(Deng Yebin, 04 Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University)
Abstract: Economic globalization, as far as its reasons and motivation are concerned, is not only the result of the development of productive forces in developed capitalist countries, but also the result of the global expansion of the bourgeoisie that owns this productive force and its personification. As far as its nature is concerned, it is not only the further development of the sociality of modern productive forces, but also the expansion of capitalist mode of production on a global scale; As far as its result and influence are concerned, even if capital gains excess profits, it objectively promotes the development of the world economy, not only causing a series of social problems and social contradictions, but also creating historical conditions for the birth of a new future social form. Of course, this contradiction and duality are concrete and historical.
Keywords: economic globalization opportunities challenge competition
The wave of economic globalization is developing rapidly. What is the driving force behind it? In the last 10 year of this century, the process of globalization was greatly accelerated, and one of the important reasons was the development of technology, especially the rapid development of information technology. The progress of information technology has fundamentally changed the circulation pattern, and with the progress of transportation technology, the speed of physical circulation has been greatly accelerated, which not only accelerates commodity trade, but also makes it possible for enterprises to organize production internationally. What is more prominent is that capital circulation has become an instant thing. The accelerated progress of technology makes technology play an increasingly important role in economic growth, which makes technology gradually independent, showing itself as an independent commodity form, and further promotes the flow of technology.
The cycle curve of world technology transfer in the past 30 years shows that the cycle of hard technology transfer in the primary industry has been shortened from average 10 year to 4 years; The cycle of hard technology transfer in the secondary industry has been shortened from an average of 5 years to 2 years; The hard technology and soft technology of the tertiary industry have been reduced from 2 years to 0.5 years on average; And the information software has been reduced from the past average of 1 year to 2 months. Accordingly, Niu stressed that this significant decline in the transfer cycle strongly supported the momentum of economic globalization.
Economic globalization has become an undeniable objective fact and an irreversible trend of the times, which has an increasing impact on the future development of the whole world, the development of world economy, politics and culture, and the development of enterprises and even individuals in various countries and regions.
Economic globalization is the product of the division of labor and economic exchanges between people at a certain stage, and it is a historical process of the formation and development of division of labor and economic exchanges on a global scale. Economic globalization, in the final analysis, is the historical expression of the basic contradictory movement of human society, so whether it is its formation reasons, development motivation, social nature, or its practical influence and historical role, it is contradictory and dual. Therefore, when we analyze the current economic globalization, we must proceed from today's reality. Therefore, the basic contradictions in capitalist society still exist, but new characteristics have emerged; The inevitable trend of capitalism developing into socialism and the historical mission of the working class to liberate all mankind have not changed, but they are facing new situations, new situations and new tasks.
For developing countries like China, economic globalization is both an opportunity and a challenge.
As far as opportunities are concerned, there are the following aspects: (1) Using foreign capital, technology, resources and markets to promote economic development. The process of economic globalization is the process of industrialized countries exporting capital. The direct investment of multinational corporations is a prominent feature of economic globalization at present, and the shortage of funds is a big problem facing developing countries in the process of modernization. In this way, as long as developing countries implement the open policy and improve the investment environment, they can attract foreign capital, make up the savings gap and foreign exchange gap with foreign capital, and use foreign capital to build new enterprises to form high-quality assets. Foreign-funded enterprises can increase their original assets through mergers and acquisitions. Both introducing and attracting foreign capital can obtain advanced and practical technology, equipment and scientific management methods from abroad, and can also develop human resources and accumulate human capital. Through foreign trade and utilizing the world market, we can give full play to our comparative advantages and improve the efficiency of resource allocation; Expanding aggregate demand through exports can stimulate economic growth. Foreign-invested enterprises have become an important part of China's economy. According to the report of the World Bank, the contribution rate of foreign-invested economy to China's GDP growth rate was 8.6% during 1990- 1994, which has exceeded 10% in recent years. It is expected that this contribution will become more and more important in the future. (2) Solve the employment problem through development and opening up. Due to the low degree of industrialization and large population, developing countries are facing great employment pressure in the process of modernization. People can't live without a source of income if they can't find a job. If the employment problem is prominent, the society will be unstable. Therefore, development should strive to create employment opportunities while seeking GDP growth. Utilizing foreign capital, developing labor-intensive export processing enterprises, opening the service industry and organizing labor export can effectively solve the employment problem. (3) It is conducive to the establishment and perfection of the market economic system. There are widespread problems in developing countries that the market economy has not been fully developed and the market economic system has not been established and perfected. First, because the degree of economic marketization is not high, it is basically in the pre-market economy stage, that is, the natural economy stage; Second, because of the planned economy system and the exclusion of the market economy system, the plan and the market are artificially opposed. Since the 1980s, due to the failure of the first socialist model, countries that used to implement the planned economy system have successively carried out economic system reforms and turned to the market economy system. However, due to various traditional and practical reasons, the reform process is not smooth sailing. The process of economic globalization is also the process of the expansion of the market economy system on a global scale. The competition in the world market, the requirements of international financial capital and the direct investment of multinational corporations in the institutional environment have become the great driving force for developing countries to establish and improve the market economic system.
As far as the challenge is concerned, the process of economic globalization is not only the process of allocating resources in the global scope by the market economic system, but also the process of accumulating and intensifying the spontaneous and negative effects of the market economic system. Both the competition in the market economy and the spontaneity and negative effects of the market economy system will bring some challenges to developing countries. (1) Macroeconomic fluctuation and instability. Under the contemporary information and communication technology and transportation technology, economic globalization means that information, capital, manpower, materials and other resources quickly flow to the most profitable places on a global scale. When a country becomes the most profitable, all kinds of resources will flow and the national economy will develop rapidly; When this country becomes unprofitable or unprofitable, all kinds of resources will flow away, and the economic development of this country will be hit and impacted. The Mexican financial crisis, the Asian financial crisis and the Latin American financial crisis all illustrate the impact of international financial market turmoil on developing countries. (2) The development gap and the gap between the rich and the poor are widening. Competition in the global market is not conducted under equal conditions. Western industrialized countries are obviously in a favorable position in terms of capital, technology and information, while developing countries are at a disadvantage. The process of competition is the process of survival of the fittest, so in general, developed countries are winners and developing countries are losers. The continuous accumulation of such competition results has made the gap between developing countries and developed countries in development and wealth widening. The competition in the global market makes those capital owners, skilled laborers and highly skilled professionals who can move across borders have obvious advantages over those unskilled workers who cannot move across borders in terms of employment opportunities, income levels and job stability. Competition in the global market has different effects on industries, regions and groups in developing countries, which also causes the gap in development and wealth among industries, regions and groups. (3) the influence on the system, norms and sovereignty. Economic globalization links different countries, nationalities, regions, enterprises and individuals. The competition mechanism in the world market makes the whole world market adopt unified technical rules, unified trading rules and unified behavior rules, thus simplifying, standardizing and regularizing the market rules, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing transaction costs. However, this has caused contradictions and conflicts between the unified requirements of the market and the different values, codes of conduct and institutional systems owned by different countries, nationalities, regions, enterprises and individuals. As we all know, until now, the rules of the game in the world market have been formulated by western industrialized countries and are also beneficial to western industrialized countries. Therefore, they not only use this set of rules of the game to compete unfairly with developing countries in the market, but also often impose their own values, codes of conduct and institutional systems on developing countries under the pretext of maintaining this set of rules of the game and interfere in their internal affairs and sovereignty. (4) Environmental and resource pressures. This is caused by two reasons. On the one hand, in order to meet the challenge of economic globalization and not be squeezed out of the world market competition, developing countries concentrate on economic development. However, due to insufficient funds and technical problems, this development often leads to low resource utilization and serious environmental pollution, resulting in environmental damage and resource shortage; On the other hand, developed countries and multinational companies often use the opportunity of direct investment to transfer enterprises with serious environmental pollution to developing countries, which aggravates their environmental and resource problems.
Opportunity or challenge is a kind of value evaluation to the subject. Therefore, economic globalization will bring different opportunities and challenges to different economic subjects, and opportunities and challenges are also mutually transformed under certain conditions. It is a one-sided and therefore unrealistic wrong view to see only opportunities but not challenges, and to mechanically and absolutely oppose opportunities and challenges.
China has made remarkable achievements in reform, opening up and modernization since 1978, which fully proves the correctness of the catch-up strategy in reform and opening up. ⑤ How China's economic development will affect East Asian economy, Asian economy and global economy is also becoming a concern. In short, China's achievements and experience in the past 20 years show that as long as we make a scientific and correct analysis of economic globalization, seize and make full use of the opportunities it provides, calmly respond to and skillfully handle the challenges it brings, and strive to turn challenges into opportunities, disadvantages into advantages, pressures into motivation, and form comparative advantages and competitive advantages, the modernized ships of developing countries will be able to ride the wind and waves in the trend of economic globalization.
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