After World War II, the status of the secondary industry generally rose, accounting for more than 30% of the employed population and GDP. The rapid development of the secondary industry is mainly:
(a) equipment to meet the needs of economic modernization
(2) Some industrial products replace agricultural and livestock products (such as synthetic fibers)
(C) the improvement of living standards has expanded the demand for industrial products.
(4) The ratio of developed countries has decreased, but the absolute number has been increasing, and they use their capital and technological advantages to set up factories abroad.
In the secondary industry, heavy chemical industry developed rapidly, reaching its peak in developed countries from the 1960s to the mid-1970s (accounting for about 70% of the industry). Since the 1980s, the proportion of heavy chemical industry has shrunk, while the textile industry has developed rapidly (mainly in developing countries), with a light-heavy ratio of about 1∶2.
Industries in developed countries are increasingly developing into knowledge and technology-intensive industries. For quite some time after the war, developed countries focused on developing resource-intensive and capital-intensive industries and transferred labor-intensive industries to low-wage developing countries. Since the 1970s, with the further adjustment of the industrial sector structure, cutting-edge technology industries have proliferated and their proportion has increased, while resource-intensive industries have once again shifted outward. At present, most developing countries are still labor-intensive, followed by resource-intensive, while newly industrialized areas have begun to shift to technology-intensive industries. In a word, this has become the general trend of world industrial development.
Great changes have taken place in the field of world industrial production after the war. Its basic features are as follows:
(A) industrial production to large-scale, serialized and integrated development. Large-scale and seriation are the leading directions of post-war industrial layout scale. According to the conditions of regional development, it is the characteristic of the structure of industrial regional departments that one or two industrial departments are dominant and more developed into comprehensive joint production bases.
(2) The concentration and relative dispersion of different levels in the industrial zone. After World War II, the concentration of industrial zones has been strengthened, forming industrial zones all over the world, such as North America Industrial Zone, Western Europe Industrial Zone, Eastern Europe Industrial Zone and Japan Industrial Zone. Developing countries have a higher degree of concentration and point distribution. For example, many capitals have developed into the largest industrial cities. The expansion of world industrial production from high-density areas to low-density areas is the trend of world industrial space movement.
[Edit this paragraph] World Energy
World energy and economic development
Looking back at the history of human development, the demand for energy always develops with the development of society. Generally speaking, the development of social economy determines the growth of people's demand for energy, and the supply of energy in turn restricts the development of social economy. The development of three scientific and technological revolutions in history has promoted the new leap of the world economy precisely because of the efficient power provided by energy. Judging from the economic development of countries around the world after World War II, the growth rate of energy and gross national product is synchronous, and only in this way can they promote each other, otherwise it will cause great losses to production development.
Energy consumption is closely related to the level of economic development. Generally speaking, the level of energy consumption is positively related to national industrialization and economic development. For example, in 1988, the average energy consumption of the world population was 137 1 kg (converted into oil), which was higher in developed countries and lower in developing countries. In 1970s, two oil crises broke out, which led to a general decline or even negative growth in the gross national product of developed countries. From this aspect, it is proved that the development and change of energy production is positively related to the rise and fall of national economic development.
Characteristics and trends of modern energy production and consumption
The quantity of energy production and consumption is increasing, and it is growing rapidly. No matter the total energy consumption or per capita consumption in the world, it has been in a sustained growth momentum. For example, during the period from 1850 to 1950, the energy consumption increased from 1 100 million tons to 2.5 billion tons, which was 2.8 times higher than that of 1980 and exceeded that of 1 100 million tons (standard fuel). From 1850 to 1950, the per capita consumption increased from 1 15 kg to 1000 kg. After entering the 1980 s, it exceeded 2000 kilograms. It is predicted that the total energy supply in the world in 2000 will be146.6 ~1865438+700 million tons (standard fuel). The reasons for the rapid growth of energy production and consumption in the world can be summarized as follows: (1) The rapid economic growth of all countries in the world has increased energy demand; (2) Population growth is also an important factor affecting the growth of world energy demand; (3) After the Second World War, the industrial structure of developed countries accelerated the transformation to heavy chemical industry, especially the development of energy-intensive industries, which made the energy consumption show an unprecedented growth rate; Heavy industry in many developing countries has also developed greatly, which has increased energy consumption. In the future, with the development of science and technology, the industrial structure of many industrialized countries is developing in the direction of technology-intensive and economic service, and the natural growth rate of the world population is declining, which may slow down the growth of energy demand in some countries. Of course, with the economic development of developing countries, the demand for energy will increase greatly.
Changes in energy consumption structure
With the development of productive forces and the progress of science and technology, human beings have experienced three stages in energy consumption, and now they are planning to move towards the fourth stage. In the whole pre-capitalist period, the productive forces were underdeveloped, and energy consumption took salary as the first priority, which was called the "salary era" of energy. /kloc-the capitalist industrial revolution marked by the steam engine in the 0/8th century promoted the large-scale use of coal. After about a century's development, by the 1970s, coal accounted for 24% of the world's energy consumption structure. After that, electricity began to enter all fields of society, steam engines and thermal power plants (burning coal) developed rapidly, and the demand for coal increased sharply, reaching 95% at the beginning of the 20th century, replacing firewood as the main energy source, entering the "coal age" of energy, and completing the first major reform of the world energy consumption structure. Until the late 1950s and early 1960s, coal still accounted for more than 1/2 of the total consumption. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, the internal combustion engine came out, and the automobile and airplane manufacturing industries rose. Various industrial departments and transportation industries have successively adopted power plants using oil as fuel, and oil has been widely used as power in some new military installations, resulting in a substantial increase in oil consumption. In the early 1960s, the output and consumption of oil (natural gas) surpassed that of coal, and the world energy entered the "oil age". The main reasons for the rapid structural transformation are: First, the increase in oil production. After World War II, new super-large oil fields have been discovered continuously. The development of science and technology and the improvement of exploration ability make it possible to develop submarine oil on the continental shelf. Most new oil fields are located in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, with West Asia as the representative. After independence, in order to meet the needs of national economic development, they vigorously exploited oil and increased exports in exchange for foreign exchange income. As a result, oil production has increased rapidly. Second, petroleum has superior conditions, strong flammability, high unit heat (about 1 times higher than coal) and great utilization value; Good oil exploitation conditions and low cost. According to heat calculation, the cost of oil is only equal to 1/3 of coal. Transportation is also very convenient, and pipelines on land and oil tankers on the sea are convenient and cheap. All these provide favorable conditions for meeting the growth of world oil consumption. Third, in order to plunder a lot of cheap oil from Asia, Africa and Latin America, international oil monopoly organizations control the oil trade and depress the oil price, which is only 1/2 of that of coal. So major capitalist countries have abandoned coal and used oil. Thus accelerating the process of replacing coal with oil. Of course, the deterioration of coal mining conditions is also a factor.
The factors that affect the changes of energy consumption structure in countries around the world are as follows: First, it depends on the level of economic development and productivity development; The second is energy and resource conditions. For example, in the mid-1950s, the United States became the first country in the world to use oil as its main energy source. Japan is poor in energy and achieved transformation in the middle of 60 years. However, countries rich in coal resources have made slow progress. Until the 1960s and early 1970s, the (former) Federal Republic of Germany, France and Britain all used oil as their main energy sources. Up to now, some countries are still dominated by coal, such as China (8 1.2%), Poland (80.2%) and India (67.9%).
The Changing Trend of World Energy Consumption Structure
Since the 1960s, the general feature is that coal basically shows a downward trend, and oil (gas) reaches its peak in the 1970s (accounting for nearly 70%). In recent years, coal has rebounded slightly from 29% in 1975 to 32.9% in 1989, and oil has decreased from 46% to 38.6% (1990). Natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy have been increasing slowly. The main reasons are: the two oil crises in the middle and late 1970s, the Iran-Iraq war and other international markets saw a sharp drop in oil supply, and many countries took measures to get rid of the crisis, speed up the development of new energy sources, re-enable coal and save energy. In the long run, the energy consumption structure will shift from traditional fossil fuels to a sustainable energy system based on renewable energy (solar energy, nuclear energy, bioenergy, etc.). ), and it is estimated that it will take half a century to a century to completely transform. During the transition period, oil (natural gas) is still dominant, and coal, nuclear energy and new energy are expected to improve, which will be the "multipolar era" of energy.
World coal industry
Coal is one of the main energy sources in the history of modern industrial development. From the middle of18th century to the early 1960s, it has been the most important energy source, known as "black gold".
(I) Geographical distribution of coal resources in the world The area of coal-bearing strata on the earth accounts for about 15% of the land area. The coal density of coal-bearing strata in the world is 2 million tons per square kilometer. According to the proven reserves, the reserves and density of world coal resources in the northern hemisphere are higher than those in the southern hemisphere, especially in the middle latitudes of Asia, North America and Europe, accounting for 96% of the world coal resources. Two world-famous ore deposit belts have been formed: one is the Eurasia coalfield belt, which starts from northeast China and North China coalfields in the east, reaches Russian coalfields, Kazakhstan coalfields (Karaganda) and Donbass coalfields in Ukraine, Poland and Czechoslovakia, Ruhr region in Germany, and reaches central England in the west; The second is central North America. The coal content in the southern hemisphere is low, and only Australia, South Africa and Botswana have found large coalfields. At present, coal resources have been discovered in more than 80 countries in the world, and there are more than 2,370 coal fields, large and small. China, the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States have the richest proven reserves of hard coal, accounting for 60%, followed by India, South Africa, Australia, Poland and Germany, accounting for 95%.
(2) The development and layout characteristics of the world coal industry. Coal industry is an ancient industrial sector. Since the middle of19th century, coal production has increased rapidly. According to the change of output growth, it can be divided into four stages.
(1)1860 ~1913 Great development period of world coal production. In 20031911million tons of coal output was 7 times higher than that of 1860. Thus entered the energy "coal age". At this time, large industrial bases based on coal were formed in central England, Ruhr, Appalachia, Russia and Ukraine.
(2) The stable growth period from1914 to 1950. Compared with 19 13, the coal output increased by 39.8%, reaching18.1800 million tons, accounting for 62.3% of the world energy consumption.
(3)1951~1974 coal production depression period. In the past 20 years, the coal output has only increased by 12.2%. The main reasons for the stagnation of production are as follows: First, the rapid development of oil in the 1950s and the second major transformation of energy consumption structure in the early 1960s ended the "golden age" of coal production. Second, the history of coal development is long, the mining conditions are deteriorating, the investment is large and the benefits are low. Because of this, some traditional coal-producing countries abandoned coal to open oil, which led to the depression of the world coal industry.
(4) The period of1974 ~1990 turned into a slow rising period. Since the mid-1970s, in order to get rid of the oil crisis, all countries in the world have pinned their hopes on coal, so there has been a turning point. 1989, the world coal output reached 4.88 billion tons, an increase of 50% compared with 1976. On the eve of 2 1 century, the world energy is facing new changes, and coal production is expected to increase.
Distribution characteristics of coal output:
(1) The distribution of coal production is basically consistent with the distribution of coal reserves, but the distribution of coal production is uneven.
(2) The coal production area continues to expand. Before World War II, coal production was concentrated in the United States, Britain, Germany and the former Soviet Union, accounting for 3/4 of the total output. After the war, especially since the 1970s, China, India, Australia and South Africa have developed rapidly, and have successively leapt to the forefront of the world and become major producers. In 1950, China only produced 43 million tons, 1989, which crossed the1000 million tons mark and became the largest coal producer in the world.
(3) the large-scale and centralized production scale and the continuous improvement of the level of production mechanization.
(4) The layout of industrial clusters centered on coal mining industry will form a large-scale comprehensive industrial base. It has formed regional types such as coal-thermal power, coal chemical-thermal power, coal-coal preparation-coking-thermal power-steel-building materials and comprehensive economic development of mining areas.
(3) Geography of World Coal Consumption and Trade The world coal consumption and production are basically the same, accompanied by fluctuations; At the same time, it also changes with the increase or decrease of other energy sources, especially oil consumption. At present, the world consumes more than 3 billion tons of coal every year.
Coal consumption and production are basically the same. The characteristics of coal itself determine that it is mainly consumed nearby, so it is sold in China. The international trade volume of coal is relatively small, which has remained at around 200 million tons for a long time and has exceeded 300 million tons in recent years.
Coal consumption is mainly industrial coal, accounting for 80% ~ 90%, especially power generation and coking, accounting for 80% of the total consumption. For a long time, coking coal has always surpassed thermal coal in the coal trade structure. In recent years, the output of steel has decreased, and the demand for coking coal has decreased, making thermal coal surpass coking coal. In the 1980s, Australia surpassed the United States to become the largest coal exporter, followed by the United States and Canada, accounting for 80% of the total exports. In recent years, China's export volume is also among the best. Japan is the largest importer (accounting for 27.7% of the world), followed by Western European countries and South Korea, which are basically developed countries. Land transport and sea transport each account for 1/2 of the trade volume.
World petroleum industry
Petroleum is the most important energy source in the material production base of modern society. In the mid-1960s, it replaced coal as the champion of energy production and consumption. In 1970s, the annual world oil trade volume was 65.438+0.5 billion tons, accounting for 654.38+0.5% of the total world trade volume and 53% of the tonnage of marine commodities. Tankers account for 40% of the tonnage of merchant ships. As a fuel, it is widely used in industry, agriculture, transportation (railways, automobiles, ships and airplanes), military and national defense construction, and has become an important raw material for the emerging petrochemical industry. The development of petroleum industry not only promotes the development of industry, agriculture and transportation, but also promotes the transformation of industrial sector structure and industrial layout, as well as the development of regional economy. Despite the two oil crises in the 1970s, the drop in oil prices in the 1980s, the Gulf War, and the formation of multipolar energy consumption structure with the development of new technological revolution and new energy, oil will still be an important energy source by the end of this century.
(1) Geographical distribution of world oil resources The large-scale exploration and utilization of oil resources are expanding with the development of science and technology, and its proven recoverable reserves are restricted by resource discovery and development. In the past 40 years, all parts of the world have been competing for oil. The 1950s and 1960s were the period of "great oil discovery" in the world, and the proven reserves increased from 654.38+0.04 billion tons to 72 billion tons, a net increase of 6 times. Since 1970s, it has entered a period of steady growth, reaching 1990 and13.65 million tons.
The distribution of world oil resources is characterized by concentration. Specific performance:
(1) The northern hemisphere is more than the southern hemisphere (96% ∶ 4%), especially between 24 and 42 north latitude, accounting for 56% of the world's oil resources; There are more oil fields in the Eastern Hemisphere than in the Western Hemisphere. Most of the newly discovered oil fields after World War II are concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere, accounting for more than 80% now.
(2) Uneven regional distribution. Europe and America used to account for 80%, but they moved to Asia, Africa and Latin America in the 1950s. Now they account for more than 70%, and the Persian Gulf coast is almost 60% rich, enjoying the title of "world oil treasure house". In the past, China was regarded as a poor oil country, and now it is one of the largest oil reserves in the world. Since the 1960s, a number of oil fields have been discovered in Africa, and the output of Latin America has also increased greatly in the 1970s, making it the second largest oil storage area in the world. Eastern Europe is mainly concentrated in Russia and Azerbaijan. Western Europe is a new oil field with small reserves and great significance. The proportion of reserves in North America shows a downward trend. At present, there are *** 1 1 countries with reserves exceeding 3 billion tons in the world. Secondly, the focus of world oil development has shifted from the mainland to the ocean. Since the sixties and seventies, with the improvement of development technology, offshore oil resources are abundant, which accelerates the shift of focus, and almost all continental shelves have become places for oil exploration and development. At present, more than 40 countries produce oil or natural gas in the ocean, and its proven reserves account for 42% of the global total reserves.
(2) Characteristics of world oil production and geographical distribution: human beings have developed and utilized oil resources earlier than coal for thousands of years. As a modern commodity production, it started from Ployesti oil field in Romania in 1857, and then the United States, the former Soviet Union, Venezuela, Indonesia and other countries successively exploited oil. By 1940, the world oil output will reach 260 million tons.
After World War II, the world oil production increased rapidly. From 1950s to 1970s, it has been an upward trend, with 1960, 1969 and 1978 respectively exceeding1000 million tons, 2 billion tons, 3 billion tons and 1979, which are the highest levels in history (3/kloc- In the 1980s, there was a general downward trend.
The characteristics of regional distribution of world oil production after the war are basically consistent with the changes of regional distribution of reserves. The world oil producing areas have expanded, but they are still highly concentrated and unevenly distributed. Before the war, it was mainly concentrated in the United States, the former Soviet Union and Venezuela, accounting for more than 90%, of which the United States accounted for about 70% (1937). In the early 1950s, West Asia surpassed the former Soviet Union and Venezuela to become the second largest oil-producing region. 1965 produces more than 400 million tons of oil, accounting for 27.9% of the world, surpassing the United States to become the largest oil-producing area. In the same year, Africa's output reached 654.38 billion tons (7.4%). In the 1970s and 1980s, the development of China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei increased the oil production in the Asia-Pacific region. The rapid development of West Asia, the rise of Africa and the development of Asia-Pacific region are the decisive factors that affect the regional changes of world oil production. In recent years, the situation in the Middle East has been turbulent, oil production has declined and fluctuated, and it has retreated to Eastern Europe and North America. From 65438 to 0990, the Middle East accounted for 26.8% of the world's total output and became the largest producing area. Eastern Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia Pacific and Africa. With the development of Tyumen Oilfield, the oil output of the (former) Soviet Union has greatly increased, surpassing the United States with 1974, becoming the largest oil producer in the world. Other countries with annual output exceeding 1 100 million tons include the United States, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mexico, China, Venezuela and Iraq. From 65438 to 0990, eight countries together accounted for 62.8% of the world's total output. It shows that the concentration has also decreased.
Since 1970s, offshore oil production has increased rapidly and now accounts for 27.2% of the total output. Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Gulf of Guinea, China coast, North Sea of Europe, Indonesian coast and Canadian coast are all important sea areas for offshore oil exploitation.
(III) Development and distribution of the world oil refining industry After World War II, the world oil refining capacity increased rapidly. The 1950s and 1960s were periods of great development, which basically coincided with the increase in output. Since 1970s, the growth of global refining capacity has been independent of oil production, resulting in a deficit. For example, 1980, the refining capacity reaches 4 billion tons, while the output is less than 3 billion tons. The main reason is that major oil consuming countries are competing to build factories. At present, there are three types of global refining capacity and output: the refining capacity of developing oil-producing countries is less than the output; The refining capacity of developed oil consuming countries is greater than the output; China and Russia are basically equal.
At present, the basic characteristics of the distribution of petroleum processing in the world are: extremely unbalanced distribution, highly concentrated in large consumer countries. North America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Japan account for 23.6%, 20.3%, 19.3% and 6.6% of the total refining capacity respectively, accounting for 70%; Followed by the Asia-Pacific region and Latin America; West Asia and Africa only account for 5.5% and 3.5%.
(IV) World oil trade and transportation The regional distribution of world oil storage, production and sales is uneven, which leads to the intensification of international oil flow. In international oil trade, crude oil accounts for 4/5, supplemented by refined oil. Since 1970s, the world oil trade volume has reached12 ~1700 million tons, accounting for 50 ~ 60% of the world crude oil output. 1990 international trade volume155438+0 million tons, accounting for 49.3% of the total output. Crude oil trade has the characteristics of wide geographical area and long transportation distance. West Asia is the largest oil export region in the world, once accounting for 60% of the total export. In 1970s, Africa developed into the second largest export region. After the increase of oil production in the former Soviet Union, self-sufficiency became one of the export fields. Southeast Asia, China and Britain all have some exports. Formed a diversified export regional structure centered on West Asia. Western Europe, the United States and Japan are the three largest crude oil importing regions in the world. In industrialized countries, except Norway, Canada and Britain, which are self-sufficient, they all need to import a lot. This trade pattern will not change for the time being.
Oil transportation is mainly by sea. 1973, crude oil transported by sea18.4 million tons (the highest record in history), accounting for more than 1/2 of the maritime freight volume. It has decreased slightly in recent years. Taking the Persian Gulf as the center, it passes through the Strait of Hormuz and is exported to all parts of the world, which is called "Oil Strait". Secondly, take the Persian Gulf as the center to form an oil pipeline network from the oil field to the oil port.
World electric power industry
The electric power industry is a transitional energy industry, the material and technical basis of national economic development, and the driving force of modern industry, agriculture and industrial development.
After the Second World War, the power industry developed rapidly, and the power generation continued to rise, especially since the 1960s, because of the continuous improvement of electrification, the electricity consumption increased rapidly. 1990 The installed capacity of global power generation equipment was 2.46 billion kilowatts, and the power generation11kloc-0/7 billion kwh was more than 0.5 times higher than that of 1 1950.
Structural characteristics and changing trend of electric power industry The proportion of thermal power generation was 6∶4 in the early 1950s, and then it developed faster than hydropower, and it became 7∶3 in the 1960s. In 1970s, the ratio of thermal power to hydropower nuclear power was 74.6∶23.7∶ 1.6. With the attack of oil crisis and the improvement of science and technology, the proportion of nuclear power has risen rapidly, from 199O to 64.6∶ 18.9∶ 16.8. Due to the differences in energy resources and social and economic development conditions in different countries, several types are roughly formed. Coal-rich areas are dominated by thermal power, such as Poland (97.3%), Australia (87.2%) and South Africa (96.2%). Hydropower is the main resource in areas rich in hydropower resources, such as Brazil (96.6%) and Canada (66.3%). Countries with poor energy resources are mostly thermal power plants fueled by imported oil, such as Japan (6 1.8%) and Italy (7 1%), or vigorously develop nuclear energy, such as France (70.4%) and Sweden (50.9%).
The distribution characteristics of the world power industry are highly concentrated in the mid-latitude zone of the northern hemisphere, accounting for more than 90% of the world's power generation. In particular, the population of the United States, Russia, Japan, Germany and Canada only accounts for 1 1.5% of the world's total population, but their electricity accounts for 53%. In recent years, China has developed rapidly, and the installed capacity at the end of 1990 was1990 million kilowatts, ranking fourth in the world. Large-scale thermal power centers are built in coal-rich production areas, often forming comprehensive industrial zones, such as Ruhr, Kuzbas, Donbass, China, and central and southern Liaoning industrial zones. Kengkou power stations are widely distributed. Japan and Italy are the most typical power stations built in consumer areas and port areas.
Hydroelectric power generation is a potential energy source with an exploitable installed capacity of about 2.26 billion kilowatts. At present, only 492 million kilowatts are developed, and the power generation is about 2 trillion kWh. All countries in the world have different degrees of development and utilization, mostly concentrated in Canada, the United States, Russia, Brazil and so on. , accounting for about 1/2 of the world's hydropower generation. 60% of the water resources are concentrated in developing countries and developed late. In recent years, hydropower in Brazil, China, Indian and Mexican countries has developed rapidly. There are 12 large power stations with installed capacity exceeding 3 million kilowatts in the world, such as parana river in Brazil, Caroni River in Venezuela, Columbia River in the United States, angara-Yenisei River in Russia and St. Lawrence River in Canada. The world hydropower is developing towards the direction of large and medium-sized cascade development and comprehensive utilization, and the trend of distribution from close to power consumption centers to remote areas is developing.
Nuclear power plants were built in the mid-1950s and have developed rapidly since the mid-1970s. 1990 accounts for 16.8% of the total power generation. It is expected to reach 30% by the end of this century. At present, 424 have been built in more than 30 countries, and 173 are under construction. The United States, France, Russia, Sweden, Germany and Japan are relatively developed. Nuclear power plants are mostly distributed in seaside, riverside, lakeside and energy-deficient consumption areas.
[Edit this paragraph] World steel industry
Modern iron and steel industry was founded at the beginning of19th century, and has a history of one hundred years. But until World War II, the iron and steel industry developed slowly, with limited output, few producing countries and very concentrated distribution. The total output of 1937 is 1.65438+ 100 million tons, mostly distributed in the northern Atlantic coast. The United States and western Europe * * * accounted for 3/4 of the total output, and the former Soviet Union reached 87.5%. This is the world's three major steel producing areas before the war. The main reasons for its formation are: Western Europe is the source of capitalist industrialization, which developed earlier; The United States started late, but developed rapidly; After the October Revolution in the Soviet Union, the development of iron and steel industry was greatly accelerated due to the needs of economic development and national defense. The rich coal and iron resources, favorable economic technology and convenient transportation conditions in various countries provide a material basis for the development of iron and steel industries in various countries.
After the war, especially since the 1950s, the world iron and steel industry has developed rapidly, its output has doubled, and its regional structure has also changed. Looking at the development and layout of the world iron and steel industry, there are the following characteristics:
Steel production and steel producing countries have greatly increased, and the steel industry has moved eastward. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed the rapid development of steel production in the world. The output of 1950 was only1890,000 tons, while 1968, 1972 and 1974 exceeded 500 million tons, 600 million tons and 700 million tons respectively, and 1979 reached 740 million tons (. In the same period, the number of countries with annual output exceeding 6.5438+million tons increased from 4 to 6.5438+06, and countries with equipment capacity exceeding 6.5438+million tons appeared. Analyzing the reasons for its rapid development, firstly, the adjustment of industrial structure in countries with different economic types in the world, the development of industry to heavy chemical industry, and the rapid development of shipbuilding, automobile and construction industry have expanded the demand for steel, and the steel industry has become a key development department in many countries. Planned economy countries in order to accelerate the process of socialist industrialization; The defeated country should resume its economic development; Western established steel producers should maintain a monopoly position; In order to develop the national economy, developing countries have expanded their production equipment. Secondly, iron ore, coal, oil and other raw materials and fuels in the international market are not only abundant, but also cheap, which has greatly accelerated the development of the world steel industry. There are also changes in production technology, such as the wide application of top-blown converter and electric furnace steelmaking, which are important factors to promote the surge in output.
In 1980s, the world economic crisis caused the market to shrink, the energy supply was tight, and the industrial structure of developed countries was greatly adjusted, which led to the shortage of steel industry and the stagnation or decline of output. At present, the output is maintained at 670 ~ 900 million tons.
The remarkable feature of the regional structure change of the world iron and steel industry is that it has broken the situation of high monopoly in the past, and the trend of industrial areas spreading from west to east is increasingly obvious. Since the mid-1950s, Japan's steel industry has developed rapidly, surpassing France, Britain and the former Federal Republic of Germany, and leapt to the second place in the world by 1980. During the same period, the former Soviet Union vigorously developed the iron and steel industry, surpassing the United States by 197 1 and becoming the "champion". Since the 1970s, the steel industry in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America has been developing day by day, and the output has doubled. China, India and North Korea in Asia have developed rapidly, especially China surpassed the former Federal Republic of Germany to become the fourth largest steel producer in the world in 1982, with an output of over 64 million tons in 1990. Brazil in Latin America has an annual output of more than 26 million tons, ranking sixth. Production in Argentina and Mexico has also increased rapidly. In the past, Africa was almost blank except South Africa, but in recent years, both Egypt and Algeria have developed. In fact, it shows a new trend of expanding from "North" to "South".
With the progress of science and technology and the improvement of productivity, the iron and steel industry is obviously developing towards large-scale and modernization. It meets the requirements of technical and economic rationality and has high economic benefits. At present, there are more than 50 steel mills with equipment capacity exceeding 5 million tons, accounting for more than 1/2 of steel mills in the world.
Characteristics of spatial structure change of world iron and steel industry
It is the general trend to shift from inland resource-oriented layout to coastal consumption-oriented layout. For a long time before the Second World War, the layout of the world steel industry was mostly oriented to inland resources. In the era of coal ironmaking, factories are concentrated in large coalfields and large iron mines, and the coal-iron complex area is the most ideal site. With the improvement of smelting technology, especially the decline of ironmaking and coking, the layout of iron has changed from coal to iron. Thus, three regional types of iron and steel industry are formed: building iron and steel joint enterprises in coal fields, represented by Ruhr District of Germany, Donbass District of Ukraine and Pittsburgh District of the United States; Iron ore areas form iron and steel industrial bases, represented by French Lorraine District, Russian Magney Togorsk, China Baotou Steel, Maanshan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd. and Wuhan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., and represented by the iron and steel industrial bases along the Great Lakes in the United States.
Since 1950s, the distribution of the world steel industry to the consumption field has become the dominant direction. Most of the new factories are built in industrial centers, forming a comprehensive industrial base dominated by the steel industry. The main reasons are analyzed: firstly, it is caused by the change of layout conditions, such as the change of energy consumption composition, the improvement of transportation conditions, especially the development of shipping, the innovation of transportation tools and the emergence of new resource sources. Taking iron ore production as an example, the pre-war mining and processing were mainly concentrated in several countries in Western Europe and North America. After 1960s, large iron ore areas were discovered in three southern continents. For example, Brazil and Australia are the world's second and third largest iron ore exporters. Venezuela, Peru, Liberia, Mauritania, Canada and India also export. The output of old iron ore producing areas decreased, and the self-sufficiency rate decreased. For example, France used to be a net exporter, and now 1/3 depends on imports, which makes the steel industry out of touch with the iron ore producing areas, and relies on imported raw materials, fuels and steel plants to tend to the consumption areas. Secondly, the rationality of technical economy, local production and local consumption, not only save time, reduce freight, but also reduce costs and achieve the highest economic benefits. Japan has embarked on a successful road for resource-poor countries to build large-scale factories in the consumption field by relying on raw materials and fuels.
The iron and steel industry is increasingly developing along the coast, along the river and along the lake.
Regional distribution of world automobile industry
Development of world shipbuilding industry