1. silver standard. The silver standard system is one of the earliest monetary systems, which refers to the monetary system with silver as the monetary material. The silver standard system has been popular since16th century, but as an independent monetary system, it has not existed for a long time in some countries and its scope of implementation is not wide.
According to the different ways to determine the price, there are three kinds of gold and silver double labels: (please click the mouse)
(1) parallel standard system. That is, the price between gold coins and silver coins is determined by the market value of gold and silver itself. For example, in 1663, the gold coin "Gini" and the silver coin "shilling" minted in Britain were used together, and the two currencies were circulated according to the actual market value of gold and silver.
(2) Double standard system. That is to say, the exchange rate of gold coins and silver coins is stipulated by the state. For example, the United States stipulated in 1792 that the legal exchange rate of gold and silver coins was 1: 15.
(3) Lameness standard system. This is a special monetary system in the process of China's transition from multiple gold standards to gold standards. Due to the transition from legal use of silver coins to gold coins, first of all, there are more silver coins and less gold coins, and then there are more gold coins and less silver coins, which is similar to the phenomenon that a lame person has one foot short and one foot long.
2. Gold and silver return to the standard. The double standard of gold and silver is a monetary system with great defects in theory and practice.
3. The gold standard. The gold standard refers to the monetary system with gold as the monetary material. Its specific forms are: gold coin standard, gold nugget standard and gold exchange standard.
(1) gold coin standard system
The gold coin standard system is a typical gold standard system, which has the following characteristics: (2) The form and classification of laws are clear and definite (please click the mouse).
(1) Gold coins can be freely cast, the door is melted, and gold coins are the only "legal compensation currency circulation".
(2) tokens and paper money can be freely converted into gold coins.
3 gold can be imported and exported freely.
(2) Standard system of gold bars
The gold bar standard system, also known as the raw gold standard system, refers to the circulation of paper money prepared by replacing gold coins with gold bars.
(3) gold trading standard system
The gold standard system, also known as the virtual standard system, is a monetary system that implements the circulation of bank notes and only allows indirect exchange of foreign exchange for gold.
The cyclical economic crisis of capitalism, especially the world economic crisis of 1929 ~ 1933, has dealt a heavy blow to the capitalist economy. The severe economic crisis has hit the monetary system, and many countries have abandoned the gold standard and implemented a non-cash credit monetary system.
Non-cashing credit currency system, also known as managed currency system, is a kind of paper currency system that cannot cash gold, cancels gold guarantee and relies on national credit to issue and circulate through credit channels. The basic characteristics of this monetary system are: the issuance of money is limited by gold preparation, and its circulation is determined by the monetary management authorities according to the needs of monetary policy: the gold content of money is not stipulated, and its value is reflected by purchasing power; The issuance of currency depends on the credit of the issuer, and the government can use legal means to force the public to accept and ensure its circulation.
The unrealized credit currency system has only a short history, and there are still many imperfections in itself. However, this monetary system has created the "elastic" effect of money on economic regulation, adapted to the development of commodity production and exchange, and showed superior characteristics, so it has strong vitality.