The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: natural environment.
Summary: Asia is the largest continent in the world, and it is also the continent with the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.
Geographical location: most of them are located in the eastern and northern hemispheres, spanning the eastern, western, southern and northern hemispheres.
Asia borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea in the west.
It covers an area of about 44 million square kilometers, accounting for 1/3 of the total land area of the world.
There are three peninsulas in the south, namely Indochina Peninsula, Indian Peninsula and Arabian Peninsula from east to west.
Topographic features: Asia is dominated by mountains and plateaus, accounting for about 3/4 of the whole state. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Pamir Plateau are in the middle, Iran Plateau is in the west and Mongolia Plateau is in the north. The famous mountain ranges are Himalayas, Kunlun Mountain, Tianshan Mountain, Altai Mountain and Hindu Kush Mountain, which are distributed in the periphery of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Pamirs Plateau. The plains are mostly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of large rivers and along the coast.
The ground in Asia fluctuates greatly, with the whole terrain high in the middle and low around.
Rivers and lakes: Most of the great rivers in Asia originate from the mountains and plateaus in the middle and radiate into the sea.
5. Climate: The climate is complex and diverse (due to the wide latitude, the great difference between land and sea, and the complex terrain), the monsoon climate is remarkable (due to the junction of the largest continent and the largest ocean), and the continental climate is widely distributed (due to the vast territory, the inland is far from the ocean).
There are 47 countries and regions in Asia, which are geographically divided into East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia and North Asia.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: humanistic environment
1. Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with 3.68 billion people. Concentrated in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia. Among them, there are six countries with a population of over 6,543.8 billion: China, India, Japan, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Indonesia.
2. Overpopulation in Asia has put heavy pressure on resources and environment.
3. Economic development gap: developed countries: Japan's high income
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: Japan
Territorial composition: It consists of Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, Kyushu and thousands of small islands, collectively known as the Japanese archipelago. With a population of1.200 million, it is a country with dense isthmus.
Natural environment: Japan is mountainous, with mountains and hills accounting for 3/4 of the total land area. The vast plain is the largest plain. The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent harbors. Many volcanoes and earthquakes. Forest and water resources are abundant, but mineral resources are poor. It belongs to temperate monsoon climate (north) and subtropical monsoon climate (south), with maritime characteristics, warm in winter and cool in summer.
Economy: Japan is a capitalist country with a developed economy. The main industrial sectors are steel, machinery, electronics, chemistry and textiles.
(1) Class A industry: developed processing trade economy.
B. industrial development conditions: favorable: rich labor resources and high quality; Strong scientific and technological strength; Many good ports are conducive to the development of foreign trade.
Disadvantages: there are many volcanoes and earthquakes;
The land area is small, the resources are few, and most of the resources and fuels needed by industry depend on imports; The domestic market is small and industrial products are mainly sold to the international market; Rely heavily on foreign countries
Industrial distribution: Pacific coast and Seto inland sea coast.
D The targets of overseas investment and factory construction are: the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia.
E Japan ranks first in the world in foreign exchange reserves and is a world economic power.
(2) Agriculture: Agricultural production does not occupy an important position in the economy, but it has a high level of modernization.
⑶ Fishery: The fishing amount has always ranked first in the world, and Hokkaido Fishing Ground is one of the four major fishing grounds.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: Southeast Asia.
Composition: Indochina Peninsula+Malay Archipelago
Location Importance: Located at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, the Malacca Strait between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island is the only place for Europe and Africa to pass the shortest route to Southeast Asia and East Asia ports, an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and a "sea lifeline" of Japan.
Terrain: (1) Indo-China Peninsula: alternating mountains and rivers, with abundant hydropower resources in the upper reaches; The downstream plains and deltas have fertile soil, low terrain, easy irrigation, convenient transportation and dense population distribution.
⑵ Malay Archipelago: There are many volcanoes and rugged terrain, and the plains are mostly concentrated along the coast.
Climate: Tropical monsoon climate (Indian zhina Peninsula) and tropical rain forest climate (Malay Archipelago).
Agricultural production: (1) The plain area of Indo-China Peninsula is densely populated, with little cultivated land, high temperature and rainy weather, and rice is the main food crop. Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are major rice exporters.
⑵ The humid and hot climatic conditions make Southeast Asia the largest producer of tropical cash crops in the world. Among them, Thailand is the world's largest producer of natural rubber, Malaysia is the world's largest producer of oil palm, Indonesia is the world's largest producer of coconut, cinchona cream and kapok, and the Philippines is the world's largest producer of banana hemp and coconut exporter.
The main minerals are tin and oil.
Southeast Asia is the region with the largest concentration of Chinese and overseas Chinese in the world, and Buddhism is prevalent.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: India
Location: Most of them are in the Indian Peninsula, bordering China in the northeast and northwest (with a continuous border with China) and surrounded by the Indian Ocean on three sides.
The second most populous country in the world, the country with the largest cultivated land in Asia and the largest country in South Asia.
Northern terrain: Himalayas &; Mdash& ampmdash is long, narrow and rugged; English: Ganges Plain &; Mdash& ampmdash is low and wide; South: Deccan Plateau &; Mdash& ampmdash is slow and broad.
River: Ganges River, originating in the southern Himalayas, flows into the Bay of Bengal.
Climate: tropical monsoon climate. From June to September, the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean prevailed, which was the rainy season. 1 1。 In May of the following year, the northeast wind from the land prevailed, which was a dry season. Affected by tropical monsoon climate, floods and droughts in India are frequent (reason: the interannual variation of southwest monsoon leads to unstable precipitation).
Agriculture: The main food crops are wheat (mainly distributed in Deccan Plateau) and rice (mainly distributed in Ganges Plain in northeast China). After the Green Revolution, grain can be exported.
The main cash crops are cotton (northwest of Deccan Plateau), jute (northeast of Ganges Plain) and tea (northeast mountainous area).
Major cities: New Delhi, the capital. Kolkata is the largest city in India and the center of hemp textile industry. Mumbai is India's largest port and center of cotton textile industry. Bangalore is India's computer software center, and India's software exports are second only to the United States.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: Russia.
The terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, with plains accounting for half.
Topographic region: Four topographic regions: Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau and Eastern Siberia Mountain.
Climate: (1) Type: Temperate continental climate is dominant, with significant differences from place to place.
⑵ Features: Winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm.
⑶ Cold Pole: Oymyakon (Northern Hemisphere Cold Pole)
Rivers and lakes (1) Volga River: Flowing into the Caspian Sea, Russia's "mother river", the longest inland river in the world.
(2) Lake Baikal: the deepest freshwater lake in the world with the largest storage capacity.
6. Resources: coal: Kuzbas; Iron: Kursk; Petroleum: Second Baku, Tyumen
The country with the widest distribution of coniferous forests in the sub-frigid zone in the world.
7. Four industrial zones (1) Moscow industrial zone (2) St. Petersburg industrial zone (3) Urals industrial zone (4) Novosibirsk industrial zone.
8. Developed transportation (1) sailed to Five Seas (Volga River is connected with Baltic Sea, White Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea and Caspian Sea through canals).
St Petersburg &; The largest port in mdash& ampmdash; Murmansk &; Mdash& ampmdash Ice-free ports along the Arctic Ocean; Vladivostok mdash& ampmdash Pacific coast ports
(2) Railway &; The most important modes of transportation are distributed radially around Moscow.
(3) Transportation &; Mdash& ampmdash The mode of transportation with the largest freight volume.
Moscow, the capital, is the largest city, comprehensive industrial center and political, economic, cultural and transportation center in China. There are the famous Red Square, the Kremlin and the largest library in the world. St Petersburg is the second largest city and an important port in Russia.
The Middle East is the main content of the second volume of the geography textbook for junior one.
Important traffic location &; The Middle East connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and connects Asia, Africa and Europe. It lies between the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, the Caspian Sea (inland lake) and the Black Sea. There are also straits (Turkish Strait, the Strait of Hormuz Strait and Gibraltar Strait) and canals (Suez Canal) which control the main maritime traffic routes.
The Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The Turkish Strait (including Bosporus Strait, Malakhei Strait and Da Daniil Strait) is the gateway of the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The Mande Strait is the main route for the Indian Ocean to enter the Red Sea. The Strait of Hormuz is a passage for oil transportation.
The terrain is mainly plateau.
Scope: Egypt (North African countries)+West Asia except Afghanistan.
Most of the Middle East has a tropical desert climate, which is hot and dry all the year round, with few rivers and no rivers in a large area of desert. There is a shortage of water resources in the Middle East, and the distribution and competition of water resources has become another focus in the Middle East.
The race in the Middle East is mainly white, and Judaism, Islam and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the birthplace of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, and is honored as the holy city by Islam.
The key to the Middle East issue is the conflict between Arab countries and Israel, and the focus of the Arab-Israeli conflict is in the Palestinian area.
The Middle East is the region with the largest oil reserves, oil production and export volume in the world. The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas. More than 90% of West Asia's output is exported, and oil production accounts for about 60% of the world's total oil production. It is mainly transported by sea to developed countries such as Western Europe, the United States and Japan. Major oil producers in the Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Iran and Iraq.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: Western Europe.
Latitude: It belongs to the northern temperate zone, with the plains as the main terrain (two plains: the Rhine River as the boundary, the western European plain in the west and the Bode plain in the east), accounting for 2/3 of the whole mainland area, and it is the continent with the lowest average elevation in the world. Climate: Western Europe has a typical temperate maritime climate, with a transition to temperate continental climate to the east, southern Europe has a typical Mediterranean climate, and the Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate.
Causes of temperate maritime climate;
(1) Most areas are located in 35&; degn-60 & amp； Degn belongs to temperate climate;
(2) It faces the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and is influenced by the ocean. The outline of the continent is broken (the continent with the most tortuous coastline), and all places are close to the sea, which makes the ocean influence go deep inland;
(3) The central part is plain, and the east-west extension of the Alps is conducive to the mild and humid climate of the ocean from the western ocean to the east and further inland;
(4) The passage of the North Atlantic Warm Current has a warming and humidifying effect on the climate in coastal areas.
Major rivers: Europe has a dense river network and abundant water. The Volga River is the longest river in Europe.
The Danube is the second largest river in Europe and the largest international river flowing through European countries, which has important shipping value.
There are frequent trade exchanges and personnel flows between western European countries. In order to strengthen ties, a regional international organization called the European Union (EU) has been established in this region. Western Europe is the birthplace of the industrial revolution and one of the developed regions in the world. Western Europe is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, forming a large area of temperate maritime climate, which is conducive to the growth of pasture; Moreover, the terrain dominated by plains in China makes grasslands widely distributed here, which is very beneficial to the development of animal husbandry. Western Europeans call pasture "green gold", which shows that they attach importance to animal husbandry.
In Britain, the output value of animal husbandry accounts for more than 70% of the total agricultural output value. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are famous dairy countries in the world. Ham, bacon, sausage and cheese are the main export products.
Country and residents: Most residents in Europe belong to white race, and their languages belong to Indo-European language family, which is divided into Latin, Germanic and Slavic languages. Europe has the lowest natural population growth rate in the world.
Western Europe is the most developed tourist area in the world.
The main content of the second volume of the geography textbook for grade one: sub-Saharan Africa.
Major rivers: There are four major rivers in Africa: Nile, Congo, Niger and Zambezi. With a total length of more than 6,600 kilometers, the Nile is the longest river in the world. Lake Victoria is the largest freshwater lake in Africa.
The longest Nile, the largest basin Congo Basin, the largest Rift Valley in East Africa and the largest desert Sahara.
Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of large wild animals in the world. Africa is known as the "rich continent", with many kinds of minerals and large reserves. Southern Africa is rich in gold and diamonds; The Sahara region and the Gulf of Guinea coast are rich in oil; Adjacent to Zaire and Zambia, there is a world-famous "copper belt".
Economy: Sub-Saharan Africa is economically backward (except South Africa), and many countries are dominated by a single commodity economy.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: Australia
Location: Located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, with the Tropic of Capricorn running through it. Its territory includes Australia, Tasmania and some nearby islands, and it is the only country in the world that monopolizes a continent.
Area and population: a country with a vast territory and a small population. It is the largest and most populous country in Oceania.
Terrain: the eastern mountains &; The great watershed of mdash& ampmdash; Central Plain, great artesian basin; Western plateau
Endemic animals: kangaroo, emu, koala (koala), platypus.
There are so many ancient species in Australia: First, the Australian mainland has been isolated from the southern hemisphere for a long time and the environment is single. There are no large wild carnivores, these ancient species have no large natural enemies, and the evolution of species is slow; Second, the climate is suitable and the natural conditions are superior (so there is no Antarctic continent)
Australia is the country with the largest export of sheep and wool in the world. Because there are many sheep, it is called "riding on the back of sheep". The main export products are beef and wheat.
Australia is a country rich in mineral resources. The main minerals are coal (southeast coast), iron (west) and bauxite (northeast). Mdash& ampmdash Australia has the largest amount of bauxite in the world. On the basis of rich mineral resources, Australia's mining, metallurgy and machinery manufacturing industry developed rapidly after the Second World War. Because the export volume of mineral products accounts for a large proportion of the total export volume, some people call Australia a "mine car" country.
At present, the service industry has greatly surpassed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining, and has become the economic pillar of Australia.
The population and cities are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. Reason: The climate here is warm and humid; Convenient transportation
Major cities: Canberra, the capital, Sydney is the largest industrial center and port city in China, and Melbourne is the second largest city in China.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: the United States
The United States is rich in mineral resources, mainly including coal, iron, oil, copper, lead and zinc.
Specialization of agricultural areas: According to the natural conditions and market demand of each region, American agricultural production can be divided into cotton belt, corn belt, wheat belt, dairy belt and irrigated agricultural areas.
All processes and links of agricultural production are mechanized and specialized. The agricultural production process is fully mechanized, with high efficiency and large output.
America is a big agricultural country. It produces wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton, tobacco, milk and meat. , is the highest in the world. It can not only meet domestic demand, but also export a large amount of grain, making it the country with the largest export of agricultural products in the world.
Industry: The United States has a high degree of industrial modernization, with the total industrial output value ranking first in the world, and industries such as steel, automobiles, aerospace, airplanes, petroleum, electronics and chemistry rank among the top in the world. In terms of foreign trade, the United States is the country that exports the most industrial products and the largest output value, and also imports the most automobiles, steel, oil and textiles. America is the base of high-tech industry in the world.
The distribution of American industry:
Industrial zone, industrial sector, development conditions, industrial center
Iron and steel, automobile and chemistry in Northeast China
The Appalachian Mountains are rich in coal, and there are a lot of iron ore in the west of the Great Lakes.
There are many excellent ports along the Atlantic coast, and the Great Lakes and Mississippi River are also very convenient for water transportation.
(3) Plain fertile soil new york: the largest industrial and commercial center in the United States, the largest and most populous city.
The United States is the largest resource consumer and waste emitter in the world. "Three highs": high output, high consumption and high waste.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: Brazil
Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America and the fifth largest country in the world.
The indigenous people in Brazil are Indians. Residents are composed of whites, mulattoes and blacks. In the melting pot of this nation, the cultures of different regions have developed in harmony with each other, forming a unique Latin American culture. The common language of Brazil is Portuguese, while other Latin American countries use Spanish.
Brazil is the largest in the world: the largest plain Amazon Plain, the largest plateau Brazil Plateau, the largest river Amazon River basin with the widest area, the largest tropical rainforest climate zone in the world, and the largest tropical country in the world.
Brazil's iron ore reserves are large, its texture is excellent, and its output and export volume are among the highest in the world. The southeast is the main distribution area of iron ore, and Itabira open-pit iron mine is the largest iron mine in Brazil. In modern industry, steel, shipbuilding, automobile and aircraft manufacturing have leapt to the ranks of important producers in the world. Brazil is the most developed country in South America.
Itaipu Hydropower Station, jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay, is the largest hydropower station in the world at present.
Agriculture is an important economic base of Brazil. The output of tropical cash crops such as coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world. Coffee beans, sucrose and orange juice are important export products.
Amazon rain forest's role: to provide fresh air for the world, conserve water, protect fresh water resources, protect soil, prevent soil erosion, provide a good habitat, maintain biodiversity, provide wood and regulate the global climate.
The development of Amazon region has caused serious environmental problems. Forests are destroyed, soil erosion is serious, precious wild animals are plundered, and the global ecological environment is seriously threatened.
The population of Brazil is mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas, and the big cities are very concentrated. The concentration of population transfer has triggered a series of urbanization problems.
Major cities: Sao Paulo is the largest city and industrial center in Brazil and one of the world's megacities; The capital is Brasilia; The largest port city is Rio de Janeiro.
The main content of the second volume of geography textbook for junior one: polar regions.
The Antarctic region is a vast area south of latitude 66.5S (Antarctic circle), including the Antarctic continent and the surrounding oceans. Antarctica is the coldest region in the world, and it is very cold even in the warm season (165438+ October-March of the following year). The Antarctic region is called the "ice and snow plateau", which stores the richest solid fresh water resources in the world. The Antarctic region, also known as the "white desert" and the "wind bank", has the least precipitation and the highest wind speed in the world. The representative animal in Antarctica is penguin.
The Arctic region refers to the vast area (Arctic Circle) north of 66.5 north latitude, including most of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the land and islands along the coast of Asia, Europe and North America. Although the North Pole is not as cold as the South Pole, most areas are frozen all year round. The precipitation is generally much higher than that in Antarctica. The wind speed is far less than that of the South Pole. The representative animal of the Arctic is the polar bear.
The coldest place in the world is Antarctica, because: A has the highest latitude; B Antarctica is land and the Arctic Ocean is ocean; C Antarctica has a high altitude, and the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature; D Antarctica is covered with ice and snow all year round, and ice and snow have strong reflections on light and heat.
1February, 985, the first Antarctic research station in China &; The Great Wall was built on King George Island in Antarctica. 1February, 989, Zhongshan Station was established.
Peaceful utilization and protection of polar regions;
There are no settled inhabitants in Antarctica. 1959 12 Australia, Argentina and other countries signed the Antarctic treaty. Its important contents are: Antarctica is only used for peaceful purposes, ensuring the freedom of Antarctic scientific investigation and promoting international cooperation in scientific investigation. All military activities and any nuclear explosions or the disposal of radioactive waste are prohibited, as well as the requirement of freezing Antarctic territory. 1983 China formally joined the Antarctic treaty.