Country name: Republic of South Africa.

National Flag:1March 1994 15 South Africa's multi-party transitional administrative committee approved the new national flag. The new national flag is rectangular with an aspect ratio of about 3: 2. It consists of six geometric patterns: black, yellow, green, red, white and blue, symbolizing racial reconciliation and national unity.

National anthem:1995 In May, South Africa officially adopted the new national anthem. The lyrics of the new national anthem are written in Zulu, Hot Hausa, Soto, English and Afrikaans, including the prayers of the original national anthem "God Bless Africa". The whole song is 1 minute and 35 seconds long, ending with the majestic high-pitched tune of the original national anthem "Voice of South Africa". The original national anthem was named "God Bless Africa" and was approved on1March, 1994 15. This song was composed by Nock Sontonga, a black priest, in 1897. It was first sung as a song praising black nationalism at the South African Indigenous National Congress in 19 12, and it was very popular among African blacks.

Physical geography: Located at the southernmost tip of the African continent, it borders Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland in the north. Surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, south and west, it is a shipping hub between the two oceans, and its geographical position is very important. The Cape of Good Hope route at its southwest end has always been one of the busiest sea passages in the world, and it is known as the "western sea lifeline". Area 1, 219,090 km2 (South Africa Yearbook 200 1/02). Most of the territory is a plateau above 600 meters above sea level. The Draken Mountains extend to the southeast, and the Cascade Jin Feng is as high as 3,660 meters, which is the highest point in China. The northwest is a desert, which is a part of the Kalahari Basin. The northern, central and southwestern parts are plateaus; The coast is a narrow plain. Orange River and limpopo river River are two main rivers. Most areas have a tropical grassland climate, the eastern coast has a tropical monsoon climate and the southern coast has a Mediterranean climate. The whole climate is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. 65438+February-February is summer, and the highest temperature can reach 32-38℃; June-August is winter, and the lowest temperature is-10 to-12℃. The annual precipitation gradually decreased from 1000mm in the east to 60mm in the west, with an average of 450 mm. The annual average temperature in the capital Pretoria is 17℃.

Population: 46.9 million (estimated by the South African Bureau of Statistics in mid-2005), divided into four major races: black, white, colored and Asian, of which 37.2 million are black, accounting for 79% of the total population, 4.4 million are white, 465,438+million are colored, and 65,438+million are Indian and Asian. There are nine black tribes, including Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Tswana, North Soto, South Soto, Kanga, Wenda and Ndebele, and Bantu is the main language. The whites are mainly Afrikaners of Dutch descent (about 57%) and whites of British descent (about 39%). Their languages are Afrikaans and English. Coloured people are descendants of whites, aborigines and slaves during the colonial period, and mainly use Afrikaans. Asians are mainly Indians (about 99%) and China. The official language is 1 1, and English and Afrikaans are the common languages. White people, most colored people and 60% black people believe in Protestantism or Catholicism; About 60% of Asians believe in Hinduism and 20% believe in Islam; Some black people believe in primitive religions.

The Best Five-star Hotel in the World-Cape Grice Hotel, South Africa

Capital: South Africa is the only country in the world that has three capitals at the same time. Pretoria, the administrative capital, is the seat of South Africa's central government with a population of 65,438+500,000. Cape Town, the legislative capital, is the seat of the South African Parliament, the second largest city and an important port in China, located at the southwest end, and an important intersection of international waterways with a population of 3 million; Bloemfontein, the judicial capital, is the seat of the national judicial institutions with a population of 460,000.

Administrative Division: China is divided into 9 provinces: eastern cape, West Cape Province, northern cape, KwaZulu/natal province, Free State, Northwest Province, North Province, Mpu Malanga Province and gauteng province. In June 2002, the Northern Province was renamed Limpopo Province. Each province has the right to legislate, appoint and dismiss civil servants, and is responsible for its economic, financial and tax affairs. According to the Local Government Election Law passed in 2000, there are 284 local governments in China, including 6 metropolises, 47 regional committees and 23 1 local committees.

Brief history: The earliest aborigines are the San, the Kohoyi and the Bantu who moved south later. 1652, the Dutch began to invade and launched many colonial wars against the local blacks. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Britain invaded and occupied the Cape Colony in 1806. The Dutch Boers were forced to emigrate to the mainland, and in 1852 and 1854, the "Orange Free State" and the "Republic of Tuva, the Netherlands" were established respectively. 1867 and 1886 After diamonds and gold were discovered in South Africa, a large number of European immigrants flocked. Britain annexed Orange and Transvaal Free State through Ying Bu War (1899— 1902). 19 10 in may, Britain merged Cape Province, transvaal province, natal province and orange free state into "south African Federation" and became a self-governing territory of Britain. 1961May 3 1 day, South Africa withdrew from the Commonwealth and established the Republic of South Africa. The South African white authorities have long pursued the policy of racial discrimination and apartheid in China through legislative and administrative means, and have successively promulgated hundreds of racist laws and decrees. 1948 after the Kuomintang came to power, it fully implemented the apartheid system and suppressed the resistance struggle of the South African people, which was condemned and sanctioned by the international community. 1989, after de Klerk became the leader and chairman of the Kuomintang, he carried out political reforms, lifted the ban on black liberation organizations and released Mandela and others. 199 1 year, the ANC, the South African government, the Kuomintang and other parties 19 held multi-party negotiations on a political solution to the South African issue, and reached an agreement on political transition arrangements in 1993. 1From April to May, 1994, South Africa held the first general election in which all races participated, and South Africa held the first non-racial general election. The ANC, the South African Producers Party and the South African Trade Union Congress formed a tripartite alliance and won with a majority of 62 votes. 65%. Mandela became the first black president of South Africa, and the ANC, the Kuomintang and the Inkata Freedom Party formed a government of national unity. This marks the end of apartheid and the birth of a democratic and equal new South Africa. 65438+1On June 23, 1994, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to restore South Africa's seat in the General Assembly. 1996 16 In February, South African President nelson mandela signed a new constitution, which laid a legal foundation for the establishment of a new national system of racial equality in the future.

The main building of the South African Parliament is located in Cape Town, the legislative capital of South Africa.

Politics:1In April, 1994, South Africa promulgated the first temporary constitution in history that reflected racial equality. 1in may 1996, the south African constitutional assembly adopted a new constitution drafted on the basis of the interim constitution. The new constitution came into effect in February of the same year. The new constitution stipulates that the constitution has supreme status; Regardless of race, sex and religion, everyone is equal before the law; Retain the main constitutional principles and contents such as the civil rights bill, the separation of powers, the federal government management system and the current judicial system in the interim constitution; 1999 After the general election, South Africa changed the proportional sharing of power among political parties to the general election of the majority party. According to the new constitution, the President of South Africa is the head of state and government, elected by the National Assembly for a term of no more than two terms. Political parties with at least 80 seats in parliament have the right to nominate vice presidents. Parliament can recall or impeach the president through motion of no confidence. According to the Constitution, the South African Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the National Assembly and the National Provincial Affairs Committee. The National Assembly has 400 members, of whom 200 are elected by universal suffrage and 200 by provincial elections. The National Provincial Affairs Committee (the former Senate) has 90 seats, which are indirectly elected by nine provincial councils, and each province has 65,438+00 seats. The new constitution stipulates the implementation of the presidential cabinet system. The Cabinet consists of the President, the Vice President and 27 ministers appointed by the President. The president and cabinet members exercise executive power together. The new Constitution also stipulates that the courts are composed of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the High Court and the local courts. As the highest institution to interpret the Constitution, the Constitutional Court is composed of a chairman, an executive vice-chairman and nine judges, and has the right to cancel the legislature established by the National Assembly. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body except for constitutional affairs, and consists of the Chief Justice, the judges of the Court of Appeal and the judges of the provincial courts. Cases appealed by local courts are submitted to the provincial courts of the Supreme Court for adjudication, and appeals from provincial courts are submitted to the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court for adjudication. South African presidential election

Economy: South Africa is a middle-income developing country. The gross domestic product (GDP) accounts for nearly 20% of Africa's GDP and is the most developed country in Africa. South Africa is one of the five largest mineral countries in the world, with good infrastructure, abundant resources and highly open economy. Mining, manufacturing and agriculture are the three pillars of economy, and deep mining technology is in a leading position in the world. The development level and regional distribution of various sectors of the national economy are unbalanced, and the income distribution is uneven. South Africa is famous for its rich mineral resources. At present, there are more than 70 kinds of minerals that have been proved and mined. The reserves of gold, platinum group metals, manganese, vanadium, chromium, titanium and aluminosilicate rank first in the world. The reserves of diamonds, asbestos, copper, vanadium, uranium, coal, iron, titanium, mica and lead are also extremely rich. Gold, diamonds, vanadium and manganese are also abundant. Abundant resources, cheap labor and advanced management make South Africa the most economically developed country in Africa today. Mining, manufacturing, construction and energy industries are the four major sectors of South Africa's industry. The export of mineral products accounts for about 50% of export income, and about 12% of the labor force in China is engaged in mining. The manufacturing industry has complete categories and advanced technology. The main products are steel, metal products, chemicals, transportation equipment, machinery manufacturing, food processing, textiles, clothing and so on. Iron and steel industry is the pillar of South Africa's manufacturing industry, with six iron and steel conglomerates and 130 steel enterprises. South Africa has become the largest gold producer and exporter in the world. The power industry is relatively developed, and the power generation accounts for 60% of the whole Africa.

Sun City is a tourist attraction in South Africa, located 250 kilometers northwest of Johannesburg, the "golden city", and has the reputation of "Xanadu". Sun City is not a city, but a land of green mountains and green waters. It is located at the foot of the mountain and blends in with nature. On the basis of the original natural beauty, people have built an amazing holiday resort. There are creative and unique artificial beaches, lifelike artificial earthquake bridges, small and exquisite zoos and charming crocodile lake. The picture shows the Palace Hotel, the most representative building in Sun City.

South Africa's agriculture is also relatively developed, and the main crops are: corn, wheat, sugar cane, barley and so on. The export volume of sucrose ranks among the top in the world. South Africa is the largest gold producer and exporter in the world, and gold exports account for 1 1% of South Africa's total exports in 200 1 year. However, in recent years, due to the falling price of gold in the international market, platinum group metals have gradually replaced gold as the most important export mineral products. South Africa is also a major diamond producer in the world, accounting for about 8. 7% of world output. South Africa's De Beers Company is the largest diamond production and sales company in the world, with total assets of $20 billion. Its turnover once accounted for 90% of the world diamond supply market, and it still controls 60% of the world rough diamond trade. In May of 200 1 year, the company was merged by British and American companies. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries account for 5% of GDP, and their role in the national economy is decreasing. Agriculture is more developed. Agricultural GDP accounts for about 4. 1% GDP, and provides 13% formal employment opportunities. 30% of non-gold export income comes from agricultural products or agricultural products processing. In normal years, food can be exported except for self-sufficiency. The arable land accounts for about 13% of the national territory, but the fertile land only accounts for 22% of the arable land. The main crop is corn. The quality of canned food, cigarettes, wine, coffee and drinks meets international standards, and wine enjoys a high reputation in the world. Forest coverage accounts for 6% of the total land area. Animal husbandry is relatively developed. Aquaculture production accounts for 5% in Africa and 0. 03%。 There are more than 500 commercial fishing fleets in South Africa, and nearly 30,000 people in China are engaged in marine fishing. The main fishing species are mussels, trout, oysters and Cape Cod. With abundant resources and complete facilities, tourism is the third largest foreign exchange income and employment sector in South Africa, accounting for 2% of GDP. Tourist spots are mainly concentrated in the northeast, east and south coastal areas. Eco-tourism and folk tourism are two major growth points of tourism in South Africa. Export products include: gold, metals and metal products, diamonds, food, beverages and tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment and other finished products. It mainly imports machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, chemical products and petroleum.