It refers to the worldwide application of the functions of currency, such as value scale, circulation means, storage means and payment means. With the development of international trade and the formation of the world market, money has the function of a world currency when it surpasses the domestic market and plays a role in the international market.
dollar
The dollar is another name for the dollar. Why is the dollar also called the dollar? This should start with the Bretton Woods system.
The Bretton Woods system was formed at the end of World War II. 1In July, 944, more than 300 delegates from 44 countries held the "United Nations International Monetary and Financial Conference" in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, and adopted the final resolution of the United Nations Monetary and Financial Agreement and two annexes, the International Monetary Fund Agreement and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Agreement, which were collectively called the Bretton Woods Agreement, thus establishing the Bretton Woods system centered on the US dollar.
The core contents of the Bretton Woods system include: establishing the International Monetary Fund, holding consultations on international monetary affairs, and providing financing support for short-term balance of payments deficits of member countries; The dollar is directly linked to gold, and the currencies of all countries are linked to the dollar (that is, "double peg"), and an adjustable fixed exchange rate system is implemented; Cancel foreign exchange control of current account transactions, etc. As a result, the Bretton Woods system established two international financial institutions-the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank for short). The International Monetary Fund is responsible for providing short-term funds to member countries to ensure the stability of the international monetary system; The World Bank provides long-term credit to promote the recovery and development of the world economy. These two institutions have been in operation ever since.
The Bretton Woods system promotes the stable development of international finance and provides favorable conditions for expanding international trade and world economic growth through the direct link between the US dollar and gold and the fixed exchange rate system. However, the Bretton Woods system also has its inherent defects, which are mainly manifested in the contradiction between the international reserve status and international solvency of the US dollar, the asymmetry of policy coordination between reserve currency issuers and non-reserve currency issuers, and the dilemma of internal and external goals under the fixed exchange rate system. With the development of the world economy, these inherent defects are gradually exposed.
In 1960s and 1970s, after many crises, marked by the Smithsonian Agreement of19712, the dollar depreciated against gold, and the United States refused to sell gold to foreign central banks, so the gold standard under the Bretton Woods system existed in name only. 1in February, 973, the dollar further depreciated, and the major currencies were forced to implement a floating exchange rate system under the impact of speculative forces, and the Bretton Woods system completely collapsed. Since then, the international financial situation has been turbulent, until 1976, the international community reached a "Jamaican system" with the legalization of floating exchange rate and the non-monetization of gold. However, the Jamaican system is not a strict institutional arrangement. It is a laissez-faire system, which has neither standard moderate growth constraints nor balance of payments coordination mechanism, and is called "non-system system". After the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank remain important international organizations.
Due to the history of linking the dollar with gold, it is customary to call the dollar the dollar.
AUD
The Australian dollar is the legal tender of the Commonwealth of Australia and is issued by the Reserve Bank of Australia. At present, there are 5 10, 20,50, 100 yuan of banknotes circulating in Australia, and another 1, 2,5, 10,20,50 cent coins with a carry of 65438+.
1966 16 On February 4th, Australia issued the current currency, the Australian dollar, to replace the old Australian dollar, and stipulated that 1 Australian dollar equals 1. 12 USD, which can be converted into 0.5 Australian dollar. 197 15 After the floating exchange rate of the US dollar was implemented on August 23rd, the Australian dollar began to be pegged to the British pound on February 23rd, and the US dollar depreciated by 65,438. Australia announced that the gold content of the Australian dollar would remain unchanged (i.e. 0.9953 1 g). On June 23rd, the official exchange rate of the Australian dollar rose to/kloc-0 1.2608.00000000066, 1972. With the disintegration of the pound zone, the preferential treatment enjoyed by the Australian dollar ended.
1On September 25th, 974, Australia re-implemented the effective exchange rate system. The Australian dollar was no longer linked to the US dollar, but linked to a basket of 20 currencies of Australia's major trading partners, and a managed floating exchange rate system was implemented. 1976165438+1On October 29th, the effective exchange rate of the Australian dollar depreciated 17.5%.
1983 12 12, Australia abolished the effective management floating exchange rate of the Australian dollar pegged to a basket of trade-weighted currencies and implemented free floating, thus Australia abolished all foreign exchange controls. At present, the Australian dollar has become one of the important hard currency and investment tools in the international financial market.
Brazilian currency (Brazilian Cruzeiro)
At present, there are tricks of cheating with Brazilian coins in some places, which leads many people to think that Brazilian coins are worthless. In fact, those who cheat use outdated old Brazilian coins (Cruzeiro and Cruzado, old and new), with a large face value, and the maximum face value is 500,000. Even in Brazil, the money can't be used now! Here is a brief introduction to Brazilian currency: the name and denomination of Brazilian currency have changed greatly in history, especially the heavy foreign debt burden and hyperinflation in recent years. It is one of the countries with the largest currency depreciation in Latin America. The monetary system adopted by Brazil since its independence is as follows: 1833 ~ 1942, 1 real equals 1000 real; From 1942 to 1967, 1 Cruzeiro equals 100 integral; From 1967 to 1985, 1 new Cruzeiro equals 1000 old Cruzeiro; 1986 to 1989, 1 Cruzado equals 1000 Nuevo Cruzeiro; 1989- 1990 New Cruzado equals 1000 Cruzado. 1 March 990 16, Brazil reissued Cruzeiro to replace New Cruzado, and the local and secondary market systems with exchange rates of 1: 1,1Cruzeiro were equal to 100 Centavos. On the dates of 199 1, 12, 3 1, Cruzeiro's buying and selling prices were 1068.70 and 1068.80 to 1 respectively. 1993 Brazil issues a new currency, Cruzeiro Real, 1 Cruzeiro Real equals 1000 Cruzeiro. However, the real of Cruzeiro only circulated for 1 year and a half, so Brazil adopted a new currency-1 June 1994 1 day, and the real of1was equal to 2750 Cruzeiro real. At that time, the exchange rate was 1 real = 1 USD. The highest exchange rate was R $0.83 = US$ 65,438 +0, but then it depreciated to R $3.5 = US$ 65,438 +0. After that, it rebounded. The current exchange rate of the real is: 1 USD =2.2863 real (exchange rate on June 3, 2006); Note: (Calculated at the exchange rate of June 3, 2006 1 real =3.509 16 RMB). The real posted in this article is the second edition of the real currency sample issued by the Central Bank of Brazil in 2003.
pound
pound
Pound; ￡ ?
The unit of currency in Britain. Its tokens and carry were originally 1 pound equal to 20 shillings, and 1 shilling equal to 12 pence. From 1972, 1 GBP equals 100, the new pence is changed to decimal. The denominations of banknotes in circulation are 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 pounds, and the denominations of coins are 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 50 pence. 182 1 year Britain officially implemented the gold standard, and the pound became the standard monetary unit, stipulating that the gold content of 1 pound was 7.32238 grams. During World War I, Britain stopped implementing the gold standard. 1925 implemented the gold bar standard (see gold standard), 193 1 year was abandoned, and the pound became cashless paper money. From19th century to the beginning of 20th century, the pound has been the most important international payment means and reserve currency in the capitalist world. However, after World War I, the status of the pound as an international reserve currency tended to decline and was replaced by the dollar. 1 946 65438+February 18 agreed that1gold content is 3.58134g. In September 1949, the pound depreciated by 30.5%, and the exchange rate against the US dollar fell from1:4.03 to1:2.80. 1 967110 depreciated again in October 14.3%, and the exchange rate against the US dollar fell to 1: 2.40, and1gold content was changed to 2.130. A floating exchange rate of 1972 was implemented in June. Since then, the pound has been falling more and rising less, accounting for only 1.5% of the foreign exchange reserves of 76 countries at the end of 1977. The pound is no longer an international reserve currency.
English full name: pound.
currency conversion
1 = 100p
Currency: 1/2, 1, 2,5, 1 0,20,50p,1.
Text introduction
National emblem:
It is also the symbol of the king. Two groups of three golden lions on the shield symbolize England, the red lion symbolizes Scotland, and the harp symbolizes Ireland. On both sides are lions representing England and unicorns representing Scotland. Around the coat of arms is written "what goes around comes around" in French. Hanging at the bottom is the Guardian Medal, and the ribbon says, "God has God, I have rights." At the top of the coat of arms are helmets, crowns and lions.
National flag:
This is a rice flag. The red cross with white border in the flag represents St. George, St. Andrew and St. Patrick. This flag consists of the red cross flag of England, the white cross flag of Scotland and the red cross flag of Ireland.
Token name: the name of the penny country
Country name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
National Chinese abbreviation: Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Mainland: Europe
Area: 244 100 km2
capital
Capital: London
English name of the capital: London
Introduction and history
An island country in western Europe. It consists of Great Britain (including England, Scotland and Wales), northeastern Ireland and some small islands.
From 1 to the 5th century, southeast England was ruled by the Roman Empire. Post-Anglo, Saxon and Jutes invaded one after another. Feudalism began to take shape in the 7th century. The unification of England in 829 was called the "Anglo-Saxon era". 1066 The Duke of Normandy crossed the sea to conquer England and establish the Normandy dynasty. /kloc-the bourgeois revolution broke out in 0/640, and 19 announced the establishment of the * * * Republic in May. 1660 restored the dynasty, 1668 established a constitutional monarchy.
Open classification:
Social, economic, British, monetary
Singapore dollar
Singapore dollar (SGD) is the basic unit of legal tender in Singapore, and S(selat) means Strait.
The development of history
1On August 9, 1965, Singapore declared its independence.1On February 22, 1965, the Republic of China was established, but it still used Malaysian dollars. The legal exchange rate of 8.5 142 mA is equal to 1, and 3.0 122 mA is equal to 1 USD. 1967, 12 In June, the former Joint Monetary Fund Committee stopped issuing Malaysian dollars, and the Singapore government issued its own Singapore dollar to replace Malaysian dollars. In the same year 165438+ 10/8, the pound depreciated, and on June 19, Singapore announced that the gold content of the Singapore dollar would remain unchanged. 197 1 year 65438+February 18 USD depreciated, but the gold content of Singapore dollar remained unchanged. 1after the pound floated on June 23, 972, the Singapore dollar was pegged to the dollar instead of the pound. 1973 On June 20th, Singapore implemented a floating real exchange rate system.
money
Singapore's currency is divided into paper money and coins, and recently plastic coins have been issued. At present, there are Singapore dollars in circulation in Singapore, such as 10000, 100, 500, 100, 50, 20, 1 0, 5, 1 yuan, and1yuan. Starting from the "Portrait Series", banknotes also stopped issuing denominations of 1 yuan, and only denominations above 2 yuan were issued.
banknote
☆ Hu Jihua series (1967- 1976)
☆ Bird Series (1976- 1984)
☆ Ship series (1984- 1999)
☆ Portrait series (1999-), denomination 2 yuan, released in plastic version in 2006.
coin
☆ Fish series (1967- 1985)
☆ Flower series (1985-)
draw
picture
National flag and national emblem
Pictures of national flag and national emblem
picture
Chinese full name: Singapore dollar
currency conversion
1 yuan = 100 integral.
Currency: 1, 5, 10, 20,50 minutes, 1 yuan.
Text introduction
National flag:
There is a white crescent moon and five white five-pointed stars in the upper left corner. Red represents human equality, white symbolizes purity and virtue, the new moon symbolizes the country, and the five stars symbolize the idea of establishing democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality.
National emblem:
It consists of coat of arms and patterns such as lions and tigers. There is a national flag pattern on the red shield. The lion on the left symbolizes Singapore, and the tiger on the right symbolizes the historical ties between the country and Malaysia. Under the red shield are palm branches and leaves, and the ribbon says "Go ahead, Singapore!" " In Malay.
Sub-currency name: Sub-country name
Country names: Singapore * * * and People's Republic of China (PRC).
Chinese abbreviation for country: Singapore
English name of country: Republic of Singapore.
Mainland: Asia
Area: 6 18 km2
Introduction and history
City country. Located at the southern tip of Malay Peninsula.
Formerly known as Sima Xi, it was founded in the 8th century and belonged to the lost dynasty of Baolifo in Indonesia. 18 ~19th century was a part of the kingdom of Johor in Malaya. 1824 became a British colony. 1942 Japanese invasion. 1945 Britain resumed colonial rule and was designated as a British crown colony the following year. June 1959 implemented internal autonomy and became an autonomous state. 1963 September 16 merged into Malaysia. 1On August 9th, 965, the Republic of China was established from Malaysia, and it joined the Commonwealth in June 54381October.
won
Won (? Won) is the monetary unit of Korea. China people sometimes use the old name "er" (? , Hwan). Issued by Bank of Korea, Bank of Korea.
exchange rate
Date: June 28th, 2005
British pound (GBP): 1,857
Euro? 1,234
Dollar (USD):? 1,020
Singapore dollar (SGD):? 607
For Hong Kong dollars (HKD):? 13 1
Against the yen: 9
Circulation paper money
1000 won (front: portrait of tuixi Li Lian, back: Taoshan Academy)
5,000 won (front: portrait of Guli Li Er, back: Wu)
10000 won (front: portrait of King Sejong, back: Qinghui Building)
Circulation hard goods
1 circle
5 round (brass)
10 circle (brass, diameter 22.8 mm, 4.0 g)
50 Yuan (white copper, diameter 21.6mm, 4. 1 g)
100 Yuan (white copper, diameter 24mm, 5.4g)
500 yuan (white copper, diameter 26.5mm, 7.7g)
Deutsche Mark
Deutsche Mark is issued by Deutsche Bank. 1 mark equals 100 finney. At present, there are 5 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 marks in circulation, and 1 000 marks are also in circulation.
After World War II, Germany still used old currencies-Imperial Mark, Liedanmark and Occupation Mark. Due to the increasingly serious domestic inflation, on June 1948 and 19, the military occupation authorities of the United States, Britain and France announced the currency reform in their occupied areas, stipulating that a new currency "Deutsche Mark" would be issued from June 20. The exchange rate of the new mark against the US dollar is 1, which is equal to 3.333 marks. In September 1949, 19, due to the depreciation of the pound, the mark also depreciated by 20.6%, and the exchange rate became 1 USD, which was equal to 4.20 marks. 1 95365438+1October 30th, the German Federal Bank stipulated for the first time that the gold content in the mark was 0.2 1 1588g, and the official exchange rate was1USD, which was equal to 4.20 marks. After the war, the economy of the Federal Republic of Germany grew rapidly and its foreign trade expanded rapidly. With the growth of trade surplus, the balance of payments surplus continues to expand, and foreign exchange reserves are increasing day by day. 1 959 65438+1October1day, Deutsche Bank decided to implement the free exchange of marks. On March 4th, 196 1, the Rimark appreciated by 4.76%, and the gold content increased to 0.222 168g. The official exchange rate against the US dollar is 1, which is equal to 4.00 marks. 1 On September 29th, 969, Deutsche Bank no longer intervened in the market, maintaining the official exchange rate of 4 marks1USD, and the mark exchange rate floated freely. In the same year 1 October 26th 10, the mark appreciated by 9.3%, and the gold content also increased to 0.242806g The official exchange rate was1USD, which was equal to 3.66 marks. 1971may 10, the mark exchange rate floated freely again. On February 20th of the same year, the 65438+ mark rose to 1 USD, which was equal to $3.2225. Deutsche Bank no longer announced the gold content of the mark. 1On April 24th, 972, the Federal Republic of Germany announced the implementation of the regulation that the fluctuation range of the currency exchange rate of European member states should not exceed 2.25%. After the depreciation of 1 973 in February 14, the exchange rate of the mark against the US dollar center was set at1,which was equal to 2.9003 mark. From March 19 of the same year, eight western European countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany, formed a joint floating group, and the fluctuation range of its currency exchange rate was set at 2.25%, and the mark appreciated by 3%. 1979, 13 In March, the European monetary system was formally established. With the Federal Republic of Germany as a member country, the exchange rate fluctuation between the mark and other member countries was limited to 2.25%, making the mark the main currency in the European monetary system. Since the 1970s, due to the rapid economic growth of the Federal Republic of Germany, the international status of the mark has been rising day by day, becoming one of the major international reserve currencies and one of the five fixed-value currencies of the SDR. 1990 10 3. After the reunification of Germany, the former Deutsche Mark was the legal tender in circulation, also called Deutsche Mark.
swiss franc
The Swiss franc is the legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein and is issued by the Swiss Central Bank.
Swiss franc is hard currency. Most of Switzerland's neighbors use the euro. Switzerland also has shops and institutions that use the euro.
By June 2005, 65,438+1 October 1 Swiss franc was equivalent to 0.8581kloc-0/USD and 0.646,289 Euro.
Swiss franc notes are brightly colored and well designed and printed. 10 yuan The head on the RMB is le corbusier, a Swiss-born architect, although most of his important architectural activities took place outside Switzerland. On the note of 100 yuan is the sculptor giacometti and his works.
Since 1907, the Swiss National Bank has issued several editions of banknotes. Due to the long circulation time, some of these banknotes have been counterfeit, so they didn't stop circulating until 1980, and some of them have lost their legal value.
For all kinds of banknotes that have stopped circulating, the Swiss National Bank stipulates that they can still be accepted against the circulating currency within 20 years from the date of stopping circulation, and will lose their legal value after more than 20 years. Therefore, in case of paper money that stops circulating on or after 1980, it can be handled by collection.
The Swiss National Bank issued a series of new banknotes from 1995. At present, 200, 50, 20, 10 Swiss francs have been issued.
Main printing functions:
The printing of Swiss francs is very unique, that is, the portrait composed of corrugated lines is printed in deep intaglio to form a fine corrugated horizontal net. The change of latitude thickness and height makes the portrait appear bright and dark areas. You can see the printed lines and the space separating the lines vertically, and display the normal image vertically. Looking sideways, the high line covers the blank, the dark area becomes dense, and the portrait becomes dark, clearly showing four white anti-counterfeiting lines. Blue fluorescent ink is used in the middle of the banknote; The ground print pattern is cleverly hidden in the flower pattern.
The format and anti-counterfeiting technology of the new series of Swiss franc banknotes have changed greatly. The horizontal version is changed to the vertical version, and the domain divided by the letter "A-H" on the left has anti-counterfeiting measures: the watermark is a front portrait; Safety rope window opening; There is a cross seal on the top of the banknote; There is a dynamic hologram in the middle of the front, and there are denomination numbers in the hologram; There are abbreviated characters in the geometric figure in the middle of the front; Under the purple light, there are fluorescent fibers and denomination figures, and the front portrait is half reflective.
draw
picture
National flag and national emblem
Pictures of national flag and national emblem
picture
Chinese full name: Swiss franc
currency conversion
1 franc = 100 centimes
Currency:1.2,5,10.20,50cm and1.2,5 francs.
Text introduction
National emblem:
This is a coat of arms. The design and color are the same as the national flag.
National flag:
Square red and white cross flag. It symbolizes the unity of the country.
Token name: name of country of birth.
Name of country: Swiss Confederation
Chinese abbreviation for country: Switzerland
English name of country name: Swiss Confederation
Mainland: Europe
Area: 41293.2km2.
capital
Capital: Bern
English name of the capital: Bern
Introduction and history
Central European landlocked countries.
1 291August1was established. 18 15 The Vienna Conference confirmed Switzerland as a permanent neutral country. 1848 promulgated the Constitution, established the Federal Council and became a unified federal state.