A bill of lading (B/L) is a certificate issued by the captain, the carrier or the agent of the carrier, which proves the receipt of specific goods and allows the goods to be transported to a specific destination and delivered to the consignee;

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L/C letter of credit (L/C) refers to a written guarantee document issued by the issuing bank to a third party at the request of the applicant and in accordance with its instructions, which contains a certain amount of money and is paid within a certain period of time against documents that meet the requirements. Letter of credit is the most important and commonly used payment method in international trade.

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S, T and P in STP theory are abbreviations of three English words, namely, market segmentation, target market and market positioning.

Straight-through processing (STP) is one of the network technologies of fund settlement system.