Passenger cars have special high-speed lines, so the efficiency of using them alone is also high.
The planned total mileage of China urban rail transit is 5,000 kilometers.
At present, China's urban rail transit construction has entered a peak period, and 25 cities have planned rail transit networks with a total mileage of 5,000 kilometers and a total investment of more than 800 billion yuan, among which Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities have built rail transit lines. This is the news from the seminar on investment and financing mode of China urban rail transit being held in Shenzhen.
China Development Bank has provided financing support for rail transit projects in 65,438+00 cities in China. By the end of June, 2005, CDB had promised to lend more than 60 billion yuan, with a loan balance of more than 40 billion yuan.
According to reports, urban rail transit projects such as subways are public welfare facilities with low economic benefits. However, the demand for investment and financing is huge, and it is unsustainable to rely solely on government investment. How to promote the innovation of system and mode needs to learn from the successful experience at home and abroad. To this end, the seminar introduced the successful experience of Hong Kong Metro Company in promoting the overall planning, comprehensive development and professional management of new residential areas along the line, exploring the construction, operation and investment and financing operation mode suitable for urban rail transit in the mainland, building an investment and financing platform and establishing a market mechanism to effectively promote the healthy development of urban rail transit.
Development trend of railways in various countries: building high-quality passenger dedicated lines with new ideas
The separation of passenger and freight is the trend of railway development in various countries. Especially since the fast railways represented by Shinkansen in Japan and TGV in France were put into operation, their advantages of safety, reliability, technological innovation and excellent service have brought new opportunities for the development of railways and great impetus to the development of national economy. The success of high-speed railway has effectively promoted the national economic growth and social progress, and promoted the economic development along the route. The development planning of high-speed railway is not only promoted in Europe and Asia, but also being carried out in the United States and Australia. China Railway should speed up the construction of dedicated passenger lines and rapid passenger transport networks.
The main technical policy of the railway clearly points out: "The busy trunk line with tight transportation should be built with four or more lines, and passenger and freight transportation should be carried out separately. Develop passenger dedicated lines between large and medium-sized cities, develop intercity railways in densely populated areas, and accelerate the formation of a rapid passenger transport network covering major cities in China. " For the first time in the history of Chinese railway development, the direction of passenger and freight separation was clearly put forward. With the gradual implementation of the Medium and Long-term Railway Network Planning, Wuhan-Guangzhou Zhengzhou Xi 'an, Beijing-Tianjin, Shitai and other passenger dedicated lines have been built one after another. In the construction of these passenger dedicated lines, it is necessary to learn from the experience of foreign passenger dedicated lines and build high-quality passenger dedicated lines in China.
The separation of passenger and freight is the trend of railway development in various countries.
The separation of passenger and freight is the trend of railway development in various countries. Especially since the fast railways represented by Shinkansen in Japan and TGV in France were put into operation, their advantages of safety, reliability, technological innovation and excellent service have brought new opportunities for the development of railways and great impetus to the development of national economy. The success of high-speed railway has effectively promoted the national economic growth and social progress, and promoted the economic development along the route. The development planning of high-speed railway is not only promoted in Europe and Asia, but also being carried out in the United States and Australia. From the development history of high-speed railways in these countries and the experience and lessons of railway construction in China, we can get many important inspirations.
1. Accelerate the construction of dedicated passenger lines and rapid passenger transport networks.
Railway is an important infrastructure of the country and plays a key role in the comprehensive transportation system. Since the reform and opening up, China's railways have developed rapidly, accounting for only 7.2% of the world's railways and about 24% of the world's railways. However, China Railway still cannot meet the needs of national economic and social development, especially the passenger transport capacity between large and medium-sized cities is seriously insufficient. The construction plan of European passenger transport network is to connect the capitals of more than 20 countries first, which is very important to realize European economic development. According to the medium and long-term railway network planning, passenger dedicated lines should be developed between large and medium-sized cities as soon as possible, intercity railways should be developed in densely populated areas, and the rapid passenger transport network covering major cities in China should be accelerated.
2. Adhere to technical standards to ensure construction quality. The construction of China Passenger Dedicated Line should learn from the experience and lessons of other countries' rapid railway construction. On the basis of summarizing the railway construction work in China for many years, we should adopt a brand-new construction concept, a brand-new management system and a brand-new supervision mechanism, conscientiously implement the technical policy of "advanced, mature, economical, practical and reliable" and build a high-quality passenger dedicated line.
Change the concept and go all out to build a high-quality passenger dedicated line.
Over the years, we have become accustomed to the extensive construction mode of "quota design, deadline opening and status quo transfer". The loose combination of construction and transportation has brought many sequelae, and the construction of high-quality passenger dedicated lines must not return to this strange circle. In this sense, the success or failure of the construction of passenger dedicated lines depends on the construction concept, that is, whether we can change our concepts and do all the work well under the guidance of the leap-forward development idea put forward by the party group of the Ministry.
1. Overcoming existence is a reasonable concept and establishing the concept of keeping pace with the times.
We should be soberly aware that the contradiction that China's railway construction technical standards can't meet the needs of railway leap-forward development is prominent, especially the construction concept including design, construction and management is far from the requirements of passenger dedicated line construction. In addition, the speed target value of passenger dedicated line is not the same as that of passenger-freight common line. With the increase of train speed, the effects of various forces on infrastructure often increase geometrically, which is completely different from the traditional quasi-static design of railway. This requires us to keep pace with the times, abandon all old ideas and build passenger dedicated lines according to the idea of leap-forward development.
2. Overcome the concept of inaction and establish the concept that time waits for no one.
The target value of train speed on passenger dedicated line is relatively high, so whether it can achieve higher ride comfort is the key to its success, and the key to achieve higher ride comfort is whether it can effectively control foundation settlement. There is still a big gap in our understanding on this point. Even after taking the measures of replacing roads with bridges in soft soil areas, we are still pessimistic about settlement control. Whether the passenger dedicated line can be built well is related to the interests of the party and the country and to the development of the railway. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council entrusted the railway with this glorious and arduous task. We must stand on the height of practicing the "Theory of Three Represents", realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, building a well-off society in an all-round way and realizing the leap-forward development of railways, understand and treat the passenger dedicated line project with a very strong sense of mission and urgency, and design, build and operate the rapid passenger transport network well.
3. Overcome the concept of professional division of labor and establish the concept of system theory.
The construction of dedicated passenger lines is not an isolated matter. We must use the thoughts and methods of system theory, comprehensively consider various elements, and realize their matching and optimal combination. From a big perspective, the rapid passenger transport network should be unified with the large system of nature and society, and the engineering design, engineering standards, technical equipment and operation management should meet the requirements of natural environment and economic and social development along the line; Unify with China railway network and realize the organic connection with existing lines; All kinds of facilities should be organically unified, and fixed equipment, mobile equipment and fixed and mobile equipment should be matched and coordinated to achieve the best combination; Design and construction should be unified with labor organizations and transportation organizations to create conditions for reducing staff and increasing efficiency. From the infrastructure itself, the unification of offline equipment and online equipment, and the role of offline equipment in ensuring the smoothness of online equipment; The structure of bridge and track is unified, and the performance and service life of each component in the structure are organically connected; Unify the service life of various facilities with the requirements of high-speed driving, and establish a high-quality and full-life security system; Unify the high reliability and low maintenance of all equipment, establish an efficient management system, and ensure the normal operation of equipment.
4. Overcome the concepts of equality, dependence and importance, and establish the concept of marketization.
The first-class concept can only be established in market-oriented operation, and the first-class quality can only be produced in competition. The brand left by the planned economy for many years is deeply rooted in the construction. So far, many work contents hope to undertake hereditary and technological monopoly. Although we have done a lot of work and achieved a lot of results in the technology of passenger dedicated lines, these achievements have been achieved through the competition and cooperation of all parties. In order to achieve the goal of building a high-quality and fast railway network, we must also implement the bidding system in scientific research, design, construction, material procurement and other links, conduct international bidding for many projects, adhere to the principles of openness, fairness and justice, and ensure the quality of design, construction and products.
5. Overcome the concept of big and complete, small and complete, and establish the concept of industrialized mass production.
The construction of rapid passenger transport network is a huge systematic project. Only by strict organization and scientific management can we do a good job in design and construction and adhere to specialization, standardization and rational production. From the beginning, according to the requirements of specialization, we should organize the most powerful experts in scientific research, design, manufacturing and construction in China to draw up unified technical conditions, concentrate on optimizing the most advanced scheme, and then determine the design unit and manufacturing unit through bidding to ensure the use of the best equipment in the construction of passenger dedicated lines. There are many similar projects. Although coordination is very difficult, it must be built in an industrialized way that conforms to the laws of modern railway construction in accordance with the requirements of modern enterprise management system.
6. Overcome the concept of one-sided emphasis on localization and establish the concept of using mature technology to form a late-comer advantage.
The introduction of advanced technology, joint design and production, and the localization of China brand are important ways for the development of science and technology in China, and also the policy that the railway has always adhered to for many years. It is inappropriate to emphasize localization unilaterally, even treat the introduction of advanced technology negatively in the name of protecting national industry, and oppose localization and imported technology. The development road of railway maintenance mechanization in China is the combination of technology and trade. Starting with the introduction of the most advanced equipment and technology in the world, relevant factories and scientific research units are organized to digest and absorb key technologies. The localization rate has gradually increased, and now it has reached more than 70%. Under the guidance of this policy, China's large-scale road maintenance machinery has developed rapidly. The 08-32 tamping car has produced more than 100 by itself, reaching the level of the original local machinery, meeting the needs of railway development and saving a lot of foreign exchange. At present, 09-32 tamping machine has been localized, providing more than 20 sets for the domestic market, greatly improving the equipment level of road maintenance machinery. Stabilizer car, ballast shaping car and screen cleaning car have also been successfully localized. If we go along the road of closing to the outside world, the road of highway maintenance mechanization in China will be delayed for at least 20 years.
7. Overcome the concept that rules apply to everything and establish the concept of taking full responsibility for quality.
Rules and regulations are the basis of our work, but in the process of implementing rules and regulations, we should proceed from reality and get satisfactory results because of different situations. For example, the minimum curve radius is a basic technical index in railway laws and regulations of various countries, but there is a world of difference between China and foreign countries when implementing this regulation. According to common sense, the minimum curve radius should be selected through detailed technical and economic comparison, which is also implemented abroad. But over the years, in order to save construction investment, we have used a large number of small radius curves regardless of the specific situation, which has brought great difficulties to the operation and caused a substantial increase in operating costs. A design that completely meets the specified requirements is not necessarily the best design. Regulation is the minimum requirement in design and must be optimized according to the actual situation. If you just apply the rules mechanically, it will often be counterproductive. The shortest slope length is widely used in the design of Qinhuangdao-Shenyang passenger dedicated line, which leads to frequent longitudinal collisions in train operation; The approach bridge of Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge adopts T-beam and light pier without transverse connection, which leads to the lateral amplitude of the bridge exceeding the limit and the long-term speed-limited operation. , and the design does not violate the specification requirements, but the operation practice proves that it is a failed design.
8. Overcome the task viewpoint and establish the concept of equipment life cycle.
Passenger dedicated line is an important national infrastructure, and the Ministry leaders clearly put forward that the service life of the main structure should reach 100 years. For many years, the requirement of durability has not been paid attention to in railway engineering in China. Generally, after the project is handed over, the design and engineering contractors will no longer bear the obligations and responsibilities related to environmental damage, restoration and reconstruction during use, resulting in insufficient durability and a large number of economic losses. 1998 "People's Republic of China (PRC) Building Law" and "Regulations on Quality Management of Construction Projects" issued by the State Council in 2000 all stipulate that the service life of building structures should be indicated. As an important industry in the national economy, railways should take the lead in implementing legal provisions, but in fact, railways are relatively backward in this regard. It is necessary to take the passenger dedicated line construction as an opportunity to introduce the concept of life cycle, formulate technical standards, strengthen quality control, and ensure the service life of the main structure 100 years.
Another aspect of establishing the concept of equipment life cycle is the construction quality. In the new line construction, due to the protection of the current handover policy, the phenomenon of poor construction quality is not uncommon. There are many common diseases such as false subgrade filling pressure, false bridge and tunnel foundation measurement, false smooth tunnel lining and mortar masonry. These low-level problems greatly reduce the service life of the equipment and seriously endanger the driving safety, so they must be completely eliminated in the construction of passenger dedicated lines.
Top Ten Railway Trunks in China
Author: Lin Qidong
Railway network is a railway network system composed of interconnected railway trunk lines, branch lines, tie lines and railway hubs. At present, China has formed a railway network skeleton with Beijing as the center and provincial capital cities as the center, connecting many railway hubs of different sizes, and the hubs have become the main trunk lines of China's railway network skeleton:
1: north-south transportation hub: Beijing-Guangzhou line
From Beijing south to Shijiazhuang, Zhengzhou, Wuhan and Changsha to Guangzhou, the southern gate of the motherland. Along the way, it runs through six provinces and cities, crosses five major river basins, passes through the North China Plain, the Two Lakes Plain and the hilly areas in the south of the Yangtze River, crosses the Nanling Mountains and connects the Pearl River Delta. It is densely populated, rich in products, developed in economy, densely populated in towns and very busy in traffic. The goods shipped to the south mainly include coal, steel, wood and export materials, while the goods shipped to the north mainly include rice, non-ferrous metals and imported materials.
2. East-west coastal traffic artery: Beijing-Shanghai line
The Beijing-Shanghai line starts from Beijing, passes through Tianjin, Jinan, Xuzhou and Nanjing, and reaches Shanghai, the largest city in China. It runs through Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai and Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, crosses four major water systems and connects North China Plain, Jianghuai Plain and Yangtze River Delta. Beijing-Shanghai line connects Beijing-Shenyang line in the north and Shanghai-Hangzhou line in the south. The Beijing-Shanghai line is an important industrial and agricultural production base in China with low terrain, dense population, numerous towns, rich coal resources and developed economy. The goods shipped to the south are mainly coal, steel, wood and cotton. The goods shipped to the north mainly include machinery, instruments and department stores.
3. The second largest transportation center running through the north and south: Beitongpu-Taijiao-Liu Jiao.
The whole line starts from Datong, Shanxi, passes through Taiyuan, Jiaozuo and Zhicheng, and reaches Liuzhou. Basically parallel to the Beijing-Guangzhou line. Along the line, it passes through five provinces (regions), spans three major river basins, and runs through the Loess Plateau, western Henan mountainous area, Jianghan plain, western Hunan mountainous area and Guangdong-Guangxi hilly area. With a total length of 2395KM, it is rich in agricultural and sideline products such as grain, cotton, oil and tobacco, and minerals such as coal and non-ferrous metals. This line plays an important role in perfecting the railway layout in China, improving the capacity of coal transportation in Shanxi and diverting the traffic between Beijing and Guangzhou.
4. Beijing-Kowloon Line, the third largest transportation hub running through the north and south.
The Beijing-Kowloon Line starts from Beijing and passes through Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangdong to Kowloon, Hong Kong. It has a total length of 2538KM, spanning five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River, and running through North China Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Dabie Mountain, Jinggangshan and Guangdong and Guangxi hills. The area along the line is not only an important producing area of agricultural and sideline products such as grain, cotton and oil in China, but also an area rich in mineral resources and tourism resources. This route plays an important role in promoting economic development along the route and maintaining Hong Kong's long-term stability and prosperity.
5. The south-north trunk line running through the southwest: Baocheng-Chengkun line.
It starts from Baoji in the north, crosses the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountain, crosses the western Sichuan Plain, flies over the Minjiang River, crosses the Jinsha River and reaches Kunming, with a total length of 1754KM. There are many mountains, rapids and dangerous beaches along the way, as well as many "underground railways and air stations". The total length of bridges and tunnels in chengdu-kunming railway accounts for 40% of the total length of the line, and the engineering difficulty is rare in the history of railway construction in the world. This line is connected with Baoji Longhai Line and Chengyu Line. Along the line is China's multi-ethnic settlements, rich in specialty products, mineral resources and forest resources. The completion of the railway has promoted the economic construction in the southwest and strengthened national unity, and it is also an important channel connecting the northwest.
6. The artery crossing the Central Plains and Northwest China: Longhai-Lanxin Line.
Lianyungang starts from the Yellow Sea in the east, passes through Zhengzhou, Xi and Lanzhou, reaches Urumqi, passes through six provinces and regions, crosses Huanghuai Plain, Yuzhong Plain, Guanzhong Plain, Loess Plateau, Hexi Corridor and Turpan Basin, and crosses Tianshan Mountains to the north of Xinjiang, with a total length of 3652KM. It is the longest railway trunk line in China, passing through several ancient capitals and famous historical and cultural cities in China, and is rich in coal, oil, cotton, storage products and other minerals along the line. The construction of this railway is of great significance for communicating the economic ties between the economically developed eastern region and the developing northwest region, promoting the economic and tourism development in the western region and consolidating the border defense. In addition, the westbound railway can go directly to the Baltic coast and Atlantic coast through Central Asia, becoming the most important "Eurasian Continental Bridge" in the world, and also a shortcut for China to Central Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The completion of this continental bridge will play an important role in developing China's foreign trade and speeding up the opening up along the border.
7. Beijing-Baotou-Baolan Line
The Beijing-Baotou line runs from Beijing westbound via Hohhot to Baotou, with a total length of 833KM, and the Baolan line runs from Baotou westbound via Yinchuan to Lanzhou, with a total length of 980KM. The line starts from Beijing in the east, crosses the mountainous area in northern Hebei, crosses Zhangbei Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau, crosses Hetao Plain and Ningxia Plain to Lanzhou, connects six provinces (cities, districts) and communicates with North China and Northwest China. There are abundant resources such as coal, iron, pond salt and phosphate rock along the line, as well as important animal husbandry bases and commodity grain bases in China. The goods shipped to the west mainly include steel, machinery and wood. The goods shipped to the east are mainly coal, ore and livestock products. This line is of great significance for promoting the economic ties between North China and Northwest China, sharing the transportation pressure of the Longhai Line, building ethnic minority areas and consolidating border defense.
8. East-west trunk line across Jiangnan: Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Hunan-Guizhou-Kunming line.
The whole line starts from Shanghai in the east, passes through six provinces and cities such as Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan, and connects the Yangtze River Delta, Jiangnan hills and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with a total length of 2677KM. It is the east-west artery that runs across the south of the Yangtze River. The eastern section of the line is densely populated, with developed industry and agriculture, and the western section is rich in coal, iron and other resources. The goods shipped to the east mainly include grain, timber and non-ferrous metals, while the goods shipped to the west mainly include steel, machinery, cement and daily necessities.
This is a railway trunk line that is parallel to the Longhai Line and the Yangtze River Line and closely connects the east and the west, which is of great significance to speeding up the economic construction of Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan.
9. Northeast Railway Network's self-provided trunk lines: Harbin-Dalian and Binzhou-Suibin lines.
The northeast railway network is centered on Harbin and Shenyang, and connected by Harbin-Dalian and Binzhou-Suibin lines, forming a "D"-shaped skeleton, connecting more than 70 trunk lines and branch lines in the whole region, which is unique and self-contained. The Harbin-Dalian line starts from Harbin in the north and passes through Changchun, Shenyang and Anshan to Dalian, with a total length of 944KM. The Harbin-Dalian line connects the major industrial centers, political centers and the largest seaport in the three northeastern provinces, passing through important agricultural areas and densely populated areas. It is one of the trunk lines with the strongest transport capacity and the largest passenger and freight volume in China, and has become the pillar of economic development in Northeast China. Binzhou-Suibin line starts from Manzhouli in the west and passes through Harbin to Suifenhe, with a total length of 1483KM. Both ends are connected with the Russian railway, which is an important international railway line with rich specialties along the way. It is the supply base of timber, grain and livestock products in China, and also the origin of oil, coal and timber.
10: trunk lines connecting the inside and outside of the customs: Beijing-Shenyang line and Beijing-Nantong line.
The Beijing-Shenyang line starts from Beijing in the south, passes through Tianjin and Qinhuangdao, passes through Shanhaiguan and reaches Shenyang along the Liaoxi Corridor, with a total length of 850KM. Along the way, it is an important city in China, and also an area where coal, steel, machinery, oil and other production bases are concentrated. It is one of the railway trunk lines with the highest passenger and freight density in China. It is also the most important channel to contact inside and outside the customs.
The Jingtong line is 870 kilometers long, from Changping, a suburb of Beijing, to Tongliao via Chifeng, Inner Mongolia. It is an important railway for Shanxi's coal clearance and timber transportation in Northeast China, and the second railway trunk line connecting North China and Northeast China, which is of great significance to reducing the transportation pressure of Beijing-Shenyang line and the economic development of eastern Inner Mongolia.