Other aquatic animals:
Coelenterate: there is no anus in the mouth, food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residue is still excreted through the mouth.
Molluscs: Molluscs are protected by shells (squid and octopus are degenerated shells and mollusks).
Crustacea: There are hard nails on the body surface.
The growth environment of earthworms and the internal structure of rabbits are P 16.
Animals flying in the air: Animals flying in the air in nature appeared hundreds of millions of years ago. First, insects in invertebrates, then birds in vertebrates and bats in mammals. They are all terrestrial animals and are suitable for flying.
There are more than 9,000 species of birds and 6,543.8+0,000 species of insects in the world.
Birds are suitable for flying: birds are covered with feathers, and their forelimbs become wings, which has the ability to fly quickly; The car body has airbags; Body temperature is high and constant. The body structure and physiological characteristics of birds are adapted to their flying life.
Characteristics of insects: insects have three pairs of feet and can crawl; Some insects' feet are specialized into jumping feet, which can jump; Most insects have wings and can fly. Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates.
Insect's body: it is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen. The moving organs-wings and feet are born in the chest. Exoskeleton is a tough shell covering the insect body, which can protect and support the soft organs inside and prevent the evaporation of water in the body.
Classification of insects: the classification of insects belongs to arthropods (the body is composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; Feet and antennae are divided into arthropods)
Amphibians: Amphibians live in amphibious life, breathing with lungs and breathing with skin. This animal is called amphibian.
Animal movement: The pattern diagram of bones and joints of rabbits. The relationship between muscles and bones and joints is on P29.
Coordination of bones, joints and muscles: the change of bone position produces movement, but the bone itself cannot move. The movement of bones depends on the traction of skeletal muscles.
Exercise needs the control and adjustment of motor system and nervous system. It needs energy supply, so it also needs the cooperation of digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system.
Animal behavior: feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior, etc. It can also be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior.
Characteristics of social behavior: animals with social behavior often form certain organizations within groups, with clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form hierarchies. This is the main feature of social behavior.
Information exchange among groups: 8 on P39
Ecological balance: There is an interdependent and restrictive relationship between the food chain and various organisms in the food web. In an ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.
Animals and bioreactors: Using bioreactors to produce certain substances needed by human beings can save the cost of building factories and purchasing instruments and equipment, and reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.
Animals and bionics: Scientists imitate some structures and functions of organisms through careful observation and study, and invent and create various instruments and equipment, which is bionic.
Colony: Colony is relatively small with smooth or sticky surface or rough and dry. Fungal colonies are usually several to dozens times larger than bacterial colonies. The colonies formed by molds are often fluffy, flocculent or cobweb-like, sometimes red, brown, green, black and yellow.
Discovery of bacteria: Levin, the Netherlands? Hooke made a microscope of 200~300 times to observe the tartar of the elderly and found bacteria.
Pasteur used a goose neck bottle to prove that bacteria were produced by pre-existing bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast were also found, and the methods of preserving wine, pasteurization and preventing surgical infection were put forward. Later, he was called "the father of microbiology".
Morphology and structure of bacteria: the individual of bacteria is very small, about 654.38+0 billion bacteria are as big as a grain of rice. The morphology of bacteria can only be observed by high-power microscope or electron microscope ... Bacteria have no P60 on nucleus 8.
Bacterial reproduction: Bacteria reproduce by division. Some bacteria will shrink in the late growth stage, the cell wall will thicken and form spores. Spore is a dormant body of bacteria and has strong resistance to adverse environment.
Fungal reproduction: Fungi reproduce their offspring by producing a large number of spores.
The role of bacteria and fungi in nature: 1. Participate in the material cycle as a decomposer. 2. Bring diseases to animals, plants and people. 3. Live with animals and plants.
Human Utilization of Bacteria and Fungi: 8 on P70
Biological classification: classification is based on the morphological and structural characteristics of organisms. The basic unit of classification is species.
Plant classification: 8 P8 1.
The biological classification from big to small is: boundary, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Creatures under the eighth grade
Plant propagation:
Sexual reproduction: They bloom, pollinate, bear fruit, and reproduce from the seeds of fruits. The embryo in the seed is developed by combining bisexual germ cells into fertilized eggs.
Asexual reproduction: new individuals are directly produced by the mother and do not need the combination of bisexual germ cells.
Grafting: Grafting the buds or branches of one plant to another plant, so that the two parts can be combined to grow into a complete plant.
Abnormal development: In the process of developing from fertilized eggs to new individuals, the morphological structure and living habits of silkworm larvae and adults are very different. This development process is called metamorphosis.
Complete metamorphosis: after four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult, this development process is complete metamorphosis.
Incomplete metamorphosis: after three stages: egg, nymph and adult, this development process is incomplete metamorphosis.
Reproductive and developmental processes of birds: including courtship, mating, nesting, spawning, hatching and brooding.
Genetic control of biological characteristics: heredity refers to the similarity between parents and children, and variation refers to the differences between parents and children and between offspring individuals. The inheritance and variation of organisms are realized through reproduction and development.
Relative traits: different manifestations of the same trait.
Genes and chromosomes: There are chromosomes in the nucleus, and there are protein and DNA in the chromosomes. The morphology and number of chromosomes in each biological cell are determined.
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in biological cells (except germ cells) and human somatic cells.
1883, Belgian embryologist Edward van Beneden discovered that the sperm and chromosomes of Ascaris carinii only have two pairs of chromosomes.
Gene transfer through sperm or egg cells
1858~ 1865 Austrian Mendel discovered the dominance and recessive of genes.
1902, American cytologist Mike Lang discovered that a pair of chromosomes in male cells are different from other chromosomes, which he called sex chromosomes.
1905, American cytologist Wilson said that male sex chromosomes are X and Y chromosomes, and the same pair of chromosomes in female cells are the same, both of which are X chromosomes.
From 65438 to 0953, Miller, a young American scholar, simulated primitive earth conditions and atmospheric composition and synthesized a variety of amino acids.
The trend of biological evolution: from simple to complex, from low to advanced, from aquatic to terrestrial.
Darwin's theory of nature: in nature, all biological individuals have the characteristics of heredity and variation. Only those individuals with favorable variation can easily survive in struggle for existence and pass these variations on to the next generation, while those individuals with unfavorable variation are easily eliminated. In this way, the creatures in nature, through fierce competition for survival, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated, which is natural selection. Organisms continue to evolve through heredity, variation and natural selection.
Pathogen: bacteria, viruses and parasites that cause infectious diseases.
Three basic links in the epidemic of infectious diseases
Source of infection: a person or animal that can spread pathogens.
Transmission route: the route through which pathogens leave the source of infection and reach healthy people. Such as air transmission, food transmission, biological media transmission and so on.
Susceptible population: people who lack immunity to infectious diseases and are susceptible to them.
Preventive measures of infectious diseases: The preventive measures of infectious diseases can be divided into three aspects: controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission and protecting susceptible people.
Three lines of defense for human body: 1. Skin and mucous membrane. Bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids. Antibodies produced by immune organs and immune cells.
The third line of defense is the acquired defense function gradually established by the human body after birth, which is characterized by being born and only acting on specific pathogens or foreign bodies, so it is called specific immunity (also known as acquired immunity).
Three functions of immunity: 1. Eliminate aging, death and damaged cells in the body; 2. Resist the invasion of antigens and prevent diseases; 3. Monitor, identify and eliminate abnormal cells produced in the body.
Harm of immunization and planned immunization: P78 under 8
Prescription drug (RX): It can only be purchased with the prescription of a licensed physician or a licensed assistant physician, and the medicine should be taken according to the doctor's advice.
OTC: You can buy it without a doctor's prescription and take the medicine according to the instructions.
Methods of artificial respiration and chest compression: P84 for 8 times.
External bleeding: it can be divided into capillary bleeding, venous bleeding and arterial bleeding.
Harm of smoking and taking drugs: 8 P95
Chapter 5:
1, there are many different types of geographical areas, some are natural areas, such as the Pearl River Delta; Some are economic zones, such as industrial zones; Some are administrative districts, such as Xizang Autonomous Region. The same geographical area may have multiple identities at the same time.
2. According to the different geographical location, natural and human geographical features, China can be divided into four geographical regions, namely, northern region, southern region, northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region. Among them, Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River are the dividing lines between the northern region and the southern region.
3. There are obvious differences in topography, climate, river flow and vegetation types between the north and the south of China. Affected by the natural environment, people in the north and the south also have great differences in production methods, living habits and cultural traditions.
Comparison of differences between south and north of China:
Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Qinling-South of Huaihe River Comparison Project
1 (higher/lower than 0) The monthly average temperature is lower than 0 and higher than 0.
The annual precipitation is small.
The main terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, and plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.
Vegetation type temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest
The river flow is small and large.
Farming system: one crop a year or three crops a year or two crops a year.
Cultivated upland paddy field
Cereal crops wheat and rice
Traditional means of transportation, carriages and boats
Traditional sports include skiing, skating, dragon boat racing and swimming.
4. The topography of northwest China is mainly plateaus and basins. The eastern part is dominated by grassland and desert landscape; There is a large area of desert in the western basin; Only rare oases appear at the edge of the basin. All these show that the northwest region is a region with drought as its main natural feature.
5. Qinghai-Tibet region is a unique region because of its high terrain, and another obvious natural feature that comes with "high" is "cold".
6. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China. Inner Mongolia is mainly temperate grassland pasture; Xinjiang is mainly mountainous pasture; Qinghai and Tibet are mainly alpine pastures. Three rivers and three cows in Inner Mongolia, fine wool sheep in Xinjiang, yak in Qinghai-Tibet, Tibetan sheep and Tan sheep in Ningxia are all famous livestock breeds.
7. In addition to animal husbandry, people in northwest China also use river water and meltwater from alpine snow and ice to develop irrigated agriculture.
Chapter VI:
1. Beijing is the political and cultural center of the whole country and the center of international exchanges. The Great Hall of the People is the seat of the NPC Standing Committee, and Zhongnanhai is the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.
2. The urban pattern of the Forbidden City in Beijing is "convex", which is the representative work of the planning and construction of China's historical capitals.
There are countless places of interest in Beijing, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site.
Among them, the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.
4. In order to enhance international competitiveness and service functions, on the one hand, Beijing has intensified infrastructure construction, and planned and built key functional areas including the Central Business District and the International Media Avenue, as well as urban rapid rail transit and expressways; On the other hand, actively develop high-tech industries, improve urban management efficiency and service quality, and build a harmonious urban environment between people and the environment.
5. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, New Territories and more than 200 surrounding islands, while Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island. Hong Kong and Macao are among the regions with the highest population density in the world.
6. Hongkong and Macau are two special administrative regions of China. Our government has formulated the policy of "one country, two systems", and China's mainland implements the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Macao implement the capitalist system.
7. Hong Kong has a large population but a small population. "Going to heaven"-building tall buildings and "going to sea"-reclaiming land from the sea have become two important ways for Hong Kong to expand its urban construction land.
8. The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is very developed. Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, financial center, information service center and tourism center. Gambling tourism is an important pillar industry of Macao's economic development.
9. For a long time, Hong Kong and Macau have maintained close economic ties with the mainland of China, especially Hong Kong. Mainland China is rich in natural and labor resources, and Hong Kong is rich in capital, technology, talents and management experience. The economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland of China is complementary and mutually beneficial.
10, entrepot trade refers to the form of trade in which goods purchased from one country are sold directly to other countries instead of being sold locally. Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest entrepot trading partner.
1 1. Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China, bordering the East China Sea in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west.
12, Taiwan Province Island is a rich treasure island, known as "the pearl of the southeast sea of the motherland". About half of the land on the island is covered with dense forests and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.
13. Before the 1960s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture and agricultural products, exporting cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor. Since 1960s, Taiwan Province Province has focused on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy.
14, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest province in China. The mountains and basins in Xinjiang are distributed alternately, forming the topographical features of "three mountains and two basins". The majestic Tianshan Mountains span the central part of Xinjiang, with Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin on the north and south sides respectively.
15. There are thousands of oases in Xinjiang, which is the most important agricultural production base. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here, and cotton, sugar beet and various melons and fruits have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang Oasis. Karez is an ancient water diversion project, which has been used by oasis residents in Xinjiang for a long time.
16, the predicted oil and gas reserves in Xinjiang account for about 1/3 of the total land reserves in China. With the gradual implementation of the national energy strategic decision of "stabilizing the east and vigorously developing the west", Xinjiang is expected to become an important oil and gas industrial base in China. The implementation of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project will rapidly increase the local fiscal revenue and alleviate the energy shortage in the eastern region.
Chapter 7:
1. The Pearl River Delta is located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, with convenient land and water transportation, and is known as the "South Gate" of China.
The Pearl River Delta region has formed a multi-level open system including special economic zones (Shenzhen and Zhuhai), coastal open cities (Guangzhou) and economic open areas (the whole Pearl River Delta).
2. Taking advantage of the superior conditions here, the Pearl River Delta has attracted a lot of overseas Chinese investment (the main source of foreign investment in the Pearl River Delta is Hong Kong and Macao) and has become the frontier of China's opening up.
3. Since 1980s, the Pearl River Delta has taken advantage of its superior geographical position adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, accepted the industrial diffusion of Hong Kong and Macao nearby, introduced a large number of foreign capital, introduced advanced technology and equipment, management methods and the latest industrial and commercial science and technology information, established a large number of processing and manufacturing enterprises, and developed an export-oriented economy.
The products produced in the Pearl River Delta are mainly exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Oceania and other regions through Hong Kong and Macao trade channels, earning a lot of foreign exchange. By the end of the 20th century, it has become one of the largest production and export bases of electronic and daily consumer goods in the world.
5. The cooperation between Hong Kong, Macao and the Pearl River Delta region is based on "store in front and factory in back". Hong Kong uses the overseas trade window to conduct marketing and external sales, and plays the role of "shop". The Pearl River Delta region takes advantage of land, natural resources and labor force to process, manufacture and assemble products, and plays the role of "factory".
6. The development of processing and manufacturing industry in the Pearl River Delta has promoted the development of service industries such as catering, entertainment and transportation. These non-agricultural industries provide a large number of employment opportunities for local surplus labor and also absorb millions of foreign labor.
7. With the development of non-agricultural industries and the migration of population, more and more agricultural land in the Pearl River Delta has been transformed into industrial, transportation and urban construction land. These non-agricultural land is adjacent to the remaining agricultural land, forming a unique land use landscape with staggered distribution of residential land, industrial land, infrastructure land and agricultural land.
8. Xishuangbanna is the most intact place in China's pristine tropical rain forest except Hainan Province. The towering trees, huge packing, cruel strangled plants and majestic "single tree into forest" are all unique landscapes of the rainforest.
There are thousands of animals living in Xishuangbanna, including Asian elephants, green peacocks and other national key protected animals. People vividly call it "the kingdom of tropical animals".
10, Xishuangbanna is still a place where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities, and the multi-ethnic customs with Dai as the main body have added infinite charm to Xishuangbanna.
Chapter VIII
1. The largest loess accumulation area in the world is the Loess Plateau, which is one of the areas with the most serious soil erosion in the world.
2. Soil erosion takes away the fertile soil on the surface and reduces the crop yield; Increase, expand and deepen the valley, thus reducing the cultivated land area; It also transported a lot of sediment to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which caused great difficulties in river regulation and flood control.
3. The loess plateau has a broken terrain and a relatively dry climate, which not only causes serious soil erosion, but also causes frequent natural disasters. Drought and flood disasters are the most important natural disasters in the Loess Plateau, so the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau is very fragile.
4. In order to realize the sustainable development of social economy in the Loess Plateau, we must strengthen ecological construction and improve the environment. On the one hand, biological measures such as planting trees and grass should be combined with engineering measures such as terraced fields and earth dams to control soil erosion; On the other hand, reasonable arrangements should be made for production activities, such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands on steep slopes, and reducing the number of grazing livestock in overgrazing areas.
5. The area along the Yangtze River is a typical "banded" area, which is not only superior in geographical position, but also endowed with unique natural conditions, laying a solid foundation for the development of this area and being the center of national economic development.
6. The Yangtze River along the Yangtze River connects the economically developed coastal areas with the resource-rich western areas, forming an English letter "H" pattern, which is the link between the east and the west.
7. The area along the Yangtze River is an important agricultural area in China with a solid industrial base. At present, it has developed into one of the most dynamic high-tech industrial development zones in China. Through many north-south tributaries and traffic arteries, these economic and technological advantages can radiate north and south, and make China's north-south economy integrate.
8. There are many cities along the Yangtze River, with dense towns in the middle and lower reaches and few cities in the upper reaches. Among them, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing are regional economic, cultural and transportation centers, which have a strong radiation and driving role in regional economic development. On the basis of these four megacities, four urban agglomerations centered on them have been formed respectively.
9. The Yangtze River is a highly developed comprehensive industrial zone in China. At present, four industrial bases have been formed from east to west. There are industrial bases such as steel, petrochemicals, automobiles and textiles along the Yangtze River, which constitute the embryonic form of China's east-west "industrial corridor".