First, unveil the mystery of money.
1, commodity
Meaning: labor products used for exchange.
② Basic attributes: use value (the attribute that commodities can meet people's needs) and value (undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities) 2. The meaning and essence of money.
① Meaning: separated from commodities and fixed as commodities in universal equivalents (so money is the product of commodity exchange at a certain stage) ② Essence: universal equivalents.
Meaning: Money has the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities. 3. The basic function of money.
(1) numerical range
Meaning: refers to the function of money as the expression and measure of all other commodity values. (2) Price: the value of goods expressed in a certain amount of money. Value is the basis of price, which determines the price and reflects the value.
As a measure of value, money does not need real money, but only conceptual money. (2) Means of circulation:
Meaning: refers to the function of money as a medium of commodity exchange.
(2) Commodity circulation: commodity exchange with money as the medium. Formula: W-G-W③ needs real money.
(3) The other three functions of money: storage means, payment means and functions of money of the world.
4, the law of currency circulation-the actual amount of money needed in circulation is dominated by the law of currency circulation ① Its content is: the amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods, and inversely proportional to the number of times of currency circulation ② Formula:
5. Money
① Meaning: the value symbol issued and enforced by the country (or some regions) (the country can determine the circulation and face value of paper money, but not the purchasing power of paper money or the value represented by paper money) ② Advantages: low manufacturing cost, convenient storage, carrying and transportation, avoiding wear and tear, and reducing the intangible loss of precious metals ③ Limitation: the circulation should be limited to the amount of money actually needed in circulation. Too much leads to inflation, too little leads to deflation. 6. Electronic money: stored, transferred, purchased and paid by computer. 7. The development of money: metal money (gold and silver bars-coins)-paper money-electronic money.
Second, credit instruments and foreign exchange.
1, settlement method
Cash settlement: the use of paper money to complete the receipt and payment of economic transactions.
Transfer settlement: the receipt and payment of economic transactions are completed by bank transfer. 2. Common credit tools-credit cards and checks.
① Credit card (meaning: an electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc. Bank credit card is a kind of credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit. Advantages: Multifunctional, convenient, economical and safe. ) 2 check (meaning: payment voucher for demand deposit, a bill that the drawer entrusts a bank and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder at sight. Type: transfer check and cash check) 3. The meaning of foreign exchange: means of international settlement and payment expressed in foreign currency. Exchange rate: also known as exchange rate, refers to the exchange rate between two currencies (if 100 unit of foreign currency can be converted into more RMB, it means that the foreign currency exchange rate will rise and the foreign currency will appreciate; On the contrary, it shows that the exchange rate of foreign currency has fallen, and the appreciation of RMB is beneficial to imports and not to exports. On the contrary, on the contrary.
5. Keep the value of RMB stable.
Meaning: Keep the overall price level stable internally and the RMB exchange rate stable externally.
② Significance: It is of great significance to people's life stability, sustained, rapid and healthy development of national economy, world financial stability and economic development.
Third, the factors that affect the price.
1. The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities.
2. Supply and demand affect prices.
(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise-seller's market (the seller plays a leading role and is in a favorable position); (2) Supply exceeds demand and prices fall-buyer's market (the buyer plays a leading role and is in a favorable position); 3. Value determines price.
The relationship between value and price: value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value (in general, the value of goods is directly proportional to the price); ② The value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities. For commodity producers, personal labor time is higher than socially necessary labor time and is at a disadvantage; If the personal working hours are lower than the socially necessary working hours, it is in a favorable position.
(3) socially necessary labor time refers to the labor time needed to manufacture a commodity under the existing normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.
④ The value of commodities is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.
4, the law of value
① Basic content: The value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the goods, and the exchange of goods is based on value.
(2) Form of expression: commodity prices are affected by the relationship between supply and demand, and fluctuate around the value.
Fourth, the impact of price changes.
1, the impact on people's lives: ① Generally speaking, prices rise and purchases decrease; Prices drop and purchases increase.
(2) Price changes have little influence on the demand of daily necessities, but have great influence on the demand of high-end durable consumer goods.
(3) In substitutes, if the price of a commodity rises, consumers will reduce their purchases of the commodity and consume another commodity instead, resulting in an increase in demand for another commodity; On the other hand, if the price of a commodity falls, consumers will increase their purchases of the commodity, which will lead to a decrease in demand for another commodity (that is, the price change of substitutes will have a negative impact on both parties) .4 In complementary products, the price increase of one commodity will not only reduce the demand for the commodity, but also reduce the demand for another commodity; On the other hand, if the price of one commodity drops and the demand increases, the demand of another commodity will increase (that is, the price change of complementary products will have the same impact on both parties). 2. Impact on production and operation: adjust production, improve labor productivity (individual labor productivity), and produce marketable quality products.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) consumption and its types
1. There are many factors that affect consumption, mainly residents' income and price level. Other factors include performance, quality, appearance, packaging, advertising, purchase method, service attitude, family size, economic development level and so on.
2. The influence of income on consumption: income is the premise and foundation of consumption.
Generally speaking, per capita disposable income is directly proportional to residents' consumption-developing economy and increasing residents' income. The level of residents' consumption depends not only on current income, but also on future income expectations-raising income expectations; The overall consumption level of society is closely related to the size of people's income gap (generally speaking, the two are inversely proportional)-narrowing the income gap; Generally speaking, the price level is inversely proportional to people's consumption level-stabilizing prices; Consumption type.
① According to product types, it can be divided into tangible commodity consumption and labor service consumption.
(2) According to the transaction mode, it can be divided into monetary commodity consumption, loan consumption and rental consumption. (3) According to the purpose of consumption, it can be divided into survival consumption (the most basic consumption), development consumption and enjoyment consumption. 5. Consumption structure reflects the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in total consumption expenditures. It will change with the development of economy and the change of income.
6. Engel coefficient refers to the proportion of food expenditure to total household expenditure. The decline of Engel's coefficient shows that people's living standards have improved and the consumption structure has improved.
Sixth, establish a correct concept of consumption.
1, consumer psychology: often a consumer behavior will be triggered by a variety of consumer psychology. (1) consumption caused by conformity psychology-concrete analysis, should not blindly follow the crowd. ② The consumption caused by seeking differences has both positive and negative effects. (3) consumption caused by the psychology of comparison-it is unhealthy.
(4) Consumption caused by realistic psychology is rational consumption.
2. Be a rational consumer (establish a correct consumption concept)
(1) live within our means and spend moderately (it is not advisable to be too frugal)
(2) Avoid following blindly and spending rationally (avoid following the trend, avoid emotional consumption, and value material consumption over spiritual consumption) (3) Protect the environment, green consumption (meaning of green consumption: the general name of various consumption behaviors that are aimed at protecting consumers' health and saving resources and conform to human health and environmental protection standards; Its core is sustainable consumption; It can be summarized as "5R") ④ Diligent efforts.
Political compulsory course for college entrance examination unit 1 Knowledge-related articles:
★ The knowledge points of the first unit of compulsory politics in senior one.
★ Knowledge Points of Unit 1 of Compulsory Politics in Senior One (2)
★ A compulsory knowledge point of high school politics is summarized completely.
★ The induction of a knowledge point in the compulsory political course of senior one.
★ 2065438+2007 Necessary Knowledge Points for the Compulsory Examination of Senior High School Politics
★ Politics in senior high school is a compulsory course.
★ Organize the knowledge points of the college entrance examination politics.
★ Induction of a compulsory knowledge point of politics in senior three.
★ A compulsory knowledge arrangement of senior high school politics
★ A compulsory knowledge point of high school politics.