In 2009, New China celebrated its 60th birthday and entered its third 30-year development. Standing at the cusp of historical alternation, at the juncture of China's economic development and shouldering the historical mission, our generation needs to calmly review history, think about the past and sum up experiences and lessons when looking forward to the future with high spirits.
In a blink of an eye, the new China economy has experienced 60 years of ups and downs! The 60 years of new China's economy can be roughly divided into 30 years before and 30 years after the reform and opening up.
In the 30 years before the reform and opening-up, the new China economy was a government-led, highly centralized and administrative-based planned economic system.
The 30 years before the reform and opening up refers to the period from 1949 to 1978. These 30 years are mainly the initial transitional stage after the founding of New China, and the planned economy period in which the first-line brands of ceramic tiles, administrative orders and plans vertically allocate resources. During this period, bureaucratic capital was confiscated, a state-owned economy owned by the whole people was established, land reform was completed, finance and economy were unified, and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce was basically completed; Carry out planned economic construction and establish a centralized and unified economic system centered on the planned system. However, in recent 20 years, due to the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, the economy of New China experienced many ups and downs, and at the same time, New China made a preliminary exploration of the economic system in this period. In the 30 years before the reform and opening-up, the new China economy was a government-led, highly centralized and administrative-based planned economic system. In the 30 years before the reform and opening up, the economy of New China stumbled, rose and fell, advanced in twists and turns, and advanced in exploration.
After 30 years of reform and opening-up, the economic scale of New China has been expanding, and it has gradually developed into a market economic system in which the "invisible hand" of the market spontaneously allocates resources under the national macro-control.
The 30 years of reform and opening up refers to the period from 1979 to 2008, which is mainly the period of socialist modernization and the establishment of market economic system. On the basis of summing up experience and lessons, the reform and opening-up policy is put forward to develop a single public ownership economy into a diversified ownership economy with public ownership as the main body. The industrial structure has been adjusted, and the highly centralized management system has been transformed into an indirect management-oriented and macro-control management system, and the government and enterprises have been separated; Deepen the reform of the economic system, put forward the goal of establishing a socialist market economic system, push enterprises to the market, and gradually change from extensive management to intensive management. This has enhanced the vitality of enterprises, liberated and developed productive forces, and laid the foundation for sustained and rapid economic development. After 30 years of reform and opening-up, the economy of New China has taken off for 30 years and been brilliant for 30 years. During this period, the economic scale of New China has been expanding, and it has gradually developed into a market economic system in which the "invisible hand" of the market spontaneously allocates resources under the national macro-control.
The transformation of China from big to strong, from China manufacturing to China creation, must change the wrong positioning of the industrial chain.
From the seller's market 30 years before the reform and opening up to the buyer's market 30 years after the reform and opening up, from planned economy to market economy, from closed and semi-closed economy to multi-level and all-round open economy, from extensive management to intensive management, from a big agricultural country to a big manufacturing country, we have been pursuing to be bigger, but we have neglected to be stronger. We are an economic power, but we are not. China is a "world factory" and a big manufacturing country, but it is at the manufacturing end with the lowest value in the whole industrial chain. According to the analysis of Lang Xianping, a famous economist, China, which is at the manufacturing end with the lowest value in the industrial chain, has created a value of 90,000 yuan for the United States for every 1000 yuan. So the harder we work, the more we earn, the higher the brand ranking, and the richer Americans will be. It is precisely because of the wrong positioning of this industrial chain that the United States has maintained its green land and beautiful home, while China has been polluted and wasted. Therefore, it is our inevitable choice to reposition the high-end value of the industrial chain, that is, product R&D and design, raw material procurement, warehousing and transportation, order processing, wholesale operation and terminal retail, and create a transformation from China manufacturing to China to create products with high added value, high technology content, low energy consumption and low pollution.
The global financial crisis is not only a challenge, but also a golden opportunity. Whether it can stand the test will be a watershed for China to become strong and even strive to develop into a world economic center.
At present, the world is shrouded in the international financial crisis triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, and all the real economies in the world have been seriously affected, with different degrees of decline or recession, and the impact and losses caused by this financial crisis are still expanding step by step. Especially after the outbreak of the financial crisis, the virtual economy bubble in the United States burst, the market confidence dropped sharply, the dollar depreciated, and the liquidity of the domestic financial market was seriously insufficient, which not only led to the shrinking of the dollar assets of many financial institutions, but also led to the violent turmoil in the global financial market, threatening the national wealth security of some emerging economies. Although New China has been affected to some extent, the fundamentals and long-term development trend of China's economic development have not changed. After 60 years of development, the new China economy has accumulated a solid material foundation, and its economic strength, comprehensive national strength and anti-risk ability have been significantly enhanced; With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, there is huge room for infrastructure construction, industrial development, residents' consumption and ecological environment protection, and there is great potential for expanding domestic demand; The financial system is generally sound, the fiscal deficit is small, foreign exchange reserves are sufficient, domestic savings are high, and there is a large room for macroeconomic policy adjustment. According to the analysis of experts and scholars in economic circles, China's economy can still maintain the GDP growth trend of 6% to 7% in the future, and China's economy is the bright spot of the world economy. Under this historical background, China, as an important member of the world economic system, should take more responsibility for global economic development, and explore with other countries how to get out of the financial crisis, how to cooperate and develop with each other under the financial crisis, and achieve a win-win situation. At the same time, we will seize the opportunity to develop the fourth-generation industrial series through scientific and technological innovation, strive to become the leader of the fourth-generation industrial series, and eventually develop into a world financial, research and development center and a world economic center, and RMB will also become an international currency. Only in this way can China play a more important role on the world stage, help more economic entities in need and promote the orderly and benign development of the world economy.
In 2009, industries and enterprises in China are undergoing transformation. We should learn from the history of Acer's founder and his "smile curve" and extend and develop it to both ends.
The economic crisis has severely hit the economies of many developed countries. Of course, their own industries and enterprises have also suffered different degrees of recession or recession or are on the verge of bankruptcy. Therefore, 2009 is a challenge for industries and enterprises in China, and it is also an opportunity in the transition period. Then, as the economic support carriers of China, China industry and China enterprises are mostly at the manufacturing end with the lowest value in the industrial chain. How should they develop in this environment? How can we undertake corporate social responsibility and support China to eventually develop into a world economic center? Perhaps, 1993, the famous law created by the history of Acer's founders who successfully led the transformation of Acer, the "smile curve", can provide a lot of reference for the development of industries and enterprises in China. The so-called "smile curve" means that the value chain of the industry should be an arc with high added value at the upper and lower ends and low added value at the lowest end. And with the evolution of time, this arc is getting more and more curved, and both ends are getting more and more warped. At that time, the background was 1987 exchange rate liberalization in Taiwan Province province. Before that, the new Taiwan dollar, like our RMB, was undervalued. After liberalization, those foundry enterprises are all finished and will be transformed. Shi Shishi, the founder of Acer, put forward the slogan that Acer should extend to both ends. Before 1987, Acer was engaged in OEM, and OEM was the lowest point of smile curve, that is, processing, assembly and manufacturing. This is the traditional manufacturing industry. So, what are the front ends of the two ends? Refers to the upstream of the industrial chain, mainly in three aspects, one is research and development, the other is design, and the third is raw material procurement. What's at the bottom? Refers to the downstream of the industrial chain, mainly including brand marketing, sales channel management and after-sales service, including various services. The founder of Acer has been extending to both ends to build his own brand, and now he can gain a foothold in the international market. And other enterprises in Taiwan Province Province, which can survive, have actually transformed, and have their own proprietary technology, rather than simple processing, and some even become original design manufacturers. We are familiar with Japanese multinational companies such as Toyota, Samsung Electronics and Apple, which are located at both ends of the "smile curve", that is, the high value-added part of the industrial chain.
Where will China ceramic industry go in 2009?
After 30 years of national policy development, how should the building ceramics industry develop in 2009? According to statistics, at present, there are more than 4,000 ceramic enterprises, the production capacity is conservatively estimated to have exceeded 5 billion square meters, there are more than 6,000 ceramic brands, and the annual output value of ceramic products circulating in the market exceeds 500 billion yuan. The rapid development of building ceramics industry in the past 30 years can be said to benefit from the vigorous urbanization process and rapid economic growth in the 30 years of reform and opening up, and it can also be said that it is basically dominated by the seller's market for 30 years. But in the past 30 years, we have been at the lowest manufacturing end of the industrial chain. With a lot of investment, the shortage of resources is becoming more and more serious, the environmental damage is becoming more and more serious, but the return is very low; There is a serious overcapacity, and a large number of low-priced exports digest production capacity to make up for the lack of domestic demand. We have been pursuing bigger, but we have neglected stronger. We are a big producer and exporter of ceramics, but we are not a strong country in ceramics, nor is it a list of ceramic brands. Industry products imitate each other, and the homogenization is very serious. The independent research and development ability of products is low, the design and application are imperfect, the added value is low, the market consumer guide ability is poor, the market share of individual brands is low, and the internationally renowned brands are blank. ...
The global financial crisis has happened, and the road to export is getting narrower and narrower; China's economic growth is slowing down, the real estate market is sluggish, and the domestic ceramic market consumption is weak. The building ceramics industry has reached a fork in the road. Will you take the old road? Or extend to the upstream of the industrial chain? Extend downstream? This is a multiple choice question in front of our industry. Looking at the economic development of New China in the past 60 years, summing up the development experience of industries and well-known enterprises in developed countries and regions, and thinking about the "smile curve" of Acer's founder history, the answer will come out soon and the road ahead is clear. Nowadays, under the impact of western strong culture, many oriental arts almost "lost their voices". Even in the field of modern and contemporary ceramic art, which is popular all over the world, China's modern and contemporary ceramic art has not gained its due status and right to speak. Therefore, it is necessary for us to sort out the traditional ceramic art in China, find a main thread that runs through the ceramic art in China, and then understand the modern and contemporary ceramic art in China on this basis.
China was the first country to invent porcelain in the world, and primitive porcelain appeared as early as Shang Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, China's celadon technology became mature. From Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, it gradually replaced gold and silver utensils and lacquerware, and became an important utensil in people's lives. Combined with China's tea culture, it became an important utensil in China's court and literati's life. In the Song Dynasty, the firing of China porcelain reached a peak, and porcelain kilns with their own characteristics spread all over the north and south of China. There are Ru kilns, Jun kilns and Ding kilns. After the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen kilns began to rise, and the emperor set up a floating beam porcelain bureau in Jingdezhen to burn porcelain for the palace. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, not only the official kiln for producing royal porcelain was established in Jingdezhen, but also China porcelain became the largest foreign trade transaction in China at that time, which began with the discovery of European geography. Porcelain has almost become synonymous with China. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the artistry of ceramics was neglected because of the need to produce cheap and good daily necessities. It was not until the reform and opening up and the vigorous development of market economy that the ceramic art with China's classical spirit began to recover.
The core of China culture is to pursue the realm of "harmony between man and nature". When applied to ceramic art, it becomes "harmony between mind and matter". China people pay attention to ingenuity in technology, and are unwilling to use technology to destroy the internal essence of foreign objects, which is the "best essence" in the golden mean. To hone physical properties, we need to start from our own "best humanity". Physical property and human nature are in harmony and complement each other, which is the ideal realm of arts and crafts in China.
Influenced by the official kiln style, the traditional China ceramic art has a very fine division of labor. In Jingdezhen, every ceramic artist can only know one craft in his life, and bring the technology of one craft into full play. Not only is there a special person responsible for the modeling, firing and drawing of ceramics, but even the decoration of the picture is very detailed. Painters don't fill it in, and fillers don't draw it. The appearance of modern ceramic ideas and technologies has greatly changed and impacted this tradition. The emergence of new ceramic instruments and technologies, such as gas kilns, mud refiners and electric billet drawing machines, enables ceramic artists to operate independently from mud to molding to firing. A work of art is completed by the ceramic artist himself as a whole, and each part and process is the embodiment of the ceramic artist's self-thought. This is also the difference between modern ceramists and traditional artists.
Modern and contemporary ceramic art in China is basically composed of three forces: one is the natural continuation of tradition, which is mainly the ceramic artists in various traditional porcelain-producing areas, who are mostly making some traditional ceramic works according to the skills and expressions left over by their predecessors; The other is a modern ceramist influenced by western cultural concepts. Because of the westernization of his educational background and way of thinking, even if his content is China, it is inevitable to be branded with western art; There is also a kind of strength, that is, on the one hand, to learn western modern culture and understand the inner meaning of western modern art, and at the same time, to firmly root their own art in China. Their works are both domestic and international. These three forces are very important for the development and composition of contemporary ceramic art in China, but the last one will be the main force for the development of contemporary ceramic art in China in the future. What we are talking about above is the development of ceramic art itself. If we talk about the collection, we will find that the collectors in China always focus on ancient ceramics, and even if they collect contemporary ceramic art, most of them focus on some traditional works. This is caused by a cultural inertia. Collection, like creation, requires courage and vision. With the development of the times, China's collection circle will also be internationalized. With the improvement of art appreciation and the deepening of understanding of art investment, cultural inertia is no longer a binding force, and China contemporary ceramic art will be paid more and more attention.
Take China's oil painting collection as an example. At the end of last century, some avant-garde and conceptual works were almost ignored by domestic collectors. But today, these works of art are dazzling. This just shows that China's art collection has just started, and domestic collectors lack judgment and self-confidence. Another important feature is that although China contemporary ceramic art is hidden among the people and collected by some museums, it has never fully entered the market. Therefore, compared with other contemporary works of art, its price is still in the primary stage, and there is a lot of room for appreciation in the future.
The world art center in any period is in the most economically developed areas. During the period of European economic development, the world art centers were in Paris and London. Later, with the development of American economy, the art center of the world moved to new york. It is predicted that the next world art center will be Beijing. Our times need legends. The legend of the art market requires not only the unremitting efforts of artists and auction companies, but also the artistic taste and judgment of collectors. (