South Africa is rich in minerals, so it is rich compared with those countries in Africa. Economic overview South Africa is a middle-income developing country and the most developed country in Africa. Natural resources are very rich. The financial and legal systems are relatively perfect, and the infrastructure such as communication, transportation and energy is good. Mining, manufacturing, agriculture and service are the four pillars of the economy, and technologies such as deep well mining are in the leading position in the world. However, the development of various departments and regions of the national economy is unbalanced, and the characteristics of urban and rural, black and white dual economy are obvious. From the early 1980s to the early 1990s, affected by international sanctions, the economy declined. The new South African government has formulated the "Reconstruction and Development Plan", which emphasizes improving the social and economic status of blacks. The "Growth, Employment and Redistribution Plan" was launched on 1996, aiming at achieving economic growth, increasing employment and gradually changing the unreasonable distribution situation by promoting privatization, reducing fiscal deficit, increasing the flexibility of the labor market, promoting exports, relaxing foreign exchange controls, and encouraging the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. In 2006, the "South Africa Accelerated and Enjoy Growth Initiative" was implemented, the government's intervention in the economy was intensified, and measures such as strengthening infrastructure construction, implementing the strategy of giving priority to industrial development, and strengthening education and human resources training were taken to promote employment and reduce poverty. 1994 since the founding of new south Africa, the economy has grown at an average annual rate of 3%, exceeding 5% in 2005-2007. In 2008, affected by the international financial crisis, South Africa's economic growth slowed down to 3. 1%. In response to the impact of the financial crisis, South Africa cut interest rates six times since June 5438+February 2008, and introduced comprehensive policies and measures such as increasing expenditure and reducing taxes, stimulating investment and consumption, and strengthening social security to curb the economic downturn. With the government's economic stimulus measures and the improvement of the international economic environment, South Africa's economy gradually picked up in 2009, with economic growth rates of -7.4%, -2.8%, 0.9% and 3.2% in the four quarters respectively. 20 10 the economy grew by 4.6% in the first quarter. In addition, the Yugoslav government also began to implement the "New Industrial Policy Implementation Plan" from April 20 10 to solve the long-standing structural problems of the Yugoslav economy, such as unreasonable industrial structure and high unemployment rate. The main economic data in 2009 are as follows: GDP: USD 365,438+03.3 billion; Per capita GDP: $6,532; Annual GDP growth rate:-1.8%; Currency name: Rand exchange rate (2065,438+April 2000 average): US$ 65,438+0 =7.3 Rand inflation rate (2065,500).1%Official unemployment rate (2065,438+00): 25.2% Mining South Africa is the world. In 2009, the per capita GDP was US$ 5,824. Mining, manufacturing and agriculture are the three pillars of economy, and deep mining technology is in a leading position in the world. The development level and regional distribution of various sectors of the national economy are unbalanced, and the income distribution is uneven. South Africa is famous for its rich mineral resources. At present, there are more than 70 kinds of minerals that have been proved and mined. The reserves of gold, platinum group metals, manganese, vanadium, chromium and aluminosilicate rank first in the world, vermiculite, zirconium, titanium and fluorite rank second, phosphate and antimony rank fourth, uranium and lead rank fifth, coal and zinc rank eighth and iron ore ranks ninth. The reserves of diamonds, asbestos, copper, vanadium, uranium, coal, iron, titanium, mica and lead are also extremely rich, and the output of gold, diamonds, vanadium, manganese, chromium, antimony, uranium and asbestos ranks among the top in the world. Abundant resources, cheap labor and advanced management make South Africa the most economically developed country in Africa today. Mining, manufacturing, construction and energy industries are the four major sectors of South Africa's industry. The export of mineral products accounts for about 50% of export income, and about 12% of the labor force in China is engaged in mining. According to the statistics of South Africa Mining Bureau, the proven mineral reserves in 2007 are: 36,000 tons of gold (accounting for 40. 1% of the world's total reserves, the same below), 70,000 tons of platinum group metals (87.7%), 4 billion tons of manganese (80%), 6,543,800 tons of vanadium (32%) and 80,000 tons of vermiculite. Uranium is 34 10000 tons (7.2%), coal is 27985438+00 tons (6 1%), iron ore is150,000 tons (0.9%), and titanium is 244 million tons (16.9). 2.5 billion tons of phosphate (5.0%), 200,000 tons of antimony (4.7%), 3 million tons of lead (2.0%), 6.5438+0.5 million tons of zinc (3.3%) and 6.5438+0.3 million tons of copper (6.5438+0.4%). Industrial manufacturing, construction, energy and mining are the four major sectors of South African industry. The manufacturing industry has complete categories and advanced technology, and its output value accounts for about 16% of GDP. The manufacturing industry has complete categories and advanced technology. The main products are steel, metal products, chemicals, transportation equipment, machinery manufacturing, food processing, textiles, clothing and so on. Iron and steel industry is the pillar of South Africa's manufacturing industry, with six iron and steel conglomerates and 130 steel enterprises. South Africa has become the largest gold producer and exporter in the world. The power industry is relatively developed, and the power generation accounts for 60% of the whole Africa. The manufacturing industry has complete categories and advanced technology, and its output value accounts for about 16% of GDP. The construction industry is developing rapidly, and its output value accounts for about 3.8% of GDP. 1994- 1999, the south African government raised 125 billion rand to build low-rent housing to alleviate the housing problem of black urban residents. In recent years, due to South Africa's accelerated implementation of the 20 10 World Cup stadium construction and real estate development fever, South Africa's construction industry has developed rapidly, but the problems such as outdated equipment and lack of skilled workers are more prominent. In response to the financial crisis, the South Government announced in 2009 that it will invest 787 billion rand in infrastructure construction in the next three years, and the construction industry will be further developed. The energy industry has a solid foundation and advanced technology, and its output value accounts for about 15% of South Africa's GDP. The power industry is relatively developed, accounting for 2/3 of Africa's total power generation, of which about 92% is thermal power generation, making it one of the countries with the lowest electricity charges in the world. ESKOM, a state-owned enterprise, is the seventh largest power producer and the ninth largest power seller in the world, with the largest dry-cooling power station in the world, supplying 95% of electricity consumption in South Africa and 60% of electricity consumption in Africa. In recent years, due to the lag of power production and management, the national power shortage is serious. Near Cape Town, there is Koberg Nuclear Power Station, the only nuclear power station on the African continent, with a power generation capacity of 654.38+0.844 million kilowatts. In addition, the commercialization level of coal-based synthetic fuel oil and natural gas-based synthetic fuel oil technology of South Africa Sasol Company is in the leading position in the world, and its liquid fuel oil output accounts for about 1/4 of the total supply of fuel oil in South Africa. Mining has a long history, a complete modern mining system and advanced mining and smelting technology, which is the economic pillar of South Africa. In 2008, the output value accounted for about 8% of GDP, and the directly employed population was about 520,000. Mineral products are an important part of export. In 2008, the export of mineral products accounted for about 365,438+0% of the total export. South Africa is an important producer and exporter of gold, platinum group metals and chromium in the world. Diamond production accounts for about 9% of the world. South Africa's De Beers Company is the largest diamond production and sales company in the world, with total assets of $20 billion. Its turnover once accounted for 90% of the world diamond supply market, and it still controls 60% of the world rough diamond trade. The output of mineral products in 2008 is as follows: 204.9 tons of gold, 276 tons of platinum group metals, 9.863 million tons of chromium (in 2007), 6.807 million tons of manganese, 49 million tons of iron ore, 65,438+97 million tons of coal, 97,200 tons of copper, and diamonds1290/kloc-0. Agriculture South Africa's agriculture is also relatively developed, and its output value accounts for about 3% of GDP. Cultivable land accounts for about 13% of the national territory, but only 22% of high-yield land is suitable for farming. The employed population of agriculture, forestry and fishery accounts for about 7% of the population, and the export income of its products accounts for 15% of the non-mining export income. Agricultural production is obviously affected by climate change. The main crops are: corn, wheat, sugarcane, barley and so on. The export volume of sucrose ranks among the top in the world. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries account for 5% of GDP, and their role in the national economy is decreasing. Agriculture provides 13% formal employment opportunities. 30% of non-gold export income comes from agricultural products or agricultural products processing. In normal years, food can be exported except for self-sufficiency. The main crop is corn. The quality of canned food, cigarettes, wine, coffee and drinks meets international standards, and wine enjoys a high reputation in the world. Forest coverage accounts for 6% of the total land area. Animal husbandry is relatively developed, mainly concentrated in two-thirds of the western territory. Livestock mainly include cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. The main poultry are ostriches and broilers. The main products are eggs, beef, fresh milk, dairy products, mutton, pork and wool. 85% of the required meat is self-sufficient, and 15% is imported from neighboring countries such as Namibia, Botswana, Swaziland, Australia, New Zealand and some European countries. Sheep wool production is considerable, making it the fourth largest exporter of sheep wool in the world. The output of main crops is as follows (unit: 1,000 tons, Source: South African Ministry of Agriculture): 2003/2 004/2005/2006/2007/ 2008 Corn 97371749 6947 733913/. 91909521052 2027519724 Grape1762155017571813. 438+0787171919461853 orange132511261245/kloc. South Africa's commercial fishing fleet has more than 500 vessels of various types. There are about 28,000 people engaged in marine fishing in China. The main fishing species are mussels, trout, oysters and Cape Cod. The annual catch is about 580,000 tons, and the output value is nearly 2 billion rand. In addition, the annual output value of South Africa's beekeeping industry is about 20 million rand. Gold South Africa is the largest producer and exporter of gold in the world, and its gold exports in 200 1 year accounted for 1 1% of South Africa's total exports. However, in recent years, due to the falling price of gold in the international market, platinum group metals have gradually replaced gold as the most important export mineral products. South Africa is also a major diamond producer in the world, accounting for about 8. 7% of world output. South Africa's De Beers Company is the largest diamond production and sales company in the world, with total assets of $20 billion. Its turnover once accounted for 90% of the world diamond supply market, and it still controls 60% of the world rough diamond trade. In May of 200 1 year, the company was merged by British and American companies. Tourism Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in South Africa, with an output value of about 8% of GDP and 654.38+200,000 employees. Rich in tourism resources and perfect facilities. There are more than 700 hotels, more than 2,800 large and small hotels and guesthouses, and more than 0/0000 restaurants. Tourist spots are mainly concentrated in the northeast, east and south coastal areas. Eco-tourism and folk tourism are the two most important growth points of tourism in South Africa. In 2009, 9.9 million foreign tourists visited South Africa. Tourism is the third largest foreign exchange income and employment sector in South Africa. African economy consists of trade, industry and human resources. The population of Africa is about one billion, accounting for15% of the global population (data in 2009). Africa is the poorest continent in the world, and its total annual trade accounts for only 1% of the world. According to the Human Development Report published by the United Nations in 2009, 22 of the 24 countries with the lowest human development index are African countries (159 to 182). The causes of poverty in Africa are partly related to its turbulent history. The instability of decolonization in Africa aggravated the cold war conflict. Since the mid-20th century, the cold war, corruption and autocratic rule have also made Africa's economy even more depressed. The report of Africa Economic Outlook specifically mentions that the trade between Africa and China has increased by 10 times since 200 1 year, reaching10 billion US dollars in 2008. China and Indian economies grew rapidly, while Latin America achieved moderate growth, lifting millions of people out of poverty. In contrast, foreign trade, investment, per capita income and other economic growth in many parts of Africa have stagnated or even regressed. Poverty has a great impact on Africa, including low life expectancy, violence and instability, which in turn continue to affect the development of the African continent. However, recent data show that some African continents are experiencing rapid growth. According to the World Bank report, the economic growth rate of sub-Saharan African countries has caught up with the global economic growth rate. In the African countries with the fastest economic development, there is even a situation far higher than the global average. In 2007, the countries with the highest growth rate included Mauritania 19.8%, Angola 17.6%, Sudan 9.6%, Mozambique 7.9% and Malawi 7.8%. Many international organizations are increasingly interested in the economic modernization of emerging countries in Africa, especially in the case of global economic recession, the African economy continues to maintain rapid growth.

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