Editor's note: This year marks the 30th anniversary of reform and opening up. These 30 years are the "golden years" in the historical process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and they are also the "golden years" for many people to change their lives. As participants, creators, witnesses and beneficiaries of this great historical process, the people of China can be said to have the truest feelings, deepest feelings and deepest experiences. To commemorate the 30th anniversary of the reform and opening up, and sum up the glorious course we have gone through in the past 30 years, this newspaper will introduce the brilliant achievements made by our province in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, as well as the various changes that the reform and opening up have brought to people's lives. Let's review and tell stories and pictures of the past, present and future.
The house is the most important issue in a person's life, and it is the habitat of a person's life, which has become a hot topic for people to talk about after dinner.
In the past 30 years, there have been too many changes about houses. From adobe houses to building houses, from wooden houses to cement houses, from bungalows to buildings, from welfare houses to commercial houses, from several people living in a small room of less than 20 square meters to now a family enjoying a room of several hundred square meters ... This is the change brought about by the reform and opening up. Reform and opening up is a milestone in the history of China's development, and it is the spring breeze that we bid farewell to the old times.
On one occasion, a family crowded into a small room of 20 square meters.
"I want to have a home, a place where I don't need too much ..." This song once swept the hearts of many people in Sang Song.
As our living room, the house is a warm place. Reform and opening up have made us bid farewell to the tight housing situation. Talking about the housing changes after the reform and opening up, 76-year-old Uncle Du excitedly told reporters the story of the house.
Although Mr. Du has entered an octogenarian, he is in good spirits. In the face of an interview with a reporter, his thinking seems to have been pulled back to that desolate, poor and hungry era. "Have you ever seen the movie Nothing to Steal? After reading it, you must remember such a scene: a family is crowded in a room and has to live in bunk beds; Get up in the morning, residents have to queue up to go to the toilet; For the sake of children's marriage, I can only build a small room with big trees in my yard ... "This is my true portrayal before. Uncle Du recalled that before the reform and opening up, the housing was very tight and the unit did not have the conditions for housing distribution. Their family of six had to rent a bungalow of 20 square meters. "The bungalow is an adobe house, which is very simple. This wall is made of clods of earth. The wood on it is not big, but it is strong. But the bamboo on the wood breaks or breaks because it is too long. There are often cracks in the middle of the house, and soil often falls on our heads. Besides, there are six people in our family who can't live at all. Children usually go to their classmates' homes to sleep. Especially in winter, we often can't sleep because of the poor sealing of the house. There is no room for guests to sit at home, so we have to stand and chat. The situation at that time was beyond the imagination of young people now. " Uncle Du said.
"After the reform and opening up, people's lives have gradually changed. At the earliest, some people built two or three-story buildings on both sides of Huangguang Street. In the following years, architecture became more and more common and higher. Now I have three rooms of my own. They are big and bright. We should thank the * * * production party and thank the reform and opening up. "
Excitement always expresses people's deepest feelings in an instant. Grandpa Du's simple words have profoundly confirmed the changes that reform and opening up have brought to our lives.
A tall building rises from the ground.
Hou Ju, an old man who also had this experience, told the reporter that he was from Shanxi and 1954 came to Xining with his business father. When he first came, the whole family lived in an adobe house in the backyard of the "Catholic Church" (now Jiefang Shopping Mall). Because Hou Lao went to primary school, he was recruited to work in Xining No.1 Automobile Factory. At that time, because of the large family, nine people from Hou Lao's family were crowded into a house of more than 30 square meters. There are too many people and too few rooms to help. Hou Lao's grandfather used wooden boards to divide a large room of more than 30 square meters into three small houses, and three people lived in a small room. "The room I slept in was connected with the kitchen, and the house was blackened by smoke for many days, much like the coal house now."
"When I saw a three-story building in Huangguang, I couldn't help screaming. What a tall building ... "Hou Lao gestured with his hand, and his excited eyes narrowed into a line. 198 1 year, at the beginning of the reform and opening up, the first family building was built in Xining No.1 automobile factory, and Hou Lao was lucky enough to be assigned to this building, with a floor of more than 60 square meters and five floors. At this time, the whole family finally had a comfortable place to sleep. As Hou Lao's children have grown up, they all went to work, and now they have moved, which is a house of more than 80 square meters. "Reform has made people's lives richer, with more and more high-rise buildings and better people's lives." Hou Lao said happily.
A shabby bungalow turned into a beautiful building.
"The biggest change before the start of school is that rows of dilapidated bungalows are gone and replaced by two beautiful buildings." Teacher Wei of a middle school said.
Recalling the scene of 1990 junior high school, 35-year-old teacher Wei said that the face of the school was really terrible. The doors and windows of the school's teaching building and dormitory are open, and there is no ceiling. In winter, build an earthen stove with bricks. When the fire was first lit, the classroom was filled with smoke and it was impossible to attend classes. As for the dormitory, for the sake of safety, no fire can be built. When studying at night, I ran back to the dormitory and got into the cold bed, shivering with cold. No choice but to squeeze into a bed to keep warm with each other.
"I had the opportunity to go to my alma mater a few days ago and saw the changes in my alma mater. This is really surprising. The appearance of the teaching building is beautiful, the indoor windows are bright and clean, and people in the classroom can't believe what is in front of them. Moreover, the dormitories are all buildings, from the dormitory of more than 20 people in the past to the dormitory of 8 people now. This is just a small microcosm, but it allows us to see the benefits brought by the national reform and opening up policy and believe that our life will get better and better. " Teacher Wei said confidently.
From having a house to living in a good house
"The house has undergone earth-shaking changes in just a few years, and countless tall buildings have sprung up overnight. Seeing these is like dreaming. " Sun, a 28-year-old middle school teacher said.
Sun told reporters that his hometown is rural, and since he can remember, there have been three houses built of wood at home. But when it rains, the house is "it rains outside and it rains inside." The family who often gets it in the middle of the night has used up all the pots and pans at home to catch the rain. Later, Sun was admitted to the university. After graduation, he was assigned to teach in a middle school. The school allocated him a dormitory of 20 square meters. Although it's much better than when he was at home, some friends still often play the floor when they come. Last year, Sun Xiao sold a house in the county with a mortgage.
Miss Li, who lives in Xining Economic Development Zone, is a 25-year-old teacher who has just joined the work. She was particularly relaxed when she talked about her house.
Miss Li said: "I am the only child in my family after the 80s. So when buying a house, my parents will give me some consideration, such as paying me a down payment or buying me a good house, but I prefer to buy a house with a bank loan because I want to be self-reliant. The housing environment is much better now than when I was a child. Although we used to live on the second floor, the environment was not good in all aspects. In the past 30 years of reform and opening up, the buildings in Qinghai have developed from the initial multi-storey to dozens of floors now. We also have more choices about the living environment. In a few years, I will also consider buying a house again. Now people's concept has developed from having a house to pursuing a superior living environment. "
More than 200 square meters of houses, trendy and avant-garde home appliances. This is the envy of Xining citizens, but only Professor Li knows the ups and downs. Professor Li will never forget the embarrassing situation of distant relatives going to their home, nor the "lively" scene of a family of three vying to use their desks. As a university professor, she moved from a house of more than 90 square meters in the 1990s to a house of more than 200 square meters. I don't know how many times she moved those thick books under the bed. She can't help but sigh: "The national policy is good, especially the reform and opening up has benefited our people a lot. From the previous requirement of spacious houses to the present requirement of reasonable house structure and thoughtful property service, everyone's consumption concept is improving step by step. It' s really gratifying! "
Digital witness development
According to the statistics of relevant departments, the per capita living area in Qinghai Province was only 1.74 square meters in 1.988, and it has increased to 7.48 square meters in 1.988, with an average annual increase of 6.9%. By 1.997, the per capita living area in Qinghai Province is close to 9.45 square meters. By 2003, the per capita living area in the province was close. According to the data, in 2008, Xining plans to start construction of 3.6 million square meters and 35,000 sets of various houses. By the end of the year, all kinds of houses were completed10.44 million sets, with a built-up area of10.40 million square meters; Among them, the policy housing construction is 26 1.600 square meters. This number is still increasing.
From May 65438 to May 5, the affordable housing of the second phase project of Xining City, as a practical project for the people of Xining Municipal Government in 2008, has attracted wide attention from all walks of life. According to the plan, the second phase of the project will build 654.38 million square meters of affordable housing, including 200 sets of low-rent housing, which is expected to be completed before the end of the year. The commencement of the second phase of the project marks that the construction of affordable housing in Xining has entered a new stage of development, which has played a good demonstration and reference role for the province to steadily promote the construction of affordable housing and effectively solve the housing difficulties of urban low-income families.
It is understood that the first phase of 654.38+ 10,000 square meters of affordable housing and 240 sets of low-rent housing projects started in Xining City can be occupied by urban low-income families with housing difficulties who meet the application conditions in June this year.
The reform and opening up has brought about the rapid development of China's economy. Without reform and opening up, there will be no better life for the people. Reform and opening up have made us feel warm and happy in the historical changes. Let's continue to run hard for a better life!
Going abroad to earn "four big things"
People who went abroad from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s will never forget the quadrangle outside Andingmen, Beijing. The yard is crowded with people, waiting in long lines to declare customs, pay foreign exchange certificates and pick up goods-everyone is in high spirits and some people are envious. There are many people around the gate of the courtyard, some watching the excitement, some wanting to change foreign exchange, and they are very busy. That compound is the location of overseas personnel service companies.
The day when foreign exchange certificates were used to buy foreign goods.
"In the compound outside Ann, the gate is two or three hundred meters away from the warehouse. Every morning when the doorman opens the door, the dark crowd comes in with tickets. Things are really in short supply. " Chi Xuefeng, general manager of the domestic duty-free department of China Overseas Service Company, can still clearly remember the scene at that time.
"At that time, we were talking about reform and opening up. We must open the door, let some foreign cultures progress and let our people go out. And if China wants to integrate into the world, it must first move people here. At that time, the domestic material demand was very strong, but the production capacity was very poor, which was the era of shortage economy. Some people who go abroad buy electrical appliances and other things to take back abroad. First, it has affected the image of Chinese people. Second, it's a pity to spend money abroad. So I thought of a way to set up a place to provide services to people going abroad and recover foreign exchange. " An insider who asked not to be named analyzed the background at that time to the reporter of Global magazine.
According to the reporter's understanding, at that time, buying things in duty-free shops needed to meet three basic conditions: first, going abroad and obtaining a corresponding number of items that can be purchased for personal use according to the policy, which is the so-called "index"; Second, some corresponding documents, such as passports; The third is money (foreign exchange certificates).
Popular Japanese goods
"In 83, the State Council approved the establishment of our company. We are the leaders in this industry. We buy goods from abroad, especially Japan, and then provide goods to overseas personnel in accordance with relevant tax-free policies. We have everything from motorcycles to batteries. We will provide everything needed by overseas personnel. At that time, people advocated Japanese original imports, and we all had Japanese brands, such as Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Hitachi and Sanyo ... "Chi Xuefeng said.
Indeed, in the 1980 s, Japanese electrical appliances made Chinese people flock to it. Ms. Li from China People's Bank told the reporter: "1988, I went to Australia on business. Because I went abroad this time, I got the index of going to the duty-free shop to buy "big items". After picking for a long time, I finally bought Panasonic's color TV, which is of good quality and made in China. It was used for many years later. "
The "big piece" that Ms. Li said was also a fashionable term at that time. Chi Xuefeng said: "The goods in duty-free shops were initially divided into three categories: big, small and not counted. At first, there were four old "big things", namely TV, bicycle, sewing machine and radio. Later, with the improvement of living standards, the "four big pieces" were also upgraded and became color TVs, stereos, refrigerators, washing machines and so on. " Small items include vacuum cleaners and electric irons. Later, the situation changed again, and some "small pieces" were not counted as pieces, only important pieces and unnecessary elements were divided. Policies change with the market demand and the deepening of reform and opening up. "
An open window
"In the 1980s, people's desire was too simple, that is, to improve their existing lives. How to improve-find a way to go abroad to earn a few big pieces. " Some people describe the consumption concept of that era like this. However, under the influence of this simple concept of consumption, China people have entered a wider world.
"Some western civilizations have brought their goods into the China family. China used to worship the West, thinking that everything was advanced and everything we produced was unreliable. This is actually a cultural shock and a process of China's reform and opening up and international integration. " Chi Xuefeng commented like this.
"Before the opening up, China paid attention to the development of heavy industry, and there was no light industry. After this window was opened, the state began to formulate a series of policies to encourage the development of light industry. On the one hand, we introduced foreign original products through channels like ours, on the other hand, we stepped up the road of joint venture, which opened the way for joint venture. In this way, companies like Panasonic have become a dual-track system. On the one hand, maintain the production line and R&D in Japan, and provide us with original products; On the other hand, it has set foot in China, started to establish joint ventures in China, and built more than 40 factories one after another. This has created a pattern of synchronous development of foreign original products and joint ventures. Later, the basic technology and production quality of domestic manufacturers have been greatly improved, and many products are not original. We can't do electrical appliances. "
Chi Xuefeng is not "distressed" at all about the waste of electrical business. He believes that with the improvement of China's industrial level and people's consumption concept, commercial transfer is necessary, and this upgrade is also gratifying.
He told reporters of Global magazine that their business has now entered the post-consumer era. "At first, our products were mainly Japanese products, but now they are mainly European products. We began to take the brand and taste route. Of course, the characteristics of excellent real price have always been maintained. "
30th Anniversary of Reform and Opening-up: 100 Yuan Story
When it comes to the changes that the reform and opening up have brought to the people of China, of course, we must talk about money. Speaking of money, let's talk about the significance of 100 yuan in my experience. Perhaps, this will remind everyone of their own small accounts and those experiences.
The earliest figure close to 100 yuan was going to the countryside during the Cultural Revolution. After graduating from high school, universities don't recruit students, and cities can't provide employment opportunities for young people, so they send young people to the countryside to earn their own living, which is the so-called "intellectual youth who jump the queue". My income in the first year of self-reliance in rural areas was about 100 yuan. Among them, the physical income is more than 300 kilograms of grain, about per kilogram 1 minute, and the cash income is about 60 yuan. Of course, the black market price of grain is per catty 1 yuan, but it is not enough for me to fill my stomach with my own mouth. How to sell it? So the total annual income is only 100 yuan. I did well in the production team, and when I became the vice captain, my income level was higher. I earned 9 points a day, and the highest one was 10. Therefore, this is also the income state of a farmer during the Cultural Revolution.
My first salary when I joined the job was 27 yuan every month, as a warehouse keeper in the military horse farm, with an administrative level of 27. Two years later, the military horse farm was cancelled and transferred to another engineering department of the Army. The finance department said, "Where did you get your grade 27? Class I is equivalent to level 25. " So I became a first-class worker, promoted two levels and took 36 yuan. After another year, I was promoted to the second grade and got 42. 1 yuan. This standard has been tested until I graduated from college. 42. The monthly salary of1yuan is the salary of the chemical industry, which is higher among young workers except for college graduates who get 56 yuan every month. What is this concept? I remember an old worker pulling his finger to settle accounts for me: "There are 20 eggs on the market now, and I earn 200 eggs in January!" " "In those days, Deng Tuo wrote an article" The Property of an Egg "and was criticized for being removed from his post. In fact, the people of China have no gold standard, that is, the "egg standard". In other words, the salary I just started working was 100 eggs per month, but before the reform and opening up, it became 200 eggs per month. This was the living standard of young urban workers at that time. I earned 200 eggs a month, which is no longer the property of an egg. I am very satisfied. What was my greatest wish at that time? I said, "well, if I get a normal salary increase and am lucky enough to be an official, it would be great to earn 100 a month when I retire!" "
In the early days of reform and opening up, although my salary didn't rise, I went to college. When I was in college, I also published my works, which earned me a fee. The word "Ye Yanbin" often appears on the blackboard in the mailroom, and several students get up to write. Writing also won a national award. 198 1 year, as a college student, I received a commendation certificate from the central head. There are not only certificates, but also bonuses. The national prize awarded by the Chinese Writers Association is 100 yuan. Is it missing? I really didn't feel less at that time, two and a half months' salary! From then on, honor is not only a certificate hanging on the wall, but also a bonus.
1992, I was fortunate to be one of the first experts to enjoy the special allowance of the State Council. The professional title of the expert is related to the allowance, and there is a special allowance of 100 yuan every month (at first, another "young expert" and I only had 50 yuan every month, but it soon became 100 yuan). This allowance is equivalent to half of my salary in 1993. I haven't calculated how many eggs I can buy at the current price. After all, my salary has risen by 50% at once.
After that, the People's Bank of China issued a bill of 100 yuan. After 30 years of reform and opening up, everyone knows how much our salary bonus has become 100 yuan. 100 yuan has become a familiar object, and 100 yuan has become a common thing that people often attract and wave away. So, in my memory, 100 yuan is no longer a story.