First, strengthen Keynesian theory and develop state monopoly capitalism. After the war, the Japanese government promoted Keynesian theory, made use of the power of state power, strengthened the intervention, guidance and control of economic life, and developed state monopoly capitalism. 1, strengthen the planning of capitalist economy. In the early postwar period, the Japanese government formulated many economic plans, such as "1948- 1949", and twice formulated the "five-year plan for economic recovery". 195 1 year drew up the' three-year plan for independent economy'. "Further promote economic development. In the middle of the postwar period, at the end of 1955, Hatoyama Cabinet formulated the Five-year Plan for Economic Self-reliance (1956-1960); 1957 65438+February, the Cabinet of Kishi Nobusuke formulated a new long-term economic plan (1958-1962); 1960 "national income multiplication plan" formulated during Ikeda's cabinet period and so on. Through these plans, some blind factors in capital competition have been avoided, and Japan's economy has a foundation for sustainable development. 2. Develop state-owned enterprises. By 1965, state-owned enterprises will account for 15.5% of Japan's total fixed assets. The development of state monopoly capitalism makes up for some defects of private monopoly capitalism and promotes the high prosperity of Japanese economy.
Second, take various measures to promote the improvement of labor productivity and increase the total capital. 1. Vigorously develop education and attach importance to cultivating talents. Japan reformed its education in 1947 and changed it to nine-year compulsory education. "Nine-year compulsory education was fully popularized in 1950, and the enrollment rate reached 99%; From 65438 to 0965, the enrollment rate of junior high school increased to 69.6%; 1970, the rate of graduating from high school to university reached 23.6%. " The government has also increased investment in education. "The education expenditure in 1950 was159.9 billion yen, and it increased to 4,024.4 billion yen in 1972, accounting for 20% of the budget of that year." Attaching great importance to educational achievements, it has provided a sufficient number of outstanding laborers and scientific and technological talents for economic modernization and has become a talent resource for Japan's rapid economic development. 2. Introduce a large number of foreign advanced technologies. The number of advanced technologies imported by Japan from abroad in 1950s: "446 items in 1950- 1954, 577 items in 1955- 1959,1960-1969. It can be seen that Japan has introduced advanced foreign technology very quickly. By 1979, Japan had systematically and massively introduced 3 1000 world advanced technologies, half of which came from the United States. The introduction is mainly through the purchase of technical patents and drawings, and then combined with domestic characteristics to improve. As a result, Japanese industry concentrated the long-term development achievements of other countries in a short time, saving huge amounts of money. "According to statistics, in 1945- 1970, Japan only spent $6 billion to get the technology developed by foreign countries18 billion." At that time, the Japanese had a slogan: "1 machine was introduced, machine 2 was made in China, and machine 3 was exported." 3. Make full use of the positive factors of traditional culture and unique enterprise management system. The excellent traditions of Japanese traditional culture, such as collectivism, education, harmony, discipline, frugality and hard work, are conducive to enhancing employees' sense of honor for enterprises, forming their loyalty to enterprises in the same boat, and are of positive significance to the high development of Japanese economy. The enterprise management system has realized expert personnel, scientific methods, technical automation and institutional efficiency. These unique management systems play a vital role in improving labor efficiency.
Third, actively implement the policy of high investment and expand the scale of investment. After the war, Japan quickly set off an investment boom. "According to the estimation of the Ministry of Economic Planning, the equipment investment of Japanese enterprises in 1956 will increase by 7.8% over the previous year, but it actually increased by 57.6%." During the period of 1955- 1970, Japan's investment in fixed assets increased by more than 1 15 times. "The ratio of Japanese government investment to government expenditure is 35% in 1960, 47% in 1965 and 52% in 1970. According to the statistics of 1977, Japanese government investment accounts for 5.6% of the gross national product, equivalent to 1.4 times that of the United States, and higher than the sum of the investments of Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy in the same year. " Fixed capital investment focuses on basic industries such as electricity, steel and machinery, and emerging industries such as electronics, chemistry and automobiles. Large-scale investment not only enabled Japan to quickly establish an industrial system with steel as the core and a series of emerging industrial sectors, but also greatly accelerated the renewal of fixed capital of various departments and improved the technical equipment and modernization level of enterprises.
Fourth, vigorously develop foreign trade. Japan has made use of the excellent ports in the Pacific Ocean to vigorously develop the export-oriented economy, and its foreign trade has grown rapidly, which has brought huge profits to Japan. In the second half of 1960s, Japan's export growth rate exceeded the production growth rate. Trade black word 1968 25 billion dollars, 1970 reached 4 billion dollars. "Japan will reinvest some of these huge profits in the production field and continue to promote Japan's economic growth. At the same time, foreign exchange reserves increased rapidly. According to statistics, "1970 was $2.005 billion (ranked tenth in the world), and 1972 increased to1836.5 billion (ranked second in the world). "These huge foreign exchange reserves have enhanced Japan's economic strength.
5. The long-term ruling of the Liberal Democratic Party has made the social and economic development relatively stable. 1955165438+1October15th, the Liberal Party of Japan and the Democratic Party merged to form the Liberal Party (LDP). The essence of the "1955" system is that it is actually a conservative one-party ruling system of the Liberal Democratic Party. Since then, Japan has begun a long history of ruling by the Liberal Democratic Party. "Judging from the ruling practice in the 1950s and 1960s, the internal and external policies of successive governments are in the same strain. On the economic front, the LDP government has extensively intervened in economic life, made plans, devoted itself to the cultivation and development of new industries, increased capital investment and adopted special measures to promote capital accumulation. Politically and socially, the government has formulated and promulgated a series of decrees aimed at achieving stability and strengthening control over the people; In the foreign policy of the LDP, successive governments have tried their best to follow the United States.
To sum up, on the ruins of World War II, the Japanese government and people built a country full of holes, devastation and nuclear fear into a modern industrial power in just 20 or 30 years. As for the inducement of its development, there are both objective reasons of the international environment after World War II and subjective reasons of Japan itself, and these two reasons work together. The rapid development of Japan's economy has had a great impact on Asia and even the whole world.