of manufactured goods, grain and live animals, raw materials and so on. European countries and neighboring countries are its main trading partners. Italy, Spain and Germany rank among the top three in Libyan merchandise exports, while Italy, Germany and Saudi Arabia rank among the top three in imports.
3. Infrastructure conditions
After years of development and construction, Lijingya's infrastructure in Africa is relatively good, and the hardware facilities such as energy, electricity, transportation, communication and production water required for investment are relatively complete.
(1) Energy: As one of the major oil producers and exporters, there is no problem in its energy production and supply. At present, five refineries have been built and put into operation in Libya, mainly in Naslanu, Zawiyah, Brega, Topruk and Cheryl. At present, the daily output of crude oil is 6.5438+0.4 million barrels, and Libya plans to increase the crude oil production capacity by 2.5-3 million barrels in the next few years.
(2) Electricity: Libya has sufficient electricity supply and the power grid covers the whole country. There are more than 470 power stations in Libya, and large power stations are mainly distributed in the northern coastal areas, mainly thermal power stations and natural gas power stations. At present, the total installed capacity of power generation in Libya is 4.708 million kilowatts, and the total power generation in 2002 was 1753 10000 kwh; The total length of transmission lines is 33,000 kilometers; There are nearly 8,000 substations of various types, with a total output of 1 1 kva.
(3) Transportation: Libya enjoys convenient land, sea and air transportation. On the land side, according to the data released by Libyan statistics department, the total mileage of Libyan highways in197 reached 25,535 kilometers, of which the length of trunk highways was17,985 kilometers, and the length of branch highways was 7,550 kilometers, with good highway quality. There is no railway in Libya and it is currently under construction. It is planned to build a railway with a total length of 3 173 km. In terms of shipping, there are currently three container ports 13 and seven container terminals 1 3, and the cargo throughput reaches12 1.2 million tons/year (statistics in 2002). In terms of air transport, there are currently five airports 15, including three international airports, and more than one international airline 10 has been opened. In addition, Libya is developing maritime and air traffic control systems, further developing traffic construction, and establishing an army, navy and air force synchronized with the world level to meet the needs of the continuous development of the transportation industry and strengthen Libya's ties with neighboring countries and the world.
(4) Communication: Libya Communication is exclusively operated by the State Post and Telecommunications Company, providing fixed telephone service, mobile communication service, Internet service and international satellite communication service for the people. In recent years, due to Libya's opening-up policy, people's contact with the outside world is increasing day by day, and telephone users are growing rapidly, so its existing facilities can no longer meet the needs. For this reason, Libya Post and Telecommunications Company recently signed a contract with ZTE to build a new GSM mobile communication network, and recently launched an international roaming service for mobile phones. In addition, it is decided to increase the capacity of fixed telephone network and Internet in the next year or two. After the completion of these projects, the communication situation in Libya will be greatly improved.
(5) Industrial water: Unlike most Arab countries, Libya is rich in not only oil and gas resources but also groundwater resources. 1982, Libya decided to build the world's largest water conservancy project-artificial river project, to transport groundwater from the south to major cities in the north, such as Tripoli and Benghazi, to meet the needs of urban life and production. At present, the third phase of the project has been completed, the southern water source has been transported to Benghazi and Tripoli, and the water supply along the artificial river channel is sufficient.
Second, the external environment for investment.
In recent years, Libya has implemented a diversified foreign policy, actively participated in international affairs, improved its relations with western countries, neighboring countries and African countries, expanded its international living space, and greatly improved the external environment for investment.
1. After years of diplomatic efforts, Libya declared civil liability for the Lockerbie air crash in August 2003, and reached an agreement with Britain and the United States on compensation, agreeing to pay the victims $2.7 billion in compensation in exchange for Britain and the United States agreeing to lift sanctions against Libya. In September 2003, the United Nations Security Council adopted a comprehensive resolution 1502.
On June 5438+February 65438+February 09, 2003, Libya unexpectedly announced that it had completely abandoned its weapons of mass destruction program and accepted weapons inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Libya's cooperative attitude on anti-terrorism, "Luo case", weapons inspection and other issues, as well as its long-term protection of the interests of the United States in Libya, have received positive responses from the United States and Britain: Britain resumed diplomatic relations with Libya after handing over two suspects in the "Luo case" on 1999, and its economic and trade relations have also developed greatly. In 2003, Britain announced that it would relax and simplify the examination and approval procedures for the entry and residence of Libyans, and in early 2004, it called on the EU to disarm Libya. In early 2003, the United States secretly contacted Libya. After Libya announced that it would abandon its weapons of mass destruction program, the two countries formally began to discuss the normalization of relations. At the beginning of 2004, a US congressional delegation visited Libya for the first time after Gaddafi took office for more than 30 years, and achieved good results. On February 26, 2004, the US government officially announced that it would lift the travel ban on American citizens to Libya and allow American companies to return to Libya to engage in business activities. There are signs that the normalization of relations between Libya and the United States is not far off.
2. Due to the geographical relationship, Libya and the European Union have long been very close. EU countries are the main source and destination countries of Libya's import and export. Even during the UN sanctions against Libya, the political and economic relations between the two sides were very close. 1999 After the United Nations suspended the sanctions against Libya, the bilateral relations between Libya and Europe were further developed. The establishment of the "5+5" dialogue mechanism in the western Mediterranean has enhanced mutual trust and understanding. At the beginning of 2004, the last obstacle affecting the development of bilateral relations was removed after the agreement was reached on the compensation for the Yuta case. Recently, during the African Union Summit in Libya, European Union President Prodi invited Libya to formally join 199.
3. As an African country, Libya emphasizes its African attributes, advocates and organizes the African Union, the SAARC and the Maghreb Union, and actively participates in African affairs.