1 The minimum bid is a reasonable basic price calculated by the owner's organization's specialized personnel for that part of the project or equipment, or both the project and the equipment, that is preparing for bidding. It is not equal to the estimate (budget) of the project (or equipment), nor is it equal to the contract price. The bid base is top secret information of the bidding unit and cannot be disclosed to any unrelated person. When bidding for most domestic projects in our country, a range above and below the bid base is used to determine whether the bid is qualified.

2 The minimum bid price is the bidder's expected price. The bidder uses this price as a measure of the bidder's bid price and is also a means for the bidder to control investment. The bidder sets the minimum bid price for two purposes: first, when insisting on winning the bid at the lowest price, the minimum bid price can be used as a reference for the bidder himself, but not as a basis for bid evaluation; second, to avoid the possibility that the bid price is too high. If the price is low and damages the quality, the bid close to the bottom of the bid will be rated as the highest score (the winning bid), and the price of the bid higher or lower than the bottom will be scored decreasingly. The bottom price can be used as the basis for bid evaluation, making the bidder's expected price a basis for quality control. One of the means.

The "Tendering and Bidding Law" does not stipulate that bidding must have a minimum bid, but it does not prohibit the setting of a minimum. For "those with a minimum bid", it also puts forward the requirement that "the bid must be kept confidential" and the requirement that the bid evaluation "should refer to the minimum bid". It can be seen that the minimum bid price is permitted by law and is customarily used in bidding in our country.

The development trend of bid base in bidding

With my country's accession to the WTO, my country's construction project bidding work is facing severe challenges, and how to make the construction project bid base play an important role in construction project bidding To play a greater role, whether the bid bottom can reflect the true market price of the bidding project is a new topic before us. This requires that the construction project bottom bid must adapt to the healthy and orderly development of the market as the market price changes. , and the unit price method based on the construction drawing budget is widely used in the current bid base. It mainly uses the unified comprehensive unit price of each region and department, which is more convenient for the unified management of the cost management department or bank. However, it is a product of the planned economic system. Under market economy conditions, market prices are changing all the time. Calculation results using the above method will deviate from reality, and the resulting errors need to be compensated and adjusted with price differences, etc. The use of the physical method to prepare the minimum bid can accurately reflect the objective reality with small errors, and is suitable for situations where prices fluctuate greatly under market economy conditions. Bill of quantities can also be quoted in bidding activities. Bidding units use a unified "quantity" and can comprehensively compete for "fees" based on market changes and actual enterprise conditions, making the lowest bid closer to reality. Conclusion: With the improvement of the construction market, the further development of the competition mechanism, the widespread application of computers, and the rapid transmission of prices, project cost will develop in the direction of "unified quantity", "market price" and "competition fee", giving full play to The company's own advantages reflect its personnel's technical capabilities and equipment, and better leverage its market competitiveness.

Establishing a minimum bid

Under my country's socialist market economic system, the minimum bid plays a particularly important role. It is not only the basis for verifying expected investment, but also the criterion for measuring bid quotations. One of the main criteria for bid evaluation. Therefore, the base bid should be prepared to be realistic, accurate, objective, and not exceed the project investment amount. Otherwise, the bidding management unit has the right to stop the bidding procedures for the project.

(1) Principles to be followed in preparing the base bid

(1) Determine the project based on the design drawings and relevant information, bidding documents, and with reference to the technical and economic standard quotas and specifications stipulated by the state Quantity and preparation base.

(2) The minimum bid price shall be composed of cost, profit and tax. Generally, it should be controlled within the approved total budget (or revised budget) and the investment lump sum limit.

(3) As the expected planned price of the construction unit, the minimum bid price should be consistent with the actual changes in the market, and should be conducive to competition and ensuring project quality.

(4) The base price should take into account factors such as labor, materials, machinery shifts and other price changes, and should also include unforeseen construction costs, lump sum fees and measure fees, etc. If the project requirements are excellent, the corresponding fee should also be increased.

(5) Only one base bid can be prepared for a project.

(2) Contents included in the bid document

The bid document may include the following contents:

1. The bid review form

It is a comprehensive summary of the main contents of the bidding documents and the project bid. It is mainly used by the bidding authority to review the bid from a macro perspective. The main contents stipulated by Beijing City are:

(1) Comprehensive description of bidding projects. Including the name of the bidding project, the total construction area, the total amount of the design budget or revised budget of the bidding project, project construction quality requirements, quota construction period, planned construction period days, planned start and completion date, etc.

(2) Bidding project appraisal form. Including the name of the individual project, building area, structure type, number of building floors, eaves height, outdoor pipeline projects and courtyard greening projects, etc.

(3) Mark the reserve price. Including the total cost of the bidding project, the unilateral cost, the total consumption of steel, wood, cement and their unilateral consumption.

(4) Description of various costs included in the total cost of the bidding project. Include a description of the lump sum factor or unforeseen costs and a description of the project's special technical measures fees.

2. Project Base Price

It reflects the data of the base price in detail. Generally, the following content should be included:

(1) The name of the unit preparing the bid, the main preparer (divided into civil engineering, plumbing, ventilation and air-conditioning, electrical and other majors) and professional certificate number.

(2) Instructions for preparing the bottom bid. Mainly explain the basis for preparation, what is included and not included in the bid, the calculation basis for other costs (such as lump sum fees, technical measures fees, subcontracted project construction cross-work fees, etc.), and other issues that need to be explained.

(3) Bottom bid summary table. Including the name, construction area, minimum bid cost and its unilateral cost (or technical and economic indicators) of each individual project, unit project, outdoor project, and other costs, as well as the total minimum bid cost and unilateral cost.

(4) Quantity of three materials. Including the total and unilateral consumption of steel, wood, and cement. Among them, steel should be divided into steel bars, section steel, steel pipes, steel plates, etc.; wood should be divided into pine and hardwood, and all of them should be folded into original (round) wood for calculation.

(5) Project estimate (budget) table for each unit (can be arranged separately according to the order of individual projects, not by professional project classification, so as to facilitate the reflection of the cost of each individual project). Including partial direct costs, other direct costs, wages and price adjustments of main materials, business operating expenses, profit and tax collection fees, etc.

(6) "Provisional Valuation" List. Including equipment prices, civil engineering material prices, labor and material costs, etc. Although this list has been included in the bidding documents, it can be repeatedly included in the bid documents as a complete document for easy reference.

Others such as engineering quantity calculation drafts and main material analysis tables do not need to be submitted one by one, but they should be properly kept for future reference when necessary.

(3) Method for preparing the bottom bid

The method for preparing the bottom bid is basically the same as the budget estimate or budget. The difference is that it is more specific and accurate than the budget estimate or budget requirements. It is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

(1) Different contracting factors and risk factors should be considered according to different contracting methods;

(2) Different construction periods should be considered and the specific conditions of the site, and consider the necessary technical measures;

(3) For the equipment and materials provided by Party A and tentatively estimated but can be adjusted according to actual conditions, a quantity and price list must be provided;

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(4) As for the amount of steel bars, if conditions permit, adjustments should be made based on the fixed amount, etc.

The above content is generally not considered when preparing outlines and budgets (mainly due to insufficient conditions). On the contrary, due to different project scales (bidding scope) and different requirements, the total budget, other expenses and unforeseen expenses included in the budget are often not directly related to the contracting enterprise in the bid base (except for general contracting projects). Not considered.

Currently, the methods for preparing bids can be divided into: bids based on construction drawing budgets (or budget estimates); bids based on expanded preliminary budgets; bids for advanced building decoration projects and "three capital" There are several types of project bids, which are described below:

1. Base bid based on construction drawing budget

This method is currently the most widely used in China. From the perspective of different contracting methods, it can be divided into two types: except for policy price adjustments, material and equipment price differences and major negotiation changes, other contracting methods are guaranteed and one-time contracting methods are guaranteed.

Of the above two contracting methods, the first one is the most common. The specific steps and methods for preparing the base bid are introduced as follows:

(1) Preparation work

First of all, you must be familiar with the design and description of the construction drawings. If you find any contradiction or inconsistency between the drawings, If the location and explanation are not clear enough, the design unit should be required to explain and supplement the information together with the construction unit. These contents involving engineering practices, material standards, equipment selection, etc. will inevitably affect the minimum bid price and also affect the bidding quotation of the construction company. Therefore, records must be kept and supplementary explanations must be added in the bidding documents. Secondly, it is necessary to survey the construction site and have an on-site understanding of the site conditions and surrounding environment as a basis for construction plans, lump sum factors, technical measure fees and other related expenses. Third, it is necessary to understand the relevant bidding scope, processing and ordering status of materials, semi-finished products and equipment, project quality and construction period requirements, material supply methods, etc. in the bidding documents. In addition, market research must be conducted to understand the market prices of materials and equipment to correctly determine tentative valuations and other prices.

(2) Calculate the project quantity

The design and description of the construction drawings of this project (including all standard drawings or general drawings used) and the local budget quota or comprehensive budget It is based on the project division of quotas (Beijing currently implements budget quotas and has no budget quotas) and its engineering quantity calculation rules. And implement other local supplementary quotas, regulations, etc. related to this. In addition, reasonable construction methods and construction machinery must be considered based on the conditions of the project site. Particular attention should be paid to the setting of slope protection piles and the calculation of construction drainage fees. The quotas should be correctly applied, the project quantities should be calculated item by item, and the project quantities should be calculated item by item. Check carefully to ensure its correctness.

Because this bill of engineering is not only the basis for calculating the direct cost of the lowest bid, but it is also the bill of quantities as one of the attachments to the bidding document. It is the unified basis for bidding companies to calculate the bid price (currently it is not uniform across the country: Shanghai City has clearly stipulated that, Bidding companies must calculate the bid price based on the bill of quantities; in Beijing, there is no such requirement. The bidding companies calculate the project quantities individually and use the total bid price as the basis for measuring the bid price). The difference between the practical amount of steel bars and the quota should also be included in the project quantity after actual "clamp" adjustment (but at present, domestic projects are often limited to time, and the quota content calculation is still performed, leaving it to be adjusted upon completion).

(3) Determination of unit price

The first is the correct application of the fixed unit price: anyone who meets the quota should apply it; the second is the conversion of the fixed unit price: that is, most of the project content and processes If the quota is met, but the partial materials are different and the quota stipulates that conversion is allowed, the conversion should be carried out; secondly, if the quota is missing, a supplementary unit price must be prepared: it should be based on the construction details, quota item division, measurement unit and material budget price selection (such as ) and new material price supplements, etc., to determine a reasonable unit price (including "tentative valuation").

(4) Calculation of the amount of main materials

The amount of main materials usually includes three materials: steel, cement, and wood. In some areas, it is designated as "five materials" (such as Beijing City, which has added machine bricks and asphalt products) or "eight materials" (such as some cities in Guangdong Province. Glass, aluminum alloy doors and windows, etc. have been added). Steel should include all steel bars, steel sections, pipes, steel plates, etc. for civil engineering, water, heating, air conditioning, electrical, etc. All main materials should be calculated based on the quota consumption and the engineering volume of each unit project. The main material volume is firstly used to meet the material adjustment price difference at the bottom of the bid. It is also a measure of the main material consumption reported by the bidding enterprise, as a condition for winning the bid. One of them (such as Beijing City), or as a standard for determining project quantities (such as Shanghai City).

(5) Adjustment of labor and material costs

Currently, in most areas, the labor wages and unit prices of main materials determined in the quota are required to be based on the market price or a certain price in the bottom bid. The pricing and coefficients are adjusted to make up for the excessive disparity. For example, since October 1994, Beijing has stipulated that wages should be adjusted based on the fixed wage multiplied by a coefficient of 1.95 (i.e., an increase of 95%). For main materials, it is stipulated that the price difference of the "five materials" should be adjusted (the price difference is uniformly formulated, and there is still a certain gap between it and the market price. It is left to Adjustments will be made upon completion). The measurement base of the work and material price difference is calculated based on the main material quantity and total wages of each unit's project.

(6) Determination of direct costs

The product of the project quantity of each sub-item and the corresponding unit price is the main content of direct costs. In some areas, the price difference of work and materials should also be included. Areas are not included and local regulations should prevail.

(7) Determination of other direct costs and on-site funds

According to the "Several Regulations on Adjusting the Composition of Construction and Installation Project Costs" jointly issued by the Ministry of Construction and China Construction Bank in December 1993 ", the original "direct costs" are changed to "direct engineering costs", and include direct costs (including labor costs, material costs and construction machinery usage fees, which are the same as the original direct costs), other direct costs and on-site expenses.

Other direct costs include:

1) Increased construction costs during winter rainy season;

2) Increased construction costs at night;

3) Secondary transportation fee;

4) Instrument usage fee;

5) Production tool usage fee;

6) Inspection and test fee;< /p>

7) Training fees for special types of work;

8) Costs for project positioning re-testing, project point delivery, site cleaning, etc.;

9) Additional construction fees in special areas .

The calculation base for the above other direct fees is stipulated as direct fees, but currently localities are adjusting and revising, and there is still a certain transitional stage. The current regulations of each locality should prevail. Beijing's current regulations stipulate different cost standards based on different project types, heights and areas where the projects are located, calculated on a per square meter basis.

On-site funds include:

1) Temporary facility fees;

2) On-site management fees;

About on-site funds, The implementation situation in various places is the same as other direct costs. Beijing regulations are as follows:

1) Temporary facility fees set different fee standards according to different project types, calculated per square meter of building area.

2) On-site management fees (currently named "on-site funds") are stipulated as different rates according to different project types and heights, based on direct costs (civil engineering) and fixed wages (installation projects) ) as the basic calculation.

(8) Determination of direct engineering costs

The sum of direct costs, other direct costs and on-site expenses is the direct engineering cost.

(9) Determination of indirect expenses

The basis for calculating indirect expenses: civil engineering projects are direct engineering expenses; installation projects are fixed wages (currently known as "enterprise operating expenses" in Beijing, The calculation basis is the same).

(10) Determination of planned profit

Basic calculation of planned profit: Civil engineering projects are the sum of direct engineering costs and indirect costs; installation projects are fixed wages (Beijing’s civil engineering projects) The basis for calculating planned profits is changed to direct costs, and different profit margins are formulated according to different project categories; installation projects are still based on fixed wages).

(11) Determination of taxes:

Taxes (including business tax, urban maintenance and construction tax and education surcharge, commonly known as "two taxes and one fee") are calculated based on direct engineering The sum of expenses, indirect expenses and planned profits.

(12) Determination of lump sum fee and technical measure fee

The contents of lump sum fee and technical measure fee are as mentioned above. Rate standards vary from place to place and should be implemented in accordance with local regulations.

(13) Determination of the total bid price

The sum of the above expenses is the total bid price. At present, most areas emphasize that a project can only have one base bid to facilitate unified bid evaluation. After the winning bidder is determined, when there are differences in fee collection standards due to different levels of enterprises or different ownerships, supplements or supplements will be made. Adjustment.

For the one-time contracting method, the preparation method is mostly the same as above. If it is different, all openings should be blocked. For example, price adjustment coefficients, price differences for materials and equipment, etc., should not only be considered based on the current situation, but also various pre-increase coefficients (risk coefficients) upon completion should be estimated and included in the bottom bid. The amount of steel bars should also be calculated according to the drawings ("cramp") and adjusted once at the bottom of the bid, and no separate settlement will be made upon completion.

2. The base bid based on the expanded preliminary budget

This method should not be widely used in domestic projects, mainly because the preliminary design is not deep enough and differs greatly from the content of the construction drawing design, which will inevitably lead to excessive cost. The disparity makes it difficult to control investment. But it also has certain merits. The main thing is to gain time to start construction in advance. Construction and construction drawing design can be intertwined (generally, the basic drawing can be started first, and then the main structure, building decoration, mechanical and electrical equipment installation and other designs will follow. , so that the construction can still proceed smoothly) and be completed and put into production ahead of schedule in order to achieve early profits. This has long been effective internationally and is mostly used in domestic "foreign-funded" projects. The premise is that there must be a bidding drawing with similar technical design depth that can meet the bidding needs as a basis for quantification, quality and pricing.

The steps and methods for preparing the bid using this method are basically the same as those based on the construction drawing budget. The main differences are in the following aspects:

(1) The quotas and unit prices adopted are estimated budget quotas, not budget quotas or comprehensive budget quotas (the exception is Beijing City, which currently only uses one Estimated budget quota, no budget quota). The sub-items (i.e. sub-items) of the budget quota appear in the form of an expanded structure. There are more project contents and processes integrated in one sub-item, and the accuracy of the unit price can be guaranteed (generally more basic than the basic budget quota). The total of sub-items is about 3% higher). The advantage is that since the design depth cannot be compared with the construction drawings, missing items can be avoided and the workload is simplified. If there is a shortage of items in the quota, the supplementary unit price of the corresponding expanded structure should be prepared corresponding to the estimated budget quota.

(2) A bill of quantities should be attached to the bidding document (for some places, such as Shanghai's bidding management regulations, it is expressly stipulated that this list must be attached to the bidding no matter what stage it is), and it should be submitted by It is provided by the original design unit to avoid large discrepancies in the project quantities calculated by each bidding company due to insufficient design depth. However, this does not exclude each bidding company from reviewing, correcting and supplementing the project quantities in the list.

(3) In the case that unit price contracts are not yet implemented in China but lump sum contracts are still implemented, since various uncertain factors are relatively greater than in the construction drawing budget stage, various lump sum costs and risk factors etc. should also be appropriately increased, and the amount of steel bars should also be adjusted as necessary based on different project types (estimated based on experience) on the basis of the rated content.

To sum up, the base bid based on the expanded preliminary budget should only be used as a last resort when the current design depth is generally insufficient. Otherwise, in addition to the large difference between the completed construction cost and the winning contract price, a lot of work will be added to other management aspects.

3． The lowest bid for high-end building decoration projects

In recent years, a large number of domestically invested high-end building decoration projects have emerged. In addition to separating indoor fine decoration projects from civil engineering projects in new projects, this part is included in the design process. In addition to individual design, a large number of decoration (decoration) projects for old houses are also carried out in the society, and the construction is also undertaken by professional decoration teams. In this way, the work of tendering and bidding for advanced building decoration projects and the preparation of bids came into being.

In December 1992, the Ministry of Construction promulgated the "National Unified Budget Quota for Building Decoration Projects" (mainly for the building decoration part. For installation projects such as sanitary ware, decorative lamps, water supply and drainage, and electrical pipelines, the "National Unified Budget Quota" was implemented. "Unified Installation Project Budget Quota"), the labor unit price, material budget price, and machinery shift fee in this quota are mainly compiled based on prices in Beijing. It is stipulated that each province and city can formulate adjustment methods based on local prices, but labor, materials, and machinery Consumption cannot be changed. At present, when implementing this quota, various localities have compiled unit valuation tables for locally used decoration projects based on local price conditions, and have deleted sub-items that overlap with the original local civil construction budget quota. In addition, corresponding quotas have also been formulated for the charging standards for decoration projects. In addition to being applicable to the preparation of outlines and budgets, these new measures are also basically applicable to the preparation of bids in tenders.

Since April 15, 1994, Beijing has formulated the "Trial Measures for the Preparation and Management of Budget Estimates for Advanced Building Decoration Projects" for high-end building decoration projects (including base bids). The regulations related to the preparation of bids are hereby introduced as follows:

(1) Scope of advanced architectural decoration projects.

1) Domestic investment in new construction, expansion and overall renovation projects includes the following types:

A. Construction projects focusing on international, national and municipal activities (memorial halls, museums, libraries, sports venues, etc.).

B. Large and medium-sized public buildings such as star hotels, restaurants, theaters, trade centers, shopping malls (malls), and other high-end decorated halls, halls, conference rooms, guest rooms with bathrooms, shops, and restaurants in other public buildings Waiting for projects.

C． High-end residential (villa) project (in the living unit, the ground is a block surface; the walls are wallpaper or high-end paint; mirror lines, curtain boxes, hardwood doors and windows, aluminum alloy doors and windows or colored steel windows, toilets and bathrooms, and kitchen wall skirts , the ground is a block surface layer).

2) Foreign-invested, joint-venture, foreign-donated projects (including Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) and projects loaned by international financial institutions are subject to the construction project budget preparation methods of "foreign-funded" enterprises.

(2) Advanced decoration engineering projects.

1) Architectural decoration:

A. Door and window engineering: aluminum alloy doors and windows, hardwood doors and windows and their facings, seam strips, special hardware, locks, curtain boxes, curtain rails, blinds, and bobbin boards.

B. Floor and wall decoration projects: In addition to the concrete floor, cement floor, wall plastering, gluing stone, brush stone (including dado) and waterproofing of the overall surface layer, other integral wall surface layers, block surface layers, wood Flooring, wooden dado, wallpaper and other surface parts, but does not include the bottom layer and insulation layer.

C． Ceiling engineering: the surface part of the ceiling in concrete engineering, the keel, surface layer and thermal insulation of the suspended ceiling.

D. Building accessories engineering: pool tanks, bathroom partitions and others.

2) Installation project:

High-end sanitary appliances and decorative lighting fixtures.

(3) Prepare project base bid and quotation.

High-end decoration projects adopt a one-time package method of "quantity, market price, and competitive rate" and do not implement quarterly completion price adjustment coefficients.

1) Quota: The quantity of main materials and labor days determined according to the relevant provisions of the design drawings and budget estimates.

2) Market price: Material prices and wage unit prices are calculated based on market prices, and the values ??of the adhesive layer and auxiliary materials are adjusted accordingly.

3) Machinery fee: Calculated based on the fixed amount of machine fee and previous adjustments to the machine fee multiplied by a 1.2 coefficient.

4) Other direct costs: the proportion of the building area occupied by the building decoration project multiplied by the "denominator" value in the quota; installation projects are charged according to the corresponding fee standards.

5) Enterprise operating expenses and other expenses: In addition to the payment of guarantee taxes, construction industry labor insurance coordination funds, building materials development supplementary funds, fixed preparation funds, and measurement fees, enterprises can float according to their own advantages. However, the maximum rate shall not exceed (93) the rate stipulated in Beijing Construction Document No. 624 (i.e., the current Beijing fee collection standard implemented since January 1, 1994, including enterprise operating expenses, profits, taxes, and labor insurance contributions to the construction industry). Overall Fund and Building Materials Development Supplementary Fund).

6) When the construction unit separates the decoration project from the civil engineering project of the general contract construction and outsources it to the decoration construction company, it should add 2% to 5% of the total subcontracting cost as the general contractor to increase the on-site construction management fee. , included in the general contracting project cost, and taxes, construction industry labor insurance coordinating funds and building materials development supplementary funds will be calculated accordingly.

4. The lowest bid for "three-funded" projects

Over the past decade of reform and opening up, a large number of "three-funded" projects have been completed and are under construction in major cities across the country. These projects are different from domestic investment projects.

(1) The main characteristics of “three-funded” projects.

1) The building decoration and equipment standards are high, and there are many new structures; the construction schedule is tight, the construction management requirements are strict, and the project quality is also high.

2) There are many construction subcontractors. Generally, it can be divided into: structural, rough decoration and general electromechanical equipment installation projects contracted by domestic construction companies; interior fine decoration and imported electromechanical equipment installation projects contracted by foreign companies (different in nature, subcontracted by two or more units).

3) Materials and equipment are generally calculated based on market prices or actual processing order and loan prices, and many of them are imported materials and equipment. Therefore, there is no need to consider the material price adjustment coefficient.

4) Currently, the contracting method generally implements a one-time contract, and various contract coefficients, risk coefficients and the total management fee that should be increased for subcontracted projects should be fully considered.

5) Some big cities (such as Beijing, Shanghai, etc.) have made special regulations on project fee standards, which are generally slightly higher than domestic projects, etc.

It can be seen that the bids for "foreign-funded" projects should also be prepared based on the above characteristics and relevant local regulations.

In addition, in the current design of "foreign-funded" projects, the foreign party usually undertakes the plan and preliminary design, while the Chinese party completes the construction drawing design. Bidding is often conducted after the preliminary design is completed and before the construction drawings are designed, that is, during the bidding drawing stage.

The depth of the bidding drawing is between the preliminary design and the construction drawing. It is actually the preliminary design plus some supplementary drawings and descriptions, especially the description, supplementing some specific material standards and practices, equipment selection, and whether Imports and manufacturers, etc., are subject to the premise that the bidding quotations for quantity, quality and pricing can be met. In this way, when a foreign party is responsible for designing the bidding drawings, the foreign party usually hires a foreign estimating company (or quantity surveying company) to prepare an estimate or budget as a base for controlling investment (unlike us, there is a certain difference between budget and base bid). ), the cost part is for the owner (investor) to control internally; the bill of quantities (that is, removing the unit price, combined price and total cost part) is one of the contents of the bidding document and provides a unified basis for bidding companies to prepare bids. If domestic design units (and a few construction units) are entrusted to prepare construction drawings and designs and then invite bids (there are also cases where domestic design units prepare preliminary designs or tender drawings and then invite bids, but their depth is often not as good as those of foreign undertakers), it is necessary to Entrust the design unit or other consulting firm to prepare the base bid.

(2) Methods for preparing the minimum bid for "three-funded" projects.

The method used by relevant domestic units to prepare the minimum bid for the domestic construction part of "foreign-funded" projects is introduced below, taking the situation in Beijing as an example. Projects contracted by foreign companies will be included in the general contract bid as subcontracted projects after being quoted by the foreign companies, or will not be included.

In March 1994, Beijing issued the "Measures for the Preparation of Budget Estimates for Construction Projects of "French-Funded" Enterprises", the main contents of which are:

All "foreign-funded" projects shall be based on The current "Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China", "Beijing Construction Project Construction Contract Agreement Clauses" and relevant regulations of Beijing Municipality are required to sign a contract contract.

2) Direct project costs are determined according to the following methods:

A. Determine the project quantity, material and labor consumption according to the relevant regulations and design drawings of the current budget quota (including unit valuation table).

B. The wage unit price is calculated based on the market price and is agreed between the "foreign-funded" enterprise (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and the construction enterprise (hereinafter referred to as Party B).

C. Material price: Calculated based on the market price of the uniform delivery, guaranteed at one time.

D. Machinery fee: According to the current quota standard (including machinery fee adjustment) multiplied by the labor factor.

E. Items that appear in the form of fees in the quota will be adjusted according to market prices.

F. Other materials not listed in the quota can be adjusted by negotiation between the two parties with reference to the quarterly completion price adjustment trend and market prices.

3) Enterprise operating expenses and other expenses: shall be implemented in accordance with the standards and relevant regulations of Beijing's "Quota for Operating Expenses and Other Expenses of Construction Engineering Enterprises".

4) The "Complete Price Adjustment Method" is not implemented for "foreign-funded" projects.

5) In principle, the project duration of "three-funded" projects should be determined according to Beijing's current "Construction Project Duration Quota". If Party A requires early completion, the advance bonus will be calculated in accordance with the "Several Provisions on the Implementation of Advance Completion Award for Construction Projects" forwarded by Beijing Jingzhengfa (1986) Notice No. 72. Nighttime lighting and artificial efficiency reduction costs are calculated in accordance with the supplementary regulations and explanations (No. 1) of (92) Jingzao Gongzi No. 004 on the 1991 "Beijing Construction and Installation Project Duration Quota".

According to the above regulations, the specific methods for preparing the minimum bid for "three-funded" projects are as follows:

1) Calculation of project quantities. Whether the engineering quantities are calculated based on construction drawings or preliminary designs (bidding drawings), in Beijing they are calculated according to the project divisions of budget estimates and engineering quantity calculation rules (imaginary square quantities based on axis and floor height); supplementary projects should also be calculated It is consistent with the caliber of the estimated budget quota; the amount of steel bars must be adjusted according to the figure after "cramping".

2) Determine the market unit price of labor, materials and equipment through market inquiry.

3) Determination of direct fees. According to Beijing's current regulations for "three capital" projects, although labor and materials must be calculated based on market prices, and machinery costs must be adjusted using prescribed coefficients, the estimated budget quota only lists the consumption of main materials, while secondary materials ( Other materials) cannot see their usage, so the market price cannot be used to calculate them one by one. Only a comprehensive coefficient can be used to adjust all the minor material costs of a unit project. Due to these reasons, the unit price of "foreign-funded" projects cannot be compiled according to the market price for a set of price lists for special units. Instead, it can only be compiled by first calculating the direct costs at a fixed unit price, and then adjusting the price differences for labor, materials, and machines. The specific steps are as follows:

A. Apply the quota units and make necessary conversions for local materials that need to be converted; prepare supplementary units for those with missing items in the quota (this supplementary unit price can be fixed at once without adjustment, or can be treated as a "tentative estimate"), and the unit project is calculated directly fee.

B. Calculate the consumption of labor, main materials, and machinery costs.

C. Based on the above-mentioned consumption of work, materials and machines, adjust the price difference between the market price and the fixed price, including the secondary materials, calculate a total cost, and then comprehensively determine a secondary cost based on the construction period and with reference to the quarterly price adjustment trend and market prices. The price adjustment coefficient of materials is adjusted together with the main materials. The specific method can be solved through Table 3-5.

D. Calculate other direct costs and on-site expenses, and adjust them according to market prices on the basis of fixed fees.

E. Calculate project direct costs, that is, price adjustments for fixed direct costs of processing, materials, and machines.

In addition to other direct costs, this fee serves as the fee base for "foreign-funded" projects.

4) Calculate various fees, including indirect fees, planned profits and taxes, etc., the same as domestic projects.

5) Determination of other lump sum fees, etc. Including lump sum fee, technical measure fee, subcontracted project construction cross-operation fee (i.e. general contractor management fee) and risk coefficient, etc., should be reasonably determined based on relevant regulations and the on-site conditions and construction period of the project. In particular, the risk coefficient is " It is necessary for "three capital" projects, and the coefficient is relatively large, so it should be determined correctly.

6) Determination of the total minimum bid price. The sum of the above items is the total bid price. There is also the question of what currency the total bid price of the "foreign-funded" projects will be denominated in. At present, most projects in Beijing are priced in RMB, and a few are priced in foreign currencies such as US dollars. Under the current unified exchange rate, RMB can be converted into U.S. dollars based on the exchange rate at that time.

5． Other methods of preparing bids

For example, the bid base based on the square meter cost lump sum was used for a period of time in Northeast China (such as Jilin City) for general standard residential or general residential projects in the 1980s. However, since there are still many variable factors, it can only be used partially. The rest must be carried out simultaneously using the method based on the construction drawing budget, and its accuracy is also poor. Therefore, it is rarely used by provinces and cities at present, and only some provincial areas (such as the Heze area of ??Shandong Province) use this method for small projects with simple structures.