Second, people's livelihood has improved significantly, and people's lives have generally entered a well-off level. Take income and housing, which can best reflect the living standard, as an example. From 1978 to 2006, the per capita disposable income and per capita housing area of urban residents in China have been greatly improved. It is particularly worth mentioning that in the past 30 years, the absolute poverty population in rural areas in China has dropped from 250 million to 2 1.48 million, and the incidence of absolute poverty has dropped from 30% to 2.3%. At present, China is the only country in the world that has achieved the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty ahead of schedule.
Third, a market economic system adapted to economic development has been initially established. It is the market, not the government, that plays a decisive role in resource allocation. At present, the understanding that China has basically become a market economy country has begun to take shape. Many countries, including some developed countries, have successively recognized China's market economy status. This shows that the basic framework of China's market economy has been basically established.
Li Yining, a famous economist, is a personal experience and ideological promoter of China's reform and opening up for 30 years. He is also one of the most keen surveyors and the most profound perceptors in this history. Regarding the reform and opening up, Li Lao said in an interview with this reporter that in the past 30 years, the most outstanding achievement of China's reform and opening up has been the completion of three things. "The first is the rural household contract system, the second is the shareholding system reform of state-owned enterprises and the securities market formed on this basis, and the third is the rise of the private economy." The main contribution of rural household contract system reform is to promote farmers' production by mobilizing their enthusiasm at that time, thus liberating agricultural productivity. Since the middle and late 1980s, we have carried out the shareholding system reform of state-owned enterprises. With the promotion of the shareholding system reform, China has a securities market. Although it was not perfect at that time, it opened the way for the reform of state-owned enterprises and the securities market in China. Although the shareholding system has been questioned and even criticized, the shareholding system reform in China and state-owned enterprises has finally achieved results. As for the private economy, Li Yining pointed out that although it faced all kinds of censure when it first appeared, after the private enterprises continued to grow, everyone really felt that private enterprises were really important. Who is the most helpful to solve the employment problem? It is a private enterprise, and more than 70% of the new jobs are in private enterprises. The tax revenue of many cities is mainly provided by private enterprises, and many of our exports are also made by private enterprises. The rise of private economy has aroused the enthusiasm of many people to start businesses, which is of great significance to the long-term economic development.
Fourthly, it has been integrated into the mainstream civilization of the world, locking the development path of China. What is openness? Opening is to accept the universal rules of the development of human society independently and spontaneously, overcome the defects of its own traditional special rules, and thus better promote the increase of national welfare and the prosperity of the country. The real opening to the outside world requires not only the introduction of advanced technology from the West, but also the study of the experience of developing market economy in the West, the study of western civilization and the study of system reform. In this sense, the importance of openness is sometimes far greater than reform. There are a large number of international students studying abroad in China, and many of them have become useful talents for national construction. Through mutual learning, people's minds are more liberated, their horizons are broader, and their ability to open up and innovate has been greatly improved. Especially after China's entry into WTO, we resolutely returned to the mainstream civilization of the world, and locked the road of China's reform and development with the commitment and credit of a sovereign country.
Experience:
1.30 The main experience of ideological emancipation or theoretical innovation in the past 30 years is to establish an ideological line of seeking truth from facts and an important thinking method in which practice is the only criterion for testing truth.
2. The system reform has further liberated and developed the productive forces. After 30 years of system reform and innovation, China's productive forces have been greatly liberated, the socialist market economy has been continuously improved, and the vitality and efficiency of the social and economic system have been continuously improved.
3. The development of China benefits from the incentive and efficiency generated by market-oriented reform and institutional innovation. Market-oriented reform and rationalization of central and local mechanisms provide internal impetus for economic growth; The introduction of internal incentive mechanism into the economic system has greatly improved economic efficiency, and the power of market allocation of resources has played a positive role in promoting it.
4. The development of China also benefits from the imitation effect in the process of opening to the outside world. Opening to the outside world not only brought a lot of foreign investment, but also directly made up for the shortage of domestic funds. It also provides a very important opportunity for China's economy to integrate into the global system and learn from the world's advanced technology, management, experience and ideas.
The development of our country also benefits from the reform of the administrative system and the scientific decision-making of the government. As the initiator of reform, the government not only formulates the planning and implementation plan of reform and development, but also actively mobilizes economic and social resources, which can effectively avoid the disorder brought about by single market regulation. At the same time, the government can fully attach importance to and absorb the opinions and suggestions of experts and scholars and all international advanced experiences in the process of participating in the formulation of economic and social development plans, so as to promote the democratization and scientificity of decision-making and effectively reduce mistakes.
6. Finally, it must be pointed out that the development of China has also benefited from the stable social effects produced by the gradual reform. The relatively stable social environment has prevented the reform from causing great economic losses and social shocks, thus providing good external conditions for the smooth progress of the reform.
First of all, eat, food is the first thing for the people. Thirty years ago, the general price of rice and flour was 0. 17 yuan, but now the price is about 1.30 yuan, which has increased nearly eight times. The price of non-staple food is staggering, and the price of vegetables has risen from an average of 50 cents a catty to an average of 1.50 yuan a catty, up 30 times. The price of pork, for example, has risen from 0.82 yuan to the current average 6 yuan, which has increased by more than seven times. The price of beef and mutton is at least 10 times, and the increase of edible oil is about 7 times. Think about it, it's really scary.
Secondly, to put it bluntly. Now a decent suit costs more than one or two hundred yuan. 30 years ago, the problem could be solved within 20 yuan. So the price of clothes is 18 times higher than that of that era.
The following topic is alive. Thirty years ago, people lived in adobe bungalows and burned wood and coal, which caused great pollution to the environment. Now, every family has entered the era of electrification. Everyone likes to use fuel that doesn't pollute the atmosphere.
People's ideas are changing. In the past, adults didn't pay attention to the importance of learning and thought that learning was the same as not learning. Now, every family wants their children to enter the university campus and learn scientific and cultural knowledge, especially farmers, who realize the importance of science and technology.
The next topic is ok. Now some people ride bicycles, some ride motorcycles, some drive private cars, and of course some people like to take taxis. These are not representative, the most representative is to take the bus. Tickets cost 50 cents 30 years ago, but now the ticket 1 yuan has increased 20 times.
After analyzing the basic necessities of life, let's talk about medical care, education, social security and so on. Thirty years ago, we had a relatively complete medical security system. Workers are reimbursed by the unit for medical treatment without spending money. Farmers have cooperative medical care and serious illness co-ordination. Medical care is basically free. Then, let's assume that a person has no unit and spends money on medical treatment. How much does it cost to go to the hospital once? 30 years ago, the common cold was solved one by one, even the maximum amount of drops was more than 10. Now? Not to mention going to 30 yuan for 20 minutes. If infusion, 100 yuan is not enough. If you are seriously ill, it will be even more troublesome. Medical expenses have increased 80 times!
Now, our income has also changed a lot: in the past month, dozens of dollars can support more than a dozen people in the whole family. What about now? It has risen to several hundred yuan or even several thousand yuan, and wages have risen ten to dozens of times.
The problem of education is bigger. Nine-year compulsory education is real. When our parents went to school, the tuition and fees for the whole year were around 5 yuan. Your boy can go to college, and you don't have to pay 1 cent. The money for eating is managed by the state, so you can't afford to read. At present, primary schools are several hundred yuan a year, middle schools are several thousand yuan a year, and universities are tens of thousands of yuan a year. There are too many people who can't afford to read! ! The cost of education has increased by 300 times. Yes, now our country implements nine-year compulsory education, and the tuition fees for primary and junior high schools will be free in the future, but we haven't caught up yet! It's really a pity.
A few years ago, Huadian people ate their own well water and planted Kaschin-Beck disease. Now people eat tap water and mineral water. Even the tap water has been treated.
In short, the reform card has brought great changes to our motherland, our hometown and our life!
Ten achievements of reform and opening up
(1) Establish a perfect material production system.
After 30 years of reform and opening up, China has ensured peace and stability, established a complete material production system, and made remarkable achievements in economic construction. China has changed from a primary industrial economy to a high-level industrial economy, and the output of many industrial products, including steel and household appliances, ranks first in the world. At the same time, China's economic scale and economic aggregate are also expanding.
(2) the international status has been continuously improved.
In the past 30 years since China's reform and opening up, China's international status has been continuously improved. The rapid economic growth makes China's position in the world economy rise continuously.
(3) Fully integrate into the world economic system.
Marked by China's entry into WTO, China's economy has completed the process of marketization and internationalization, and merged into the world economic system and the tide of economic globalization.
(4) Overall social and economic progress.
(5) Economic growth is more stable.
China's reform and opening up has released enormous productive forces, and China's economic growth has always been higher than that of the world, thanks to the government's leadership, strong investment and growing industrial economy.
(6) The level of economic development has been continuously improved.
With the deepening of China's reform and opening up, the level of economic development has been greatly improved. 1978, China's per capita GDP was 38 1 yuan, which was about 149 dollars according to the exchange rate of 1980 dollars to 1.53 yuan RMB. In 2007, China's per capita GDP rose to $2,640, an increase of 17 times compared with that before the reform and opening up.
(7) People's living standards have improved significantly.
(8) Great progress has been made in education development.
Educational development is an important indicator to measure a country's development level and development potential. In the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's education development has made great progress. 1978, the number of college graduates in China was only165,000, accounting for 0.0 17 1% of the total population of 962.59 million at that time. In 2006, the number of college graduates in China reached 3.775 million, accounting for 0.287 1% of China's total population14480, which increased by 16.7 times in 30 years.
(9) People's life expectancy has increased significantly.
Life expectancy is a comprehensive index to measure a country's social and economic development. The improvement of life expectancy not only means the improvement of economic development level, but also means the improvement of social security ability. According to the census data of China, the average life expectancy in China in 1982 was 67.77 years, and in 2000, the average life expectancy in China rose to 7 1.40 years, an increase of 3.63 years.
(10) People's lives are more colorful.
The material life and cultural life of the people of China have entered an era of synchronization with the world.
Reasons for the achievements of reform and opening up
The fundamental reason why we have made all the achievements and progress since the reform and opening up can be summarized as follows: we have opened up the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and formed the system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory.
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, our Party has deepened its understanding of the laws of governance, socialist construction and the development of human society in the practice of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics. From "development is the last word" to "development is the first priority", and then to Scientific Outlook on Development, the ruling concept has been enriched and developed, Socialism with Chinese characteristics has made great achievements, social productive forces have developed unprecedentedly, people's material life has been greatly enriched, and their ability to overcome natural disasters has become stronger and stronger.
China has made great achievements in the past 30 years of reform and opening up. The basic experience is that China has followed the "four-color theorem" of economic growth. The development history of China and the world fully proves that the "four-color theorem" of economic growth-peace and stability, open structure, human capital and structural growth are the necessary and sufficient conditions for economic growth, and also the basic experience of China's reform and opening up. Follow the "four-color theorem", the economy will develop and the society will progress.
Experience and lessons of 30 years of reform and opening up
More than 70 years ago, American President Roosevelt said, "In our country, the only things that are really valuable are natural resources and people." It is also appropriate to use this sentence to understand China today. In the past 30 years of reform and development, if there is one thing that we have really failed to do well, it is that we have asked too much for natural resources, the environment and the rights and welfare of working people, and given too little. Specifically, first of all, the environmental cost is too high and the resources are excessively consumed. There is no such thing as a free lunch, and economic development comes at a price. China's sustained and rapid economic growth has made great contributions to the world economy, but at the cost of serious damage to China's resources and environment.
Secondly, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened and the rights and interests of workers have been damaged. According to the results of three large-scale income distribution surveys conducted by the income distribution research group led by Zhao He, Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, from 18 to 2002, the Gini coefficient gap between rural and urban areas was widening. Relevant statistics also show that in the past 30 years, the average annual output value of domestic and foreign-funded enterprises has increased by more than 10%, while the annual wage growth rate of workers except monopoly state-owned enterprises is only 1%-3%. All these situations show that the income level of workers has not increased year-on-year with the growth of GDP.
Third, the social and moral environment is worrying. In recent years, it is estimated that the increased transaction cost due to the lack of credit accounts for more than 10% of GDP in that year. If there is something wrong with the moral foundation of economic and social development, a society and a nation will fall below the bottom line of human civilization.