The meaning of electronic banking
Electronic banking, literally translated as electronic banking, also known as online banking, is a virtual banking counter on the Internet.
At present, the basic organizational forms of online banking in China
Online payment requires the electronization of the financial industry, and the establishment of E-Bank has become the general trend.
First, the head office of the bank provides a unified website, all transactions are completed by the server of the head office, and branches only accept on-site account opening applications and distribute related software and hardware;
Second, each branch has established a website to connect with each other. The customer transaction is completed by the local server, and the data is connected to the head office through the internal network of the bank, and then the head office transmits the relevant data to the servers of other branches to complete the transaction process.
The first model is represented by ICBC, BOC and CITIC Xingye. The second mode is adopted by CCB and China Merchants Bank.
Classification of online banking forms
According to whether it has a specific entity business premises:
One is the world's first online bank, SFNB, which was established in June1995+1October 18, also known as virtual online banking or pure online banking.
This kind of online banking generally has only one specific office space, and there are no specific branches, business counters and business personnel. The success of such banks mainly depends on outsourcing and banking alliances, thus reducing costs.
The other is online banking developed from traditional banks. This kind of bank is a branch of the traditional bank, and it is a bank sub-station opened by the original bank using the Internet. It is equivalent to a new branch of a traditional bank, but it goes beyond the traditional form because its geographical area is wider than before. Many customers can handle the original counter business through the internet; The proportion of such online banks accounts for 95% of online banks.
Development Status of Online Banking in China
From 65438 to 0997, China Merchants Bank took the lead in launching "One Netcom" for online banking and became the market leader of online banking in China.
Since March 1998, Bank of China has taken the lead in opening online banking services in China. 1April, 1999, China Construction Bank opened online banking, and conducted pilot projects in Beijing, Guangzhou, Sichuan, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Ningbo and Qingdao, which marked a substantial step in the construction of online banking in China.
In recent years, Bank of China, China Construction Bank and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China have successively launched online banking, opened online payment, online self-service transfer and online payment services, and initially realized real online financial services.
1September, 1999, the enterprise online banking business was launched, and this part of the business officially entered the track in 2000. China Merchants Bank has quietly launched the "one-card" personal banking business for stock trading, adding another sum to the development of e-banking.
Introduction of online business of China Bank
1, China Merchants Bank (). Agricultural Bank of China started late in the construction of online banking, but it also achieved a zero breakthrough. In May, 2000, Guangdong Branch of Agricultural Bank of China established a new business brand of "Internet Freeman" with home Internet access, enterprise Internet access and government Internet access as the breakthrough points. At the same time, Guangdong Agricultural Bank initiated a new financial service-"direct access to the Internet from bank accounts", which realized real-time deduction of Internet access fees and brought great convenience to customers who used online financial services. In June 5438+February 65438+August 2000, Shanghai Agricultural Bank launched 95599 online banking, and its service function currently has three parts: one is business service function; The second is the value-added service function; The third is the information service function. Business functions include automatic voice service, manual agency service, online banking service and fax service. At present, inquiry service, loss reporting service, transfer service, information consulting service, notification service, complaints, suggestions and bank-securities transfer service have been realized. In the second stage, payment agents and foreign exchange trading business arrangements will be developed. The comprehensive service provided by 95599 online bank not only embodies the value concept of "market-oriented, customer-centered and technology-supported" of Agricultural Bank, but also marks that the process of financial electronization of Agricultural Bank has entered a brand-new development stage.
Compared with the payment system of western developed countries, there is a big gap.
In the west, the business volume of online banking is 10% of that of traditional banks.
At present, more than a dozen financial institutions in the United States and Canada have more than 654.38 million online users. At present, about 4.5 million households in the United States use the online banking function or online bill payment function of the Internet at least once a month, and this number will rise to 33.5 million in 2005, accounting for 3 1% of the total number of households in the United States.
Differences in financial environment between China and the United States
There are only two or three popular credit cards in the United States and even the world: Visa, Master and AmericanExpress. There are dozens of commercial banks in the United States, but these are the types of credit cards that can be issued. The fund settlement method between the issuing bank and the acquiring bank is that the credit card acceptance terminal of each acquiring bank is interconnected with its own transaction processing host, and then the transaction processing host of the commercial bank is connected to the clearing host of each credit card clearing center through the clearing network of three credit cards. According to international practice, any Visa international credit card issued by a commercial bank can be used worldwide. Moreover, the acquiring bank does not have to worry about any problems in the transfer of funds. Such a financial environment greatly facilitates the implementation of e-commerce business that spans time and space. Such e-commerce is not regional, but has global characteristics.
The difficulty of fund settlement between commercial banks in China can be described as "warlord scuffle and local separatist regime".
First of all, there are hundreds of credit cards, debit cards issued by commercial banks and financial cards jointly issued by banks and enterprises. Each bank card can only buy goods in the store where the issuing bank opens an account. In order to accept credit cards issued by other banks, online stores must be directly connected to the transaction processing host of that bank. This leaves the problem of fund settlement that should have been solved between commercial banks to merchants, and artificially complicates simple technical problems.
Secondly, due to historical reasons and obstacles in the distribution of benefits, regional branches of commercial banks cannot settle their funds, so e-commerce payment can only be settled in a single bank in a region.
For various reasons, the People's Bank of China has set up credit card network companies in several big cities to solve the problem of fund settlement between different commercial banks in the same city. In this way, it is more difficult to spend credit cards in different places, and such credit card network companies have turned the bank clearing business into an out-and-out local separatist regime.
So far, domestic e-commerce projects have this restriction without exception, which makes the advantages of e-commerce across time and space disappear. Don't say that Visa credit card is universal, even China credit card, which is universal in China, has never appeared. This is the biggest difference between China's financial environment and the United States, and it is also an insurmountable obstacle to the development of e-commerce in China.
The Differences of Credit Consumption Environment between China and America
American commercial banks have absolute trust in the credit consumption of cardholders. Once the cardholder commits fraud in credit consumption, it will be included in the blacklist database corresponding to the social security number. Due to the uniqueness of American social security number, once the cardholder enters the blacklist, he can no longer obtain the credit consumption qualification of any commercial bank. Losing the qualification of credit consumption is equivalent to losing the basic conditions for survival in the United States. This is also an important reason why American credit consumption is very developed.
Credit consumption environment in China
China culture has a long history, and "emphasizing credit" is the basic feature of China culture. However, China's commercial banks have absolutely no confidence in the "credit consumption" of cardholders. Not only the card issuing procedures are complicated and the conditions are harsh, but also the consumption quota is very limited. Without a good credit consumption environment, there is no solid foundation for the development of e-commerce.
Problems existing in the internal development of online banking in China
First, the variety of online banking business is scarce, which has not played a role in the reorganization and reconstruction of banking business. At present, the products provided by online banking, whether it is account inquiry, transfer service, agency payment, bank-securities transfer, settlement for enterprise sales outlets or internal fund transfer for group customers, are outstanding except for the lack of business types. Another outstanding problem is that these products are only the realization of traditional business in online banking, that is to say, online banking only plays the role of a traditional banking service channel at present, and the products have not completely got rid of the limitations of traditional business functions and have not been introduced and utilized. The user interface does not reflect the characteristics of personalized service, but simply imitates the interface of traditional business processing system, and does not reflect the fundamental attribute of the Internet-attracting customers with variety and novelty.
Second, the online payment function is in urgent need of breakthrough and improvement. For small online transactions from B to C, such as payment of mobile phone fees, telephone charges, small shopping agents, etc., commercial banks generally use credit cards and savings cards as payment tools to provide online payment services for their contracted customers, which basically meets the online payment needs of contracted customers; However, for the large payment of B to B, the situation of "online ordering and offline payment" is still maintained, and B to B transactions generally account for about 90% of e-commerce transactions. Therefore, the development of e-commerce urgently requires commercial banks to improve online payment methods.
Third, the security of online transactions needs to be solved urgently. The security of funds is very important for customers, businesses and banks, so security is the core issue of online banking. The security of online transactions mainly involves the following three aspects: first, the security of the client, if the client is just an ordinary browser user, there is the possibility that the client will be imitated; The second is the security in the process of information transmission. In the traditional payment method, the payment information is transmitted on the internal network of the bank, and the internal network and the external network have taken considerable security isolation measures, so the security of the internal network is relatively high. On the contrary, online payment is transmitted publicly on the Internet, so there is the possibility that payment information will be tampered with and stolen. Third, the security of bank websites and e-commerce websites. Although all websites have taken security measures such as firewall and network detection, it is still very difficult for super hackers. On the whole, there are still problems that cannot be prevented. Some surveys show that users are most worried about security when conducting online transactions.
The world's most popular online banking seating arrangement
Consumer reports rank online banks. The magazine lists 15 of the most popular online banks after examining the ease of account setting and website navigation, user privacy and security regulations, and online payment costs.
E-commerce. The company only provides online banking services, but there are 6.5438+0 million ATMs. The minimum amount required for a company to open an account is $65,438+0,000 yuan. If the account balance is lower than this standard, a monthly fee of $65,438+00 will be charged. Second, Citibank. The company charges $7.50 per month, and the minimum account balance is $65,438+$0.500. Banks also send documents through the post office. Third, online banking (NTBK). There is no minimum account balance requirement and no monthly fee. Fourth, JPMorganChase. The monthly fee is $9.50, and the minimum account balance is $3,000. V. BankOne (1). The company allows users to send files through the post office. But the monthly fee is 6.45 dollars, and the minimum account balance is 500 dollars.
An Empirical Analysis of Online Payment in China
China E-commerce Network (/) conducted a comprehensive and detailed survey on the current situation of e-commerce in China on the Internet, and made a survey on the payment problems of various websites.
Analysis of payment methods
The payment methods required by these e-commerce websites include: nationwide online direct payment; China Merchants Bank Card, One Netcom; China Bank Great Wall Electronic Debit Card; CCB Longka, ABC Jinsui Card, BOC Great Wall RMB Credit Card, ICBC Peony RMB Credit Card, CCB Longka, ABC Jinsui Card, etc. Global direct online transfer (VISA foreign currency card, MASTER foreign currency card); Beijing online direct transfer (ICBC passbook account, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Oriental Card, Shanghai Pudong Development Bank passbook account); Cash method (cash on delivery or cash on delivery); T/T or postal remittance (by post); Membership system (membership card); There are also internet access fees, consumption cards and so on.
Case study of China Merchants Bank
1987 On April 8th, conforming to the rising trend of financial system reform in China, China Merchants Bank, the first joint-stock commercial bank invested by enterprises in China, was announced in Shenzhen, China, with the approval of the People's Bank of China and funded by China Merchants Bank, thus starting the exploration of establishing commercial banks by China Enterprise Group.
/kloc-In the past four years, China Merchants Bank has adopted a brand-new management system and operating mechanism, actively and steadily developed its business, and its business indicators have always been at the forefront of the domestic banking industry.
In the ranking of "World 1000 Big Banks" by Banker magazine in 2000, China Merchants Bank ranked 222nd, which has exceeded the average level of the world 1000 Big Banks. In the ranking of Eurocurrency 1999 "Asia's largest banks 1000", China Merchants Bank ranks first among Asian banks in its return on equity. In the selection of Global Finance magazine last year, China Merchants Bank was named the best bank in China in 2000.
At present, China Merchants Bank has more than 250 outlets and established business relations with more than 760 banks around the world.
China Merchants Bank's online banking business
1995' s "All-in-One Card" is regarded as a pioneering work of China banking industry in personal finance. China Merchants Bank launched its own website in April 1997. 1February 1998, China Merchants Bank launched the "One Netcom" service, becoming the first bank in China to launch online banking business. 1September, 1999, China Merchants Bank took the lead in launching online banking service in China, and established a relatively complete online banking service system consisting of five systems: online corporate banking, online personal banking, online securities, online shopping malls and online payment.