Poland
Industry is developed. Coal and lignite are the most important mining industries, and coal reserves rank among the top in Europe. The main minerals are coal, sulfur, copper, zinc, lead, aluminum and silver. In 2000, the hard coal reserves were 45.362 billion tons, lignite 65.438+03.984 billion tons, sulfur 504 million tons and copper 2.485 billion tons. Amber is rich in reserves, with a value of about 1000 billion US dollars. It is a big amber producer in the world and has been mining amber for hundreds of years. Industry is dominated by coal mining, machine building, shipbuilding, automobiles and steel. 200 1 year has18.39 million hectares of agricultural land. Cultivated land accounts for about 50% of the land area. The main crops are all kinds of wheat and potatoes, beets and so on. Animal husbandry mainly raises cattle, pigs and sheep. In 200 1 year, the rural population accounted for 38.3% of the national population. Agricultural employment accounts for 28.3% of total employment. Exports are mainly industrial and mining products (coal, lignite, coke, ships, vehicles and so on. ); Imports are mainly petroleum products, iron ore, cotton and grain. Poland is one of the top ten tourist countries in the world. Wieliczka salt mine attracts countless tourists every year with its pleasant climate in the Baltic Sea Harbor and beautiful scenery in the Carpathian Mountains. People here know that the forest is the protagonist of protecting the ecological environment, so they love the forest like life. The forest area in Poland is more than 8.89 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate is nearly 30%. People who have just arrived in Poland are often intoxicated by this picturesque green world. Tourism has become the main source of Poland's foreign exchange income. The main cities are Lodz, Poznan, Krakow, Szczecin and Gdansk.
Hungary is a country with a medium level of development and a good industrial base. According to its national conditions, Hungary has developed and produced some knowledge-intensive products with its own characteristics, such as computers, communication equipment, instruments and meters, chemicals and medicines. Hungary has taken various measures to optimize the investment environment and is one of the countries in Central and Eastern Europe that attract the most foreign investment per capita.
Natural resources are relatively poor, and bauxite is the main mineral resource, ranking third in Europe. In addition, there are a small amount of lignite, oil, natural gas, uranium, iron and manganese. The forest coverage rate is about 18%. Agriculture has a good foundation and occupies an important position in the national economy. It not only provides abundant food for the domestic market, but also earns a lot of foreign exchange for the country. The main agricultural products are wheat, corn, sugar beet and potato. Tourism is relatively developed.
Although Hungary is poor in resources, it has beautiful mountains and rivers, magnificent buildings and distinctive features. There are many hot springs here, and the four seasons are distinct, which attracts tourists from all over the world. The main tourist attractions are Budapest, Lake Balaton, Danube River and Matlau Mountain. Budapest, the capital of the Danube, is a famous ancient city in Europe, with infinite scenery and the reputation of "the pearl on the Danube". Lake Balaton, the largest freshwater lake in Europe, is also a bright spot to attract a large number of tourists. In addition, Hungarian wines also add luster to this country with a long history and mellow taste. Hungary's unique natural scenery and cultural landscape make it a big tourist country and one of the important sources of foreign exchange in Hungary.
Since 1989, Hungary has undergone a transition from a planned economy to a market economy, with the goal of integrating with the European economy as soon as possible. With the political stability and economic development, Hungary joined the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on 1996 and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on 1999. In 2002, the EU announced that it would accept Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and other countries that applied to join the EU as full members in 2004. Hungary is currently stepping up the improvement of its domestic legal system in accordance with the legal framework of the European Union.
In the mid-1990s, Hungary vigorously carried out a set of economic reform plans, that is, implemented privatization and economic liberalization policies on the basis of market economy, and vigorously attracted foreign investment. The reform has achieved remarkable results. The unemployment rate in Hungary is decreasing year by year, the inflation rate is greatly reduced, and foreign investment is pouring in. Hungary quickly embarked on the road of export-driven rapid economic growth. Nearly 2000 state-owned enterprises were sold in the process of privatization, and the proportion of private economy in GDP increased from 20% in 1989 to over 80% in 2000.
From 1997 to 2000, the average growth rate of Hungarian economy exceeded 4%. In 200 1 year, although its GDP growth has slowed down, it is still one of the countries with the highest growth rate in Central and Eastern Europe, and it is higher than the average growth level of the European Union.
For a long time in the past, the inflation rate in Hungary remained high, which seriously restricted economic growth. Therefore, the Central Bank of Hungary adopted a strict monetary policy to ensure the stability of prices and control the rise of inflation. In 200 1 year, the Central Bank of Hungary abandoned the small depreciation mechanism of the exchange rate that had been implemented for many years, and increased its fluctuation range by 15% respectively, and changed the exchange rate of the forint pegged to the US dollar to the euro. Thanks to the efforts of all parties, in 2002, Hungary's inflation rate dropped from 6.8% in the previous year to 5.3%, and its economic growth rate was 3.3%. Economic growth is mainly due to the sustained growth of tourism and construction, as well as the fiscal stimulus policies adopted by the government to raise wages and expand consumer demand. In 2002, the current account deficit is planned to remain below 4.5% of GDP. Hungarian currency forint has been freely convertible.
In 2002, Moody's Investment Service Company upgraded the credit rating of Hungarian government's foreign currency bonds from BBB3 to A 1. In Central and Eastern Europe, Hungary is second only to Slovenia in competitiveness.