Expanding trade in goods and services is the basic form of opening to the outside world. Classical economics and modern economics tell us that we can gain absolute advantages and adjust the surplus and deficiency through international trade; You can also obtain comparative benefits and save social labor. Export will encourage capital to invest in the most effective areas and carry out large-scale and specialized production for the international market, thus realizing economies of scale. At the same time, it can also promote the introduction of foreign capital, technology and management knowledge. It produces round after round of chain reaction through "multiplier" effect, which promotes the rapid development of economy. Therefore, we should strive to expand trade in goods and services and actively explore the international market. Specific efforts should be made in the following aspects: pay attention to space expansion and implement market diversification strategy, which will not only consolidate traditional markets, but also open up emerging markets and enhance the ability to resist risks. We should attach importance to the improvement of quality, persist in winning by quality, and improve the technical content and added value of exported goods and services. Accelerate the construction of export bases for high-tech products, strive to promote the export of high-tech products, expand the market share of famous brand mechanical and electrical products, and transform the export commodity structure of China from low-tech products with low added value to high-tech products with high added value. It is also necessary to optimize the import structure and focus on introducing advanced technology and key equipment; We should promote the diversification of import of important strategic materials related to the survival and development of the country; It is necessary to establish the necessary strategic reserve system.
3. The establishment of special economic zones is a special form of opening to the outside world suitable for China's national conditions. The special zone is a window of technology, management and knowledge, a window of foreign policy and an open base. By setting up special economic zones, exploring the road of reform and opening up and gaining valuable experience, we can promote the reform and opening up in coastal areas and even the whole country. Since the birth of China Special Economic Zone, its fate has been closely linked with reform, opening up and modernization. It can be said that without the practice of opening up special economic zones to the outside world, it is impossible to form the current all-round opening pattern.
Under the new situation of joining the WTO, we will raise the level of opening up in an all-round way.
China's accession to the WTO marks a new stage of opening to the outside world. In this new stage, there will naturally be new features and new tasks, and new strategies will be implemented. From the new characteristics, it is under the condition of joining the WTO that China has further integrated into the environment of economic globalization, and the competition in the domestic market is more closely combined with the competition in the international market. From the new task, it is to comprehensively improve the level of opening up to the outside world and participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition on a larger scale, in a wider field and at a higher level.
Opening to the outside world means not only opening our market to foreign countries, but also actively exploring foreign markets. Only if we can't get in or just can't get in, it's not completely open. The combination of entry and exit, entry and exit, is the openness in a complete sense. If the opening up some time ago focused more on "bringing in", we should now focus more on "going out", which is the basic requirement for comprehensively improving the level of opening up. Moreover, with the improvement of China's economic development level, the promotion of modernization and China's accession to the WTO, the conditions for implementing the "going out" strategy are more mature and the requirements are more urgent. It is necessary to encourage and support enterprises of various ownership systems with comparative advantages to invest abroad and promote the export of goods and services. It is necessary to strengthen overall planning, formulate and improve laws and regulations, train talents familiar with international trade, and create a good environment for "going out"; It is necessary to organize state-owned enterprises and other ownership enterprises to "go global" and carry out transnational operations through joint ventures, cooperation, mergers and acquisitions and technology transfer; It is necessary to encourage all kinds of enterprises to "go global" to invest and start businesses, carry out economic and technological cooperation, and promote the export of goods and services; It is necessary to support qualified enterprises to "go global" to carry out foreign design consulting and contract large-scale engineering projects, and drive the export of complete sets of equipment and technology. It is necessary to cultivate a number of powerful multinational enterprises and form an economic aircraft carrier with strong survival and development capabilities. It is necessary to take capital as a link, actively promote the reorganization of enterprises across industries, regions and ownership systems, and form a number of large enterprise groups with independent intellectual property rights and strong core competitiveness through technological transformation and innovation; It is necessary to support advantageous enterprises to expand foreign investment, establish an international production system, sales network and financing channels, and conduct professional and large-scale operations on a global scale. At the same time, we should always pay attention to safeguarding national sovereignty and economic and social security, and pay attention to preventing and defusing the impact of international risks. In this way, our enterprises will grow rapidly in international competition and our economy will mature in the process of internationalization. 1. Adhere to the basic national policy of opening to the outside world, better combine "bringing in" with "going out", and form new advantages in participating in international economic cooperation and competition under the condition of economic globalization.
2. Deepen coastal opening up, speed up inland opening up, strengthen coastal opening up, and realize mutual promotion of domestic opening up and opening up.
3. Accelerate the transformation of foreign trade growth mode, win by quality, adjust the import and export structure, promote the transformation and upgrading of processing trade, and vigorously develop service trade.
4. Innovate the way of utilizing foreign capital and optimize the structure of utilizing foreign capital. Innovate the way of foreign investment cooperation and accelerate the cultivation of multinational companies and internationally renowned brands in China.
Adhere to the open strategy of combining "bringing in" and "going out"
China's opening to the outside world has gone through four stages.
Zhang Yansheng (Director, Institute of Foreign Economic Research, National Development and Reform Commission): Our country's opening to the outside world is divided into four stages. The first stage is from the end of 1978 to 1992, which is actually a stage of decentralization, tax reduction and cultivation of market economy factors. What role does opening up play at this stage? Take the export at this time as an example, we will find out what China people exported in the mid-1980s. We will find that by the mid-1980s, our rural reform had entered cities, and our exports were mainly raw coal, crude oil, logs and natural products. The advantages of China's large population and factor endowment have not been transformed into further market advantages. At this moment, how can we export products with natural endowments to the labor-rich market, so as to achieve comparative advantages? Thanks to our overseas Chinese and our Hong Kong businessmen, they have brought some operation modes of market economy to our country through the Pearl River Delta through this window and bridge, so that our market economy factors can be cultivated and grown in the process of opening up.
The second stage, from 1992 to 200 1, is actually the stage of establishing Socialism with Chinese characteristics's market economy system. After understanding the reform and opening up, we will find that the important development in this period is to initially establish the institutional framework of the market economy according to the requirements of the market economy. In terms of foreign economy, this means that enterprises have made great progress. From the perspective of export, we will find that with the change of our system and mechanism, our export products begin to shift from traditional labor-intensive export products such as textiles, clothing, bags, shoes and hats to non-product mechanical and electrical products. At this time, we know the price signal that is very important to our foreign economy, the RMB exchange rate, which was also mentioned by Professor Cao Fengqi just now. At that time, there were three RMB exchange rates, the closing price was $65,438 +0 5.8 yuan RMB, the swap price was 1 USD against 8.7 yuan RMB, and the black market price was 1 USD against 9 yuan RMB. In June 1993, 1 1, a news of safe was misled by the market. On that day, one dollar can be exchanged for 1 1 RMB. Of course, when our safe came out to refute the rumor, we found that the price returned to 8.7 yuan soon. So 1 April 19941,we made a very important reform, which Mr. Watson also mentioned just now. Although foreign exchange was higher than that of Huang Jingui at that time, after this merger, we will find that this reform has brought about important changes in opening up. In the 1980s, most of our trade deficit turned into a surplus, and we will find that we will attract foreign direct investment.
The third stage is 200 1 to 2007. During this period, China joined the WTO. An important change in our opening to the outside world is that the system began to conform to the rules of international counterparts at this time. Later, according to China's economic society, it was obvious that after 200 1, China's economy, including foreign trade and economic cooperation, entered our golden growth period. We will ask ourselves a question: is this golden growth period and the period when this system is in line with the international economy brought about by opening up? Or is it brought about by the system transition? If the changes it brings are brought about by opening to the outside world, we will always ask ourselves a question. What we talk about most about China's entry into WTO is that the wolf is coming. How come the wolf didn't come after China's entry into WTO, but our economy has entered a golden age? How did this change come about? My personal opinion is that our system is in line with international rules. We joined the WTO on 16, and we are seriously reforming our market economy step by step according to the internationally accepted rules, so we have made today's progress. Therefore, when we study and discuss, we deeply feel that the fundamental way to solve many deep-seated contradictions and problems lies in reform. Under the background of reform and opening up, as Professor Huang said just now, it is necessary to deal with the mutual promotion and correlation between opening up and deepening reform.
The fourth stage, this is my immature view, that is, since 2007, China has entered the period of building an open country in Socialism with Chinese characteristics. During this period, we will find that we need to establish the responsibility of a big country, we need to establish a global vision, and we must truly explore the road to a big country and our peaceful rise in practice. China's economy must now properly handle our relationship with the world economy. From the standpoint, it is roughly four stages.