The economic crisis in the capitalist world in 1930s and the outbreak of World War II further intensified the basic contradiction of capitalism, and the monetary credit system and balance of payments crisis in western countries deepened. It is hoped that more powerful global international financial organizations will provide long-term and short-term loans to restore the economy and develop production. At the same time, after World War II, the "trade war" triggered by the western capitalist powers competing for the world market has increasingly hindered the economic recovery of various countries, and countries have increasingly called for trade liberalization. With its great strength in the war, the United States has a strong desire for external expansion, trying to establish a stable multilateral international trade and financial order led by the United States. On the other hand, the newly independent countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America urgently need a lot of funds to develop their own economies and balance their international payments, but they are wary of the "economic assistance" of capitalist countries and hope to obtain the needed funds through loans from international economic organizations. In addition, the emergence of international economic organizations also depends on the foundation provided by the internal development of the world economy. Due to the continuous development of internationalization of production and capital, countries need to intervene in economic activities, and then there is a trend of demanding economic integration, trade liberalization and financial integration, which makes international economic organizations emerge as the times require. Under the comprehensive effect of the above factors,1in July 1944, 44 countries, including the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union, attended the Bretton Woods Conference held in New Hampshire, and established the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to stabilize international finance and improve the international trade environment. Since then, the United States has put forward a plan to expand world trade and employment, suggesting the establishment of an international trade organization to supplement the Bretton Woods Conference. This proposal was widely endorsed by many countries, and finally the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed in 1947. In this way, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (developed into the World Trade Organization after 1995) have developed into the three pillars of the post-war world economic system and the three international coordination organizations of the world market. (1) World Bank. The full name of the World Bank is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). It is the product of the Bretton Woods system. The World Bank was proclaimed in February 1945 and officially started to operate on June 25th 1946, becoming one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, both specialized agencies of the United Nations, are closely linked and cooperate with each other in the international financial field, which has played a certain role in stabilizing the currencies of member countries and promoting the stable economic growth of all countries. The purpose of the World Bank is: to facilitate the investment of member countries for the purpose of production, assist the revival and development of member countries, and encourage less developed countries to carry out production and resource development; Promote private foreign investment by participating in private loans and private investment, or providing guarantees for the private sector to carry out the above activities; Promote the long-term balanced development of international trade and maintain the balance of international payments by encouraging international investment to develop the production resources of member countries; When providing loan guarantees, the World Bank actively seeks cooperation from other international financial institutions and international banks. Since 1990s, the World Bank has participated in the balance of payments and financial crisis relief work of member countries in a planned way, which has played a beneficial role. Shortly after its establishment, the World Bank provided preferential loans and investments to developing countries by organizing funds from various sources in the world, and assisted those projects and industries that were particularly important to the economic development of recipient countries, so as to support the economic growth of developing countries and improve the living standards of residents, thus ensuring the further economic development of developed countries. This role of the World Bank is highlighted in the following three aspects: First, on the debt issue, the World Bank has played its role of "mediation" between the North and the South. By providing adjustment loans and technical assistance, help debtor countries implement economic adjustment plans characterized by austerity; Providing new loans to debtor countries with the core of promoting economic growth; Urges developed countries to reduce the debt burden of developing countries in various ways; Commitment to provide financial assistance to debtor countries to repay debts and interest; And the establishment of debt reduction funds for low-income debtor countries. Secondly, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the World Bank accepted the Soviet Union 15 countries as World Bank members and provided them with US dollar support to help them achieve a smooth economic transition and ensure world economic and political stability. Finally, 1997 After the Asian financial crisis broke out, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund provided economic assistance to the countries where the crisis broke out, which played an irreplaceable and positive role in stabilizing the Asian financial market, calming the Asian financial storm and alleviating the financial crisis in various countries. The World Bank performs the function of maintaining and stabilizing the current international monetary system and international economic order from a strategic perspective. However, as the main business activity of the World Bank, loan has some defects in policy guidance. For example, as far as structural adjustment loans are concerned, with the changes in the world economic structure in the 1990s, the focus of structural adjustment loans has shifted to supporting and helping developing countries in their reforms aimed at market economy. To this end, the World Bank requires the governments of borrowing countries to "talk" with them, commit to and formulate structural adjustment plans, including adjusting import and export policies, revising national investment plans, and reforming institutional systems. , and explain the long-term goals and short-term measures, determine the timetable, and accept regular inspections by the World Bank. Although this kind of control has effectively helped borrowers to reverse the serious balance of payments deficit from the economic structure, it is suspected of interfering in internal affairs. In addition, because the leadership of the World Bank is basically held by western countries, especially the United States, the business activities of the World Bank are largely controlled by the United States. However, the growth and economic rise of developing countries are changing and affecting the absolute rule and influence of the United States. (2) International Monetary Fund. International Monetary Fund (IMF). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was established according to the IMF agreement drawn up at the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944. /kloc-0 was formally established in March, 1946, and began to operate on March, 1947 1 day. In the same year1October 5th, it became a specialized agency of the United Nations specialized in international financial business. Headquartered in Washington, DC, it has representative offices in Paris and Geneva. IMF is one of the largest intergovernmental financial institutions in the world and the core of the international monetary system after the Second World War. According to the agreement of the International Monetary Fund, the purposes of the International Monetary Fund are: to provide necessary institutions for member countries to consult and cooperate on international monetary issues and promote international cooperation; Promote the expansion and balanced development of international trade, so as to improve the employment and real income level of member countries and enhance the production capacity of member countries; Promote exchange rate stability and orderly exchange rate arrangements among member countries to avoid competitive currency depreciation; Establish a multilateral payment and exchange system for the current transactions of member countries and abolish foreign exchange controls that hinder the development of world trade; Provide temporary financing with appropriate guarantees to member countries so that they can correct the imbalance of international payments without taking measures that are not conducive to their own and international economic prosperity; Efforts should be made to shorten the term and reduce the imbalance of international payments among member States. In short, the fundamental task of the International Monetary Fund is to slow down the devaluation competition caused by the balance of payments crisis and strengthen foreign exchange control by providing short-term credit to member countries, so as to maintain exchange rate stability, promote the development of international trade, improve the level of employment and increase national income. Since the establishment of 1947, the International Monetary Fund has played different roles in strengthening international monetary cooperation, establishing a multilateral payment system, stabilizing exchange rate fluctuations of member countries, promoting balance of payments adjustment, maintaining the operation of the monetary system, and promoting international trade and world economic development. The IMF helps developing countries overcome the difficulties caused by "external shocks" and "internal factors" by establishing various loan funds, such as creating "buffer stock loans" to help developing countries stabilize the export prices of primary products, thus stabilizing national income; Helping debtor countries in developing countries adjust their economies through direct financing or indirect financing once eased the debt crisis of developing countries in the 1980s. In the Mexican financial crisis from the end of 1994 to the beginning of 1995, the Asian financial crisis from 1997 and other financial crises, low-interest loans are usually used to help countries overcome monetary and financial crises. However, because IMF loans are allocated according to shares, major developed countries account for the vast majority of the shares, but in fact, the main demanders of loans at present are all developing countries. After nine capital increases, the share of developing countries in the total share has not increased, but has generally declined. In the long run, this situation is obviously not in the interest of developing countries. At the same time, some additional conditions of IMF loans are not in line with the national conditions of recipient countries. Due to the inaccurate and incomplete analysis of the causes of the imbalance of international payments in some developing countries by the relevant functional departments of the IMF, no matter which country is provided with loans, almost the same "prescription" is prescribed, which has brought many negative effects to the economies of recipient countries. 1997 after the Asian financial crisis, many recipient countries expressed dissatisfaction with the almost outrageous additional conditions proposed by the IMF, and Malaysia and other countries even refused to negotiate loans with the IMF. In recent years, the IMF has successively revised the relevant loan conditions, but they have not fundamentally solved the defects of loan additional conditions. In addition, because the leadership of the IMF is in the hands of western developed countries, and the United States has mastered the control of the IMF by virtue of its economic strength, coupled with the provisions of the IMF's management methods and voting rights, all major policies of the IMF are dominated by American financial capital, and to a certain extent, the IMF has become a tool for American expansion. Nevertheless, the International Monetary Fund is undoubtedly one of the most successful international financial organizations in the history of international finance after the Second World War. It can be predicted that it will still play an important role and influence in the international financial field in the 2 1 century. (3) World Trade Organization. World Trade Organization (WTO). Its predecessor was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on June 5438+099565438+1 October1based on the Agreement on the Establishment of the World Trade Organization reached in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which replaced the original GATT and took a set of agreements and agreements formed in the final document of the Uruguay Round of multilateral negotiations as international legal norms for supervision and supervision. The World Trade Organization is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. In order to facilitate the handover of work, WTO and GATT worked in parallel at 1995 for one year. Starting from 1996 1 month 1, WTO completely replaced GATT and became the basis and legal carrier for the operation of the international multilateral trading system. By the beginning of 2000, the World Trade Organization had 135 members. China officially joined the organization in 2006 5438+0 65438+February. According to the World Trade Organization Agreement signed at Marrakech Ministerial Meeting on April 1994, the purpose of establishing the World Trade Organization is that the members of the agreement realize that the development of their trade and economic relations should aim at improving living standards, ensuring full employment, substantially and steadily increasing real income and effective demand, expanding the production and trade of goods and services, and expanding the full utilization, protection and guarantee of world resources, so as to achieve sustainable development. At the same time, we should make active efforts to ensure that developing countries, especially the least developed countries, get shares and benefits corresponding to their economic development level in the growth of international trade; Through mutually beneficial arrangements, tariffs and other trade barriers will be greatly reduced and discriminatory treatment in international trade will be eliminated; By establishing a comprehensive, more feasible and lasting multilateral trading system, including the results of previous GATT trade liberalization and Uruguay Round multilateral trade negotiations, we will safeguard these basic principles and further promote this multilateral trading system. The purpose of establishing the World Trade Organization as a formal international economic institution is to deal with the trade relations among WTO members. To this end, the main functions of the WTO include: organizing the implementation of various trade agreements or agreements under the jurisdiction of the WTO, actively taking various measures to achieve the goals of various agreements or agreements, and providing an organizational system for the implementation, management and operation of plurilateral trade agreements that are not under the jurisdiction of the "package" agreements, such as the Agreement on Government Procurement and the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft; To provide a negotiating place for members to handle various agreements and matters related to agreements, and to provide a venue, negotiation preparation and draft framework for the WTO to conduct multilateral trade negotiations; Solve trade disputes among members and manage WTO dispute settlement agreements; Regularly review members' trade policies and regulations; Coordinate relations with international economic organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to ensure the cohesion and consistency of global economic decision-making and avoid policy conflicts; Organize the preparation of annual world trade reports, hold seminars on world economy and trade, and provide necessary technical assistance to developing countries. The birth of the World Trade Organization is a new stage in the development of the international trading system and a significant development in the coordination of international trade policies. From the operation practice of WTO, it is desirable to replace GATT with WTO, which has brought positive influence to the world economy. This positive effect is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the WTO has expanded the economic, trade, scientific and technological exchanges among countries around the world, expanded the field of international investment, and further internationalized the world economy and trade; To a certain extent, it has curbed the resurgence of trade protectionism and accelerated the process of gradually implementing trade liberalization in the world; A sound trade dispute settlement mechanism inhibits some developed countries from using domestic laws to interfere with recognized multilateral trade rules; The interests of developing countries are also guaranteed to a certain extent. However, in the operation of the WTO, there have also been some negative phenomena worthy of attention. First, there is still no effective monitoring and coordination mechanism for the exclusive and discriminatory practices of regional groups and certain bilateral arrangements. Secondly, in the implementation of various agreements, there is uneven development. Developed countries vigorously promote the implementation of those agreements related to their immediate interests, but delay in implementing those agreements related to the interests of developing countries, such as textile agreements, will inevitably harm the interests of developing countries. Third, the manipulation of some important WTO decisions by big countries has not improved, and they insist on bringing some issues unrelated to trade into the multilateral trading system. At the same time, some developed countries, proceeding from their own interests, selectively expand the scope of trade liberalization, or demand the formulation of some new international rules to force developing countries to accept it, which makes the trade liberalization process of developing countries out of their current level of economic development and damages the economic development of these countries. Finally, political factors and the strategy of obtaining economic benefits have slowed down the process of accepting members. The content of WTO accession negotiations is out of line with the provisions of WTO agreements, which brings some bilateral economic and trade issues unrelated to WTO rules into negotiations, leading to delays in negotiations and affecting the process and development of the multilateral trading system.

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