A, project bidding budgeting skills
Project bidding is a one-time decision-making behavior, and project budget is the premise of bidding work. The accuracy and reliability of budget directly affect the scientificity and rationality of project quotation. To ensure the reliability of project bidding budget preparation, it is necessary to fully analyze the owner's intention, master other operating rules, narrow the gap between the owner's budget price and the bidding budget price, and improve the possibility of winning the bid in the project bidding market.
(a) Inspection quantity
Before compiling the tender budget, we must read and study the tender documents carefully and thoroughly understand the spirit, intention and requirements of the documents. When preparing the budget, we should actively respond to the requirements of the tender documents. If the construction period is not required in winter, the relevant rates of winter construction will not be taken, and the special amount and provisional amount specified in the document shall not be changed at will, otherwise the probability of winning the bid will be reduced. After understanding the requirements of the tender documents, the bidder must verify the engineering quantity in the bill of quantities and the corresponding engineering quantity in the design drawings, list the inconsistent engineering quantities one by one, and ask the owner to clarify. However, if there is no addendum or answer to the questions raised by the owner, the bidder shall not change them without authorization, and must budget according to the quantities in the list to avoid the possibility that the reasonable price is invalid due to different understanding of the bidding documents. Influence of some common problems in current design documents on cost compilation;
(1) Problems arising from the lack of communication between professional working groups in design, such as the lack of communication and inspection between the engineer who designed the drainage facilities of a certain road section and the protection engineer who designed the road section, often lead to the duplication of the protection and drainage design of the road section, which brings a lot of inconvenience to the bidding quotation of the construction unit and the future measurement work;
(2) The amount of trench excavation has been included in subgrade earthwork, but it has been redesigned in pavement engineering;
(3) When calculating the users, debits and discards in the subgrade earthwork bill of quantities, the coefficient of converting natural compactors into compactors is not adjusted, or the adjustment does not match the electromechanical installation level, resulting in incorrect calculation of users, debits and discards; In this table, the amount of earthwork increased by road gene clearing topsoil, tamping before filling and widening filling has not been allocated and calculated, which makes this amount omitted in the design stage, but it happened again in the implementation, which is very unfavorable to the control of earthwork in Wei Ping area. For all kinds of problems in the above-mentioned design documents, cost compilers often fail to find them in time because of tight time and heavy tasks, which makes the cost compilation of some projects poor, wrong, heavy and leaking, and affects the rationality of project cost compilation.
(two) familiar with the tender documents
The owner's overview of the project, technical standards, measurement principles and announcements of evaluation and calibration are all stated in the bidding documents. Bidding enterprises should focus on analyzing the bidding instructions, contract terms, drawing design and special requirements in the bidding documents, and grasp the main design intent of the owner. When preparing the tender budget, we should have a strict working attitude, use scientific methods, and prepare according to the relevant provisions of the state on quota, charging standards, equipment and materials prices and tender documents.
(3) Reasonable investigation of bidding enterprises
When bidding, it is necessary to inspect the situation of the project construction site. In the process of bidding, the quotation put forward by the bidding enterprise is usually considered to be compiled after investigating the situation of the project construction site. After the bidding enterprise submits the quotation, it cannot modify the problems left over from the incomplete on-site investigation. Therefore, when bidding enterprises inspect the construction site, they need to have a comprehensive understanding of their own design drawings and the local topography, climate, traffic, material prices and development conditions of the construction site, and make a reasonable prediction on the development trend of material prices. According to the local effective pricing regulations, prepare the project bidding budget. If there are no relevant provisions in the bidding documents, you must consult the local management department and get a definite answer.
(D) Reasonable preparation of the project budget
When determining the cost of engineering construction technology compiled by project budget personnel, the owner uses simple, general and conventional construction technology to calculate the engineering quantity, and will not consider the new technology and technology adopted by some construction enterprises. Therefore, bidding enterprises must also abide by this principle when compiling the project budget. Ambiguous construction should be judged according to the owner's design intention and traditional habits.
(5) Accurate application of quota
In order to prevent wrong sets and conversion errors, it is necessary to apply the quota subtitle accurately and according to the engineering requirements. In the preparation of project bidding budget, the selection of quota needs to comply with the following rules:
(1) according to the provisions of the design documents and the quantity of engineering, it is decomposed into multiple details corresponding to the quota subtitle, and the unit price of each detail is calculated and merged into the comprehensive unit price of the project;
(2) If the equipment in the quota is inconsistent with the equipment in the construction scheme, the quota cannot be adjusted at this time;
(3) strictly implement the equipment amortization expenses specified in the quota subtitle, and shall not be modified at will unless otherwise specified in the tender documents;
(4) If there are no special requirements in the bidding documents, the processing of raw materials considered in the quota cannot be changed to finished or semi-finished materials and added to the budget.
(VI) Analysis of project bidding
Verify and analyze the project bidding budget, find out the feasibility and risks in the budget, and put forward effective suggestions for the project bidding quotation. According to the results of verification, the budget can be adjusted appropriately and reasonably, and the adjusted budget can be analyzed again. Different budget makers have different considerations about the project, and the budget results will be more or less different. Therefore, the purpose of reanalysis is to understand and narrow the gap between the project bidding budget and the owner's budget.
Second, the preparation of the tender budget
According to the checked or supplemented quantities and the data collected on site, the bidder shall reasonably apply the quota in combination with the bidding documents, design drawings, bidding document templates and construction organization design to ensure the correctness of the project cost. The budget process is as follows: (1) Collect and sort out the valuation basis: (1) Project valuation category; (2) the implementation of quota and charging standards; (3) policy adjustment documents for labor, materials and mechanical equipment; (4) the pricing method of materials and equipment and the responsibility of procurement, transportation and storage; (5) Bill of quantities.
(2) According to the approved quantities, quota and unit price, the total price of each project is calculated step by step, and the direct cost is calculated. Then, according to the rates and statutory tax rates formulated by the relevant departments, the indirect costs, planned profits and taxes are calculated in turn, and the total project cost is obtained. The whole calculation process should be rechecked repeatedly to ensure the correctness of the total cost of the foundation project based on the quotation.
After the budget preparation is completed, it must be reviewed by others, and there can be no mistakes. If there is a big difference from the previous budget, we should analyze it carefully and find out the reasons until we agree.
Third, the strategy of reasonable quotation in project bidding
In the process of project bidding, quotation is the key link. After the project bidding budget is determined, it is necessary to use a variety of scientific methods to determine and analyze the project quotation. The project bidding quotation is based on the budget. It is necessary to fully understand the owner's previous bidding and bid selection, summarize the bidders' situation in previous project bidding, be aware of it, and finally determine the project bidding quotation in combination with the relevant requirements in the bidding documents. In order to make the quotation reach the most scientific and reasonable value, the bidding enterprises need to do the following work before determining the project bidding quotation.
(1) Accurate quotation
According to the relevant understanding, in the project bidding work, the same owner will have some habitual practices, especially the method of evaluating the benchmark price is almost the same. In order to accurately quote the project bidding, we must first understand the owner's bid evaluation method, the relationship between the owner's budget price and the pre-tender price and the specific requirements of bidding, master the winning bid price decided by the owner in the pre-project bidding process, and use targeted strategies to make the quotation more scientific and reasonable.
(2) Collecting information
Collect the information of all colleagues who participated in the bidding. For example, the technical strength, mechanical equipment, operating conditions and bidding strategies adopted by other bidding enterprises. , comprehensive analysis of the actual bidding situation, determine the main competitors of this project bidding, understand the strategies and quotation levels used by the main competitors in previous bids, and predict their possible strategies and quotation levels in this project bidding. According to the principle of owner's bid evaluation, the bidding level of bidding enterprises in this project bidding is determined, so that the quotation of enterprises can reach the winning price in the project bidding. If the owner can't grasp the basic information and quotation level of the main competitors when using the comprehensive pre-tender estimate, it is difficult to determine the most scientific and reasonable quotation.
(3) Construction cost analysis
Only by comprehensively analyzing the project cost can the quotation be effectively and reasonably determined. Cost analysis is the premise of quotation determination, and it can also predict and calculate the interests of bidding enterprises. When analyzing the bidding price cost, it is necessary to predict the influencing factors such as delay in construction period, unstable material price and rising wages of construction workers. The change of foreign exchange rate and the proportion of foreign exchange paid by bidding will directly affect the profit efficiency of bidding enterprises. Therefore, when bidding, bidding enterprises should combine the actual situation of their own enterprises, fully consider the interests of enterprises, and work out the red line cost of the project before bidding. In order to ensure the reliability of the red line cost, relevant managers must formulate corresponding management measures according to the actual management level and optimized construction scheme of the enterprise and the current market price. When bidding, bidding enterprises can also make use of the principle of guaranteed capital and low profit to bid.
Four, the matters needing attention in the preparation of tender budget
(a) bidding for contracted projects, quotation is the core of bidding. At present, the practice in Gansu Province is that when the bidding documents are correct, the score ratio of bidding quotation is 100%. The calculation steps of the bid benchmark price are as follows: At the bid opening site, the tenderee will calculate and publish the bid evaluation benchmark price on the spot according to the situation of bidders and the control price announced by the tenderee.
(1) Determination of bid evaluation price: bid evaluation price = literal quotation in the tender letter-tentative evaluation-tentative amount.
(2) Calculation of average bid evaluation price: The tenderer sets the upper limit of bid control price, which will be published in the form of addendum 5 days before the deadline for submission of bid documents. Except for the tender offer declared invalid at the bid opening site, the arithmetic average of all bidders' bid evaluation prices after removing a highest value and a lowest value is the average bid evaluation price (if there are less than five effective bidders participating in the calculation of the average bid evaluation price, the highest value and the lowest value are not removed when calculating the average bid evaluation price).
(3) Determination of the bid evaluation benchmark price: The tenderer sets the range of the downward floating coefficient n of the bid evaluation benchmark price (n will be published in the form of addendum five days before the deadline for submission of bid documents), and the bidding supervisor randomly selects the downward floating coefficient on site, and the average bid evaluation price is multiplied by (1-n) as the bid evaluation benchmark price. If the bidder thinks that the calculation of the bid evaluation benchmark price is wrong, it has the right to propose it by fax at the time of bid opening, and can announce the bid evaluation benchmark price again after being verified and confirmed by the bid evaluation supervisor on the spot. The confirmed bid evaluation benchmark price remains unchanged throughout the bid evaluation period, and does not change with the number of bidders who have passed the preliminary evaluation and detailed evaluation. Calculation formula of deviation rate of bid evaluation price: deviation value = 100% (bidder's bid evaluation price-bid evaluation benchmark price)/bid evaluation benchmark price.
(2) In view of the importance of bid quotation, the following points should be considered before quotation:
(1) Strengthen the analysis and research of engineering technical and economic indicators, compare similar projects horizontally, or compare them with similar projects of other projects, re-analyze and check the project quantities with abnormal indicators one by one, find out the reasons and correct the mistakes.
(2) The cost compilers should go deep into the field investigation, make a detailed investigation on the yard distribution, material quality, production capacity, transportation conditions and transportation distance of local materials along the project, and also investigate the actual price of electromechanical installation materials built or under construction in this area, carefully analyze the specific economic characteristics of the proposed project, and reasonably determine the original price and transportation distance of local materials.
(3) In view of the frequent price changes of steel, cement and fuel, the cost personnel should strengthen the collection, analysis and collation of steel market price information, analyze and utilize the material information published in each period of the province where the project is located, and prepare the budget on this basis. At ordinary times, we should also pay attention to the analysis and prediction of the changing trend of steel market and fuel market by authoritative departments to help reasonably determine the original price level of materials.
(4) Using unbalanced quotation method
For example, for projects such as earthwork, which are difficult to calculate the exact quantities and estimate the need to increase the quantities, the unit price can be higher, which will not affect the total bid price and make more profits. Due to the large scale of modern electromechanical installation and construction, the consumption of various materials is large, the comprehensive management level of enterprises is constantly improving, and the detection means and technology are becoming more and more scientific. According to the actual situation of the unit, the cost personnel prepare the project bidding budget, strive to improve the competitiveness of the unit and create conditions for the unit to obtain better construction market and economic benefits.
(5) At present, the bidding in Gansu Province is to announce the control price of the project first, then average it according to the quotation of the construction unit, then extract the downward adjustment coefficient to determine the benchmark price of bid evaluation, and finally score the quotation of the construction unit according to the benchmark price of bid evaluation, with the highest score being the winning unit. Therefore, it is required to compare and analyze the control price and the budget price after the budget preparation is completed, and find out the reasons for the gap between them. If the budget price is too different from the control price under the correct circumstances, which can not bring too much benefit to the unit, you can bid cautiously and give up the chance of winning the bid.
For electromechanical installation engineering, reasonable bidding strategy and application method are important guarantees for winning the bid. Only by improving the accuracy of quotation can we better carry out the task and ensure the profit level of enterprises.
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