The word "socialism" comes from Latin, which is derived from the word socialis and the word socius, meaning the same and collective life in primitive society.

About the earliest use of the word "socialism", there are usually three statements. The first view is that when Anselm Desing, a German theologian and a Catholic Benedictine priest argued with people in 1753, he called people who followed the laws of nature socialists. The second view holds that the word "socialism" was first used by Italian missionaries, indicating a legendary system arranged by God. Later, it was linked with the proletarian liberation movement and gained political significance. The third view holds that the word "socialism" first appeared in the Erwinian periodicals Cooperation and Saint-Simon Globe in the 1920s and 1930s. Utopian socialists use this word to express their collective ideals that they are dissatisfied with the individualism prevailing in capitalist society and expect to realize.

The word "socialism" was widely circulated in western Europe from 1930s to 1940s. At first, the word meant reforming the social system to improve the welfare of working people, ensure social peace and allow property inequality. At that time, the term "productism" generally refers to the establishment of social equality through public ownership of means of production (sometimes including means of subsistence) and advocates the abolition of property inequality. Therefore, proletarian revolutionary instructors sometimes call utopian socialism and utopian capitalism before scientific socialism "socialism" and sometimes distinguish them. Marx and Engels used the word "socialism" and made a scientific explanation, which turned socialism from fantasy into science.

After the proletariat began its independent political struggle, the bourgeoisie often used "socialism" to oppose class struggle and proletarian revolution. Engels once pointed out: "In 1847, socialism is a bourgeois movement, while * * * productism is a working class movement."

In June1842+1October 15, Marx wrote a general report on * * * productism and augsburg, and Engels wrote Progress of Social Reform Movement in the Mainland in June 1843, which used the word "socialism" for the first time and gave it a scientific meaning. However, at that time, Marx and Engels regarded socialism as a synonym for * * * productism.

Since then, "socialism", as the name of ideological trend, usually refers to scientific socialism, which is a theory about the conditions of proletarian liberation, that is, a science about eliminating all classes and realizing the general law of * * * productism.

However, "socialism" still has various meanings and usages. In the Manifesto of the Productive Party, Marx and Engels classified the socialist ideological trend popular in Europe except scientific socialism in the middle of19th century as reactionary socialism (including feudal socialism, petty-bourgeois socialism and "real" socialism, bourgeois socialism and critical utopian socialism).

19 in the 1970s, the word "socialism" began to appear in Japanese and China books and periodicals. Hiroyuki Kato, a Japanese scholar, transliterated the western word "socialism" in Japanese katakana in 187 1, and Fukuchi Genichiro used Chinese characters for the first time in 18765438 Tokyo Daily News. China Western Language Magazine was transliterated as "Sosiaris" in 1878, and World Bulletin was translated as "learning for the people" and "learning to support the people" in 1899. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao went from 190 1 to 1902. Liang Qichao transplanted the word "socialism" commonly used in Japan at that time from 18 of Xinmin Cong Bao published on September 25th, 902. Since then, the word "socialism" has gradually been used in China's books and periodicals. Liang Qichao was the first person to introduce the socialist theory to China, and Li Dazhao was the first person to spread the scientific socialist theory in China.

What is finance?

It is the general name of currency circulation, credit activities and related economic activities. Finance in a broad sense refers to all economic activities related to the issuance, storage, exchange, settlement and financing of credit currency, even including the sale of gold and silver. Narrow sense of finance refers to the financing of credit currency.

The contents of finance can be summarized as the issuance and withdrawal of money, the absorption and payment of deposits, the issuance and recovery of loans, the trading of gold, silver and foreign exchange, the issuance and transfer of securities, insurance, trust and domestic and foreign currency settlement. Institutions engaged in financial activities mainly include banks, trust and investment companies, insurance companies, securities companies, investment funds, credit cooperatives, finance companies, financial asset management companies, postal savings institutions, financial leasing companies, securities, gold and silver, foreign exchange exchanges, etc.

Finance is an economic category formed after the emergence of credit currency, and it and credit are two different concepts: (1) Finance refers to the financing of monetary funds (narrow sense finance), people not only borrow money to finance funds, but also issue stocks to finance funds. (2) Credit refers to the borrowing of all currencies, and finance (in a narrow sense) refers to the financing of credit currency. The reason why people want to create a new concept other than "credit" to refer to the financing of credit currency is to summarize a new economic phenomenon; The two economic processes of credit and currency circulation have been closely combined. Bank credit can create and reduce money, which is the most obvious financial feature. Bank credit is considered as the core of finance.

What is listing?

Listing conditions and relevant provisions of a joint stock limited company:

According to the Securities Law of 2006:

Article 48 An application for listing of securities shall be submitted to the stock exchange, which shall examine and approve it according to law, and both parties shall sign a listing agreement.

The stock exchange arranges the listing and trading of government bonds according to the decision of the department authorized by the State Council.

Article 49 When applying for listing and trading of stocks, corporate bonds convertible into stocks or other securities subject to the recommendation system as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations, an institution with recommendation qualification shall be employed as a sponsor. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 11 of this Law shall apply to listed sponsors.

Article 50 A joint stock limited company applying for stock listing shall meet the following conditions:

(a) approved by the the State Council securities regulatory authority for public offering.

(2) The total share capital of the company is not less than 30 million yuan;

(3) The publicly issued shares account for more than 25% of the total shares of the company; If the company's total share capital exceeds 400 million yuan, the proportion of publicly issued shares is more than 10%;

(4) The company has no major illegal acts in the last three years, and its financial and accounting reports have no false records.

A stock exchange may prescribe listing conditions higher than those prescribed in the preceding paragraph, and report them to the the State Council securities regulatory authority for approval.

Article 51 The State encourages companies that conform to industrial policies and meet the listing requirements to go public.

Article 52 To apply for stock listing, the following documents shall be submitted to the stock exchange:

(a) listing report;

(2) the resolution of the shareholders' meeting to apply for stock listing;

(3) Articles of association;

(4) Business license of the company;

(5) Financial and accounting reports of the company in the last three years audited by an accounting firm according to law;

(6) Legal opinions and letters of recommendation for listing;

(7) The latest prospectus;

(8) Other documents stipulated in the listing rules of stock exchanges.

Article 53 After the application for stock listing is approved by the stock exchange, the company that signed the listing agreement shall announce the relevant documents for stock listing within the prescribed time limit, and place the documents in the designated place for public inspection.

Article 54 A company that has signed a listing agreement shall announce the following items in addition to the documents specified in the preceding article:

(1) The date when the shares are allowed to be traded on the stock exchange;

(2) The list of the top ten shareholders who hold the most shares of the company and the amount of their shares;

(3) The actual controller of the company;

(4) Names of directors, supervisors and senior managers and their holdings of company stocks and bonds.

Article 55 If a listed company is under any of the following circumstances, the stock exchange decides to suspend its stock listing and trading:

(a) the company's total share capital, equity distribution and other changes no longer meet the listing conditions;

(2) The company fails to disclose its financial status as required, or makes false records in its financial and accounting reports, which may mislead investors.

(3) The company has committed major illegal acts;

(4) The company has suffered continuous losses in the last three years;

(5) Other circumstances stipulated in the listing rules of stock exchanges.

Article 56 The listing of a listed company shall be terminated by the stock exchange under any of the following circumstances:

(a) the company's total share capital, equity distribution and other changes no longer meet the listing conditions, and still can not meet the listing conditions within the time limit stipulated by the stock exchange;

(2) The company fails to disclose its financial status as required, or makes false records in its financial and accounting reports, and refuses to make corrections.

(3) The company has suffered losses continuously in the last three years, and failed to return to profit in the following year;

(4) The company is dissolved or declared bankrupt.

(5) Other circumstances stipulated in the listing rules of stock exchanges.

Article 57 A company applying for listing corporate bonds shall meet the following conditions:

(1) The term of corporate bonds is more than one year.

(2) The actual amount of corporate bonds issued is not less than 50 million yuan;

(3) The company still meets the statutory conditions for issuing corporate bonds when applying for listing bonds.

Article 58 To apply for listing and trading of corporate bonds, the following documents shall be submitted to the stock exchange:

(a) listing report;

(2) The resolution of the board of directors applying for listing of corporate bonds;

(3) Articles of association;

(4) Business license of the company;

(5) Measures for raising corporate bonds.

(6) The actual amount of corporate bonds issued.

(7) Other documents stipulated in the listing rules of stock exchanges. When applying for the listing of convertible corporate bonds, a listing recommendation letter issued by the sponsor institution shall also be submitted.

Article 59 After the application for listing corporate bonds is approved by the stock exchange, the company that signed the listing agreement shall announce the listing documents and related documents of corporate bonds within the prescribed time limit, and place the application documents in the designated place for public inspection.

Article 60 After the listing and trading of corporate bonds, the stock exchange decides to suspend the listing and trading of corporate bonds under any of the following circumstances:

(a) the company has a major illegal act;

(2) Significant changes have taken place in the company's situation, which does not meet the conditions for listing corporate bonds;

(3) Not using the funds raised by corporate bonds according to the approved purposes;

(4) Failing to fulfill its obligations in accordance with the measures for raising corporate bonds.

(5) The company has suffered continuous losses in the last two years.

Article 61 The stock exchange decides to terminate the listing and trading of its corporate bonds if the company has serious consequences due to the circumstances listed in Items (1) and (4) of the preceding article, or if the circumstances listed in Items (2), (3) and (5) of the preceding article are not eliminated within the time limit. Where a company is dissolved or declared bankrupt, the stock exchange shall terminate the listing and trading of its corporate bonds.

Article 62 Anyone who refuses to accept the decision made by a stock exchange not to list, suspend listing or terminate listing may apply to the review institution established by the stock exchange for review.

"Listing Strategy" and "Listing Strategy": The tool set of enterprise listing management helps enterprises to understand the frontier management theory and provide the thinking path of listing, which is the tool set of enterprise listing management.