I. Overview
Country names: Tunisia and the Republic of China.
Area: 162, 155 km2.
Population: 965438+ million (1998)
Ethnic composition: More than 90% are Arabs, and the rest are Berbers and Jews.
Religion: Islam is the state religion, and a few people believe in Catholicism.
Language: Arabic is the national language, and French is widely used.
Capital: Tunisia.
Overall system: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
National Day: March 20th (1956).
Physical geography: located at the northern end of Africa. It borders Algeria in the west, Libya in the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea in the north and east, and Italy across the Tunisian Strait, with a total coastline of 1.200 km. The northern part belongs to the tropical Mediterranean climate, with hot and dry summers and warm and humid winters. The south has a tropical desert climate. August is the hottest month with an average daily temperature of 21℃-33℃. The most Leng Yue is in June 5438+ 10, and the daily average temperature is 6℃- 14℃.
Administrative Division: China is divided into 23 provinces, 265,438+02 counties, 65,438+0,050 townships and 245 towns. The names of the provinces are as follows: Tunisia, Ariane, Ben Arrus, Nablus, Zagwan, Besaida, Beha, Kindubai, Foucault, Sirianne, Kruvan, Kaselin, Sidi Bouzid, Seuss, monastir, Mahdiyah, sfax, Gafsa, Tozel, Guibli, Gabes, Medellin and so on.
Brief history: At the beginning of 9th century BC, Phoenicians established Carthage in the coastal area of present-day Gulf of Tunisia, and later developed into a slavery power. A province in Africa, which became the Roman Empire in 146 BC. It was occupied by Vandals and Byzantines in the 5th and 6th centuries. Conquered by Arab Muslims in 703. /kloc-in the 3rd century, the Hoefs dynasty established a powerful Tunisia state. 1574 became a province of Ottoman empire in Turkey. 188 1 became a French protected area. 1956 On March 20th, France recognized Tunisia's independence. 1957 On July 25th, the Constituent Assembly passed a resolution to depose the king and declare the establishment of the Republic of Tunisia. After independence, bourguiba was appointed as the first president, and has held this position ever since. 1987165438+1On October 7th, Prime Minister Ben Ali succeeded bourguiba as President of the Republic of China.
Politics:1In April, 1989, Tunisia held presidential and legislative elections, Ben Ali was elected president, and the Constitutional Union won all the seats. 1994, presidential and legislative elections were held suddenly, and Ben Ali was re-elected, resulting in the first multi-party parliament with an overwhelming ruling party since independence. After more than ten years in power, President Ben Ali suddenly implemented the basic national policy of "seeking development through stability and promoting stability through development". During the period of 1999, the domestic political situation remained stable and the economy continued to develop. 10124 October, the first presidential election with multi-party participation after independence was held suddenly, and Ben Ali won with a high vote and was re-elected as president. Moreover, in the legislative elections held at the same time, the seats of the opposition party increased, and the Constitutional Alliance still won an overwhelming majority. 165438+1October 17. The reorganization of the government and the adjustment of the Political Bureau of the Constitutional Association have not only kept the leadership relatively stable, the power balance and the policy continuity, but also highlighted the characteristics of the economic cabinet.
Foreign policy: Turkey pursues a moderate, pragmatic, balanced and non-aligned foreign policy for the sake of security interests and economic development, with the development of relations with the Arab League countries and other Arab countries as the diplomatic basis and the development of relations with Europe and the United States as the diplomatic focus. As an associated country, it signed an agreement with the European Union, and its military and security cooperation with the United States has been greatly strengthened in recent years. At present, the sudden political situation remains stable, the economy continues to develop and social life is peaceful.
Military: The national army was established in 1956, and the navy and air force were established in 1959. The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. From 65438 to 0975, compulsory military service was implemented, with a service period of one year.
The total strength is 35,000. The army has 27,000 people, 15 regiment, 405 tanks and armored vehicles, 482 artillery pieces and 156 missiles. The navy has 4500 people and has 36 ships of various types. The air force has 3,500 people, including 29 combat aircraft, 64 other aircraft and 4 helicopters/kloc-0. Paramilitary forces10.2 million, police10.3 million. 1998, military expenditure accounted for 65,438+0.7% of the gross national product (source: 65,438+0999/2000 Economic Quarterly Review). Military equipment mainly comes from France, the United States and Italy.
The national defense budget of 1999 is 4190,000 dinars, accounting for 4.4% of the total national budget.
Second, the economic and trade overview:
After independence, all the land occupied by foreigners and some enterprises run by foreigners were recovered by redemption and nationalization. From 1986, the policy of economic adjustment and reform was implemented, the main contents of which are: trade liberalization, privatization of state-owned enterprises, reduction of administrative intervention in the economy, opening to the outside world, attracting foreign investment and striving for foreign aid. At present, in the sudden economy, state-owned, private and public-private partnerships coexist. 1987 since Ben Ali came to power, the economy has shown a good development momentum because the economic policies implemented are basically in line with the national conditions, although there are still difficulties such as high unemployment rate, reduced foreign exchange reserves and increased balance of payments deficit. Sudden economic growth is sustained and stable, with an average annual growth rate of more than 4.5%, and people's living standards are gradually improving. It is one of the countries with the healthiest economic development in Africa. In 2000, the political situation was stable and the economy developed steadily.
Main economic data:
Gross domestic product: US$ 654.38+03.6 billion.
Economic growth rate: 5.4%
Per capita income: $2,328
Inflation rate: 3%
Unemployment rate: 15.7%
External debt: $8.3 billion
Foreign exchange reserves: 2 1 100 million US dollars (13 months of imported foreign exchange in 1997).
Exchange rate: 1 USD = 1. 16 dinars.
Resources: Sudden resources are relatively poor, mainly phosphate, with proven reserves of 2 billion tons, annual raw ore mining capacity of 6.5438+million tons, processed commercial phosphate of 7.5 million tons, phosphoric acid of 6.5438+0.60 million tons, and chemical fertilizers (diammonium and three materials) of 6.5438+0.60 million tons, with an annual output value of about 600 million US dollars, which is unified by the state. In addition, the annual output of oil is about 3.5 million tons and the natural gas is 2.7 billion cubic meters.
Agriculture: Sudden agriculture plays an important role in the national economy. The agricultural population accounts for more than 60% of the national population and is mainly operated by private enterprises. The main agricultural products are wheat, barley, grapes, olives, dates and oranges. The self-sufficiency rate of grain in normal years is 60%. 1996 agricultural harvest, grain output reached a record high, reaching 2.6 million tons, olive oil output reached 200,000 tons. There are 60 million olive trees, covering an area of 6.5438+0.6 million hectares.
Industry: mainly oil exploitation, chemical industry with phosphate as raw material, textile, steel and so on. The main products are crude oil, fertilizer, cement, textiles and leather products.
Tourism: it occupies an important position in the national economy and is the first source of foreign exchange, with an annual income of about 654.38+0.2 billion US dollars and an annual reception of about 4 million tourists.
Foreign trade: foreign trade is one of the key points of the sudden economic development strategy. Since 1986, the Turkish government has implemented a trade liberalization policy, set up specialized institutions, explored the international market, used credit, and gradually cancelled licenses. At present, freely imported goods account for 85% of its imported goods.
Suddenly implement a foreign trade system in which state-owned, public-private partnerships and private enterprises coexist. 1994 promulgated a new foreign trade law to encourage non-state-owned factors to play a role, but little progress has been made. In the sudden export trade, state-owned enterprises play a leading role, accounting for more than 65%, controlling the import and export of food, sugar, tea, fuel, edible oil, medicines and other necessities and domestic sales channels. Public-private joint ventures are mostly joint ventures between the state and foreign capital, which are few in number, but generally large in scale. Private businessmen are all over the town and are more active in foreign trade.
During the period of 65438-0998, the total export trade was 138 billion US dollars, of which 5.6 billion US dollars were exported and 8.2 billion US dollars were imported, with a deficit of 2.6 billion US dollars. From 65438 to 0999, the total trade volume reached147 billion US dollars, up 6% year-on-year. Among them, exports were 6 billion US dollars, imports were 8.7 billion US dollars, and the deficit was 2.7 billion US dollars. In 2000, the export trade was about US$ 654.38+07 billion, the import was US$ 654.38+00 billion and the export was US$ 7 billion, increasing by 654.38+06%, 654.38+06.7% and 654.38+06.4% respectively. The annual foreign trade deficit is mainly made up by remittances (about 500,000 expatriates in Europe) and tourism income.
The main export commodities are textiles, phosphates, crude oil, petroleum products and agricultural products. Turkey is the second largest exporter of olive oil in the world after the European Union. During the period of 1990- 1997, the average annual export of olive oil was 1 10000 tons, valued at 200 million US dollars, accounting for about 50% of its agricultural exports. The main imported commodities are daily necessities, textile raw materials, mechanical and electrical equipment, food and medical supplies. Turkey's main trading partners are EU countries, and 70% of its imports and 77% of its exports are with EU countries. French, Italian and German are important trading partners of Tunisia.
Since 1987 implemented the reform and opening-up policy, the sudden political situation has been stable, the society has been peaceful, the policy has been favorable (1993 promulgated the Investment Encouragement Law), and the close ties with European countries have attracted a total of 3.6 billion US dollars of foreign investment by the end of 1997.
Tunisia joins GATT. 1995, China signed an agreement with the European union, which came into effect in March 1998. The main content of the agreement is to gradually abolish tariffs, open markets to each other, and build a Euro-Mediterranean free trade area by 20 10. By then, all products of both sides will enjoy zero tariff treatment except for special arrangements for individual agricultural products.
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