Introduction to Kasubi Mausoleum: Uganda is a multi-ethnic country with 56 tribes. 1967 Before it became a republic, there were four kingdoms: Buganda, Bunoro and Tuo Anhe Luo Clay.
By the year 1000, Buganda was already a unified and powerful kingdom. /kloc-In the 4th century, Bugan became the most powerful dynasty, and its influence extended to the Nile, Lake Victoria and the border areas of Tanzania.
The tomb of King Buganda in Kasubi is located in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. This mausoleum was once the ancient palace of Mutsa I of the former Buganda Kingdom. Mutsa I and his three successors are buried here, which is the historical witness of the kingdom of Buganda. A fence made of small green bamboo all the year round surrounds the imperial tomb and becomes a unique "green fence"; In the middle is a huge circular building, which looks like a huge grave from a distance.
In the past, the roof of this royal palace was woven with palm leaves, and the thick log columns crisscrossed, supporting the entire imperial tomb, without a nail or a steel bar. The intersections were all tied with flexible rattan, and they remained as strong as ever after decades. The pillars are all wrapped in local trees, and each pillar represents a family in the kingdom.
Due to the strict selection and special treatment of palm leaves for building, this thatched building can be waterproof and sunshade, keep the room cool and pleasant all year round, and has the effect of expelling insects and avoiding evil spirits. According to local traditional customs, in the process of building this kind of house, architects must stay away from women, and women can't get close to the building, otherwise it will leak rain all the year round.
The body of the last king of Buganda dynasty was buried in Kasubi Mausoleum, and the personal belongings of Buganda monarch-spears, bronzes, ironware, antelope skins, musical instruments, etc. , as well as photos of Mutsa I, Queen Doudi, Kwa and his son Mutsa II. As the last king, Mutsa II died in poverty and loneliness in London on 1969.
Surprisingly, there is a specimen of a leopard in the imperial tomb-its tall and strong body driving force is still somewhat powerful; Its brown hair still has some luster; Its big eyes are still bright, as if it were still alive. This leopard is Mutsa I's pet and is said to be quite spiritual. Like a docile dog, he walks around the king all day and has no cannibalism.
However, after the death of the king, the leopard finally found it difficult to change its "spots" and show its ferocious face, so that it became cannibal and addicted to people. Therefore, after it was killed, it was made into a specimen and displayed in front of the king's dead.
A pair of African chess named Omweiso is displayed in the glass cabinet next to it: 32 small round pits are dug in a whole thick wooden board, with 4 rows and 8 pits in each row. When playing, each player holds 32 black round seeds, which are the fruits of a local tree. This kind of chess is Mutsa I's favorite game. The World Heritage Committee commented that King Baganda's Kasubi Mausoleum is located on a 30-hectare hill in Kampala. Most of the hills are dominated by agriculture, and local people cultivate land here in a traditional way.
In the center of the mountainside is the palace of Baganda Kingdom, which was built in 1882 and became the royal cemetery after 1884. The main building of the Dome Mausoleum includes the tombs of four members of the royal family, all of which are round.
Kasubi Mausoleum is a model of the most primitive materials, mainly made of palm leaves, reed stalks, hedges and other materials. The greatest significance of Kasubi Mausoleum lies not only in its architecture, but also in its spiritual value and belief value.
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Second, how to build Fontainebleau Palace According to French documents, the history of Fontainebleau Palace can be traced back to the Cape Dynasty in 12 century. At that time, King Louis VI liked hunting, so he built a castle here.
1 169, Louis VII added a chapel to the castle built by his father, which became the beginning of the expansion of Fontainebleau Palace. 1259, Louis IX continued the expansion of the former emperor and built a monastery here for monks of the Trinity Sect.
Since then, the French royal family often visited Fontainebleau Palace and hunted in the nearby forest. In order to solve the problem of rest and accommodation, the royal family built many holiday cottages in the forest, which created a prototype for Fontainebleau Palace.
/kloc-In the 4th century, Princess Isabeau of charles vi actively built Fontainebleau Palace and added the famous "Oval Square". 1429, with the assistance of Joan of Arc, Isabel's son Charles VII was officially crowned French emperor at Notre Dame de Reims.
Charles VII was at odds with his mother Isabel when he was a child, so he always had a bad feeling about Fontainebleau Palace, which his mother vigorously built. He almost never goes there, leaving it abandoned. After Louis XIV succeeded to the throne, Fontainebleau Palace, which had been silent for many years, received renewed attention and became a model for Louis XIV to build Versailles.
Of course, this also benefited from the large-scale construction of Fontainebleau Palace by another French emperor Francois I before this. Francois I loved the forest near Fontainebleau very much, and thought that in order to show his authority as an emperor, he should not only expand his military strength abroad, but also build luxurious palaces at home to show his national strength.
In addition, when Francois I made an expedition to Italy, he was deeply influenced by the Renaissance thought. After returning home, he began to repair Fontainebleau Palace on a large scale, which was the beginning of his masterpiece of Renaissance architecture.
Born in Paris, the Renaissance architect Brayton was first appointed by Francois I. He built all the existing medieval buildings in Fontainebleau Palace.
In addition to demolishing the old palace and building a new one, Brayton also designed a novel and elegant Fontainebleau Palace, adhering to the concept of combining traditional and contemporary styles. 153 1 year, he also built a masterpiece "Francois I cloister" in the palace, converted the former monastery into a two-story building, and added a white horse square around the building.
In order to keep the interior of the palace consistent with the gorgeous and elegant appearance style, 1530, he hired the famous Florentine painter Giovanni? Betista? Rossu is responsible for the interior decoration of the palace. 1532, Rossu invited a large number of artists to do this project. With their own expertise, these artists left many works of art with rich Renaissance style for Fontainebleau Palace in the form of sculptures or murals.
Later, with these artists as the core, the so-called "First Fontainebleau Painting School" was developed, which left countless wonderful works for the world art history. Besides Francois I, Henry IV is also an important figure in the architectural history of Fontainebleau Palace.
1589 In order to repair Fontainebleau Palace, the king who succeeded to the throne invested a huge amount of construction funds, hired first-class architects and artists at that time, and made strict plans for its renovation project. The renovated Fontainebleau Palace is more magnificent than before.
The most important task in the reconstruction project is to reorganize a part of the oval square into today's White Horse Square, and then design the Francois I cloister as a communication channel between the two squares. The quiet and elegant Diana Garden was built in the north of the cloister, and the carp pond, which has remained its original appearance after several wars, was built in the fountain square in the south of the cloister.
In addition, Henry IV built a gallery hall as an administrative office in Fontainebleau Palace on the side of the Oval Square next to the Crown Prince Square. At this point, the scale and pattern of Fontainebleau Palace have basically taken shape.
Like Francois I, Henry IV hired many famous painters and sculptors from all over France to create the interior decoration of the palace. These artists with their own strengths make the momentum inside and outside the palace more grand.
Later, they also formed the "Second Fontainebleau School". The dazzling brilliance of Fontainebleau Palace lasted for more than 30 years. It was not until Louis XIV built Versailles that it became the second-class palace of the French royal family.
The French royal family after Henry IV did not add more excellent buildings to Fontainebleau Palace. During the period of Louis XVI, the Fontainebleau Palace was improperly built, and the integrity of the original building was once destroyed.
During the French Revolution, Fontainebleau Palace was destroyed to some extent, and all the rare treasures and valuable furniture collected in the palace were looted. After Napoleon ascended the throne, large-scale construction was carried out here, and Fontainebleau Palace was able to reproduce its former glory.
Napoleon showed a very conservative style in the renovation project, retaining the original style of Fontainebleau Palace. Napoleon's more important buildings during the reconstruction include the parade ground reconstructed from White Horse Square, the English garden designed by Queen Josephine herself, and the cloister building overlooking Diana Garden.
In addition, Napoleon also reformed Henry IV's living room, conference room and other halls many times to meet his personal needs. 18 14 years, Napoleon signed the abdication book in the study of the "palace", which also ended his legendary life.
With Napoleon's abdication, Fontainebleau Palace finally retired on the stage of French history. Nevertheless, this palace, which has been active for more than 600 years, has become an irreplaceable heritage with cultural, artistic and historical value in France because of its spectacular and diverse architectural styles and a large number of priceless artistic treasures.
Iii. Construction of Xishiku Church Historical Xishiku Church, also known as Beitang, is located in Silkworm Pond 1703 (diagonally opposite to the Old Beijing Library) on the lakeside.
1887, due to * * * * expansion and demolition. Later, the Qing Dynasty allocated 452,000 yuan to build the Xi 'anmen Xishiku. /kloc-When it was renovated in 0/900, it was elevated to a higher floor and became the solemn and beautiful North Hall we see today. Beitang is a typical Gothic building.
Its four tall spires, three pointed arches and the round rose window in the middle of the main span create a dignified and beautiful facade, which is more and more white and straight around the pine and cypress. The lobby is cross-shaped, with a building area of about 2,200 square meters and a floor height of 16.5 meters. The spire of the bell tower is about 3 1 m.
There is a China Pavilion on the left and right in front of the main hall, with a yellow glazed tile roof at four corners. In the pavilion, there is a stone tablet inscribed by Gan Long. One west and one middle school, one high and one short, cleverly matched, amazing.
The statues of saints on both sides of the main entrance are unique among churches in Beijing. The golden vault supported by 300 giant columns and 80 stained glass windows in the hall always remind people of Notre Dame de Paris.
The overall architectural style combines Chinese and western styles. 1985 North Hall was renovated, and the altar of Jesus in front of the lobby and the altars of the Virgin Mary and Father Yue Se on the east and west sides were rebuilt.
The opening ceremony was held on February 24th. 1985. Xishiku Church has become the most beautiful church in Beijing.
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Four. Architectural history and culture of Tiancheng Temple and Pangu Temple in Panshan Mountain Tiancheng Temple is located in the north of Lianhua Mountain in Panshan Mountain, Jixian County, northern Tianjin.
Also known as Fushan Temple. Tang Jian and Liao rebuilt, and Qing also rebuilt and expanded.
1942 was burned by the Japanese invaders. 1980 reconstruction.
Tiancheng Temple, leaning against Cuiping Peak, is divided into two floors. Upstairs, there are Daxiong Hall, Attached Hall, Moon Gate, Ancient Buddha Pagoda, Elder Monk Brick Pagoda, Puhua Monk Pagoda, and Qingganlong's "Yu Panshan Topic".
On the lower floor, there is a pavilion with a view of mountains and rivers and a veranda. Rebuild the Sleeping Cloud Building outside the temple.
The temple of Pangu said that Pangu, the man who started the world, was conceived in a chaotic big egg. 18000 years later, Pangu broke the eggshell with his horn. After he was born, he created heaven and earth, created the sun, moon and stars, mountains and rivers, wind and rain, thunder and lightning, six animals and trees, flowers, insects, fish, humans and so on.
Pangu's eggshell was broken at birth, buried under Taihang Mountain, and gradually turned into layers of delicate and smooth stones. Later, people used this stone to make an impermeable inkstone, which is the famous "pan inkstone".
Later generations built Pangu Temple on Taihang Mountain where Pangu was born to commemorate Pangu's epoch-making achievements. Later, because of inaccurate pronunciation, it became Pangu Temple.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) introduces the construction history of Shanghai Bund, which is the concession area of Shanghai and the starting point of Shanghai's modern urban development.
Before 1843, it was a beach beside Huangpu River. From 65438 to 0844, this area was divided into British concessions, and the British used this area as a dock. Soon, a number of British-funded companies, such as Jardine Matheson and American-funded Qichang Foreign Firm, opened here.
1848, paved the road and reinforced the river bank here. The name of this road (Bund) is what western countries have called the Bund in Shanghai so far.
Today's Huangpu Park was founded in 1868 (then called Bund Park), which is the oldest park in Shanghai. By 1928, Bund Park is only open to westerners. Since the end of 19, Shanghai Bund has gradually become an area for concession management agencies, banks, hotels and other places to build their decent buildings.
Gradually, the relatively low buildings built here in the early days of the concession were demolished, and new luxury buildings sprang up. On July 1928, the Bund Park was officially opened to the people of China.
By A.D. 1930, the canopy on the Bund in Shanghai was basically formed. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), most of these buildings were used by state or city institutions.
By the 1980s, the appearance of the Bund in Shanghai had not changed much. In the late 1980s, many skyscrapers were built in Shanghai, some of which were built directly behind the old buildings (such as the Bund Building). Compared with these new buildings, the old buildings on the Bund are very short, which has profoundly changed the face of the Bund.
In the past, all the docks directly along the Bund River were relocated, and the flood control wall along the river was also repaired and strengthened. In addition, in the past, the bell tower of the passenger station moved about 50 meters to the south when the viaduct of Yan 'an East Road was built, and entered the interface of Zhongshan East Road.
At the northernmost part of the Bund, where the Suzhou River flows into the Huangpu River, a monument to the people's heroes has also been built. Some buildings were later leased to foreign or state-owned enterprises.
In recent years, there have been some discussions about the proposal of Shanghai Bund complex to apply for world cultural heritage. References:
Classical Building Complex 1-Asia Building, formerly known as Maibian Building, was built in 19 13, and now it is the headquarters of China Pacific Insurance Company.
No.3-Shanghai General Association Building, built at 19 10. No.4-Woori Building, built at 1922, is the residence of Tong Jia Private Investment Co., Ltd. in Shanghai today.
No.5 Bund Museum-Nissin Foreign Firm, built in 1925, is now Huaxia Bank Shanghai Branch. No.6-China Commercial Bank Building, also known as Fiona Fang Building, was built at 1906, and today it is the residence of Hongkong Qiaofu International Enterprise Co., Ltd. in Shanghai.
No.7-Telegraph Building, today is Pangu Bank of Thailand Shanghai Branch. No.9-China Merchants Ship Building, built in 190 1.
12-HSBC building, once a municipal government building, was built in 1925, and now it is the residence of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank. 13-customs building, completed on 1927, is one of the most representative buildings on the bund and has always been the residence of Shanghai customs.
14-Bank of Communications Building, the youngest building on the Bund, was completed in 1948 and has been used by the Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions since the founding of the People's Republic of China. 15-Dawson bank building in Hua' e, built in 1902, was once the central bank building, and now it is the Shanghai foreign exchange trading center.
16-Japanese-funded Taiwan-funded bank building, completed in 1924, is now China Merchants Bank Shanghai Branch. 17- Zilin Xibao Building, also known as Guilin Building, was built in 192 1 year and is now the Shanghai branch of American International Assurance Company Limited. 18 AIA Building-Macquarie Bank Building, now known as Chunjiang Building, was built in 1923.
19-Wangfu Hotel, built in 1906, is the south building of today's Peace Hotel. No.20-1929 The completed Sassoon Building and Huamao Hotel are the tallest buildings on the Bund.
Today is the North Building of Peace Hotel. 23rd-Bank of China Building, 1937 completed, is the only building on the Bund designed by China people.
24th —— Justice Bank Building in Yokohama, Japan, 1924 was completed, and now it is China Construction Bank Shanghai Branch. No.26-Yangzi Mansion, now No.27-Yihe Foreign Firm Mansion of Shanghai Branch of Agricultural Bank of China, completed at 1922, is now a foreign trade mansion.
28th —— The Bund Green Mail Building, also known as Broadcasting Building, was completed on 1920. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has been the resident of Shanghai People's Broadcasting Station, and now it is Shanghai Radio and Television Group. 29th-Credit Suisse Oriental Bank, 19 14 was established, and today it is China Everbright Bank Shanghai Branch.
No.33-British Consulate General in Shanghai, 1873 completed, is the oldest building on the Bund. Broadway Mansion in the north of Waibaiduqiao, No.20 Suzhou North Road, which was built in 1934, was once the headquarters of the Japanese secret police during the Japanese occupation, and the prison in its cellar was a sensation.
Today is the three-star Shanghai Tower Hotel. [Editor] Crossroads Road Aiduoya Road (Yan 'an East Road) Guangdong Road Fuzhou Road hankou road Jiujiang Road Nanjing Road Renji Road (Dianchi Road) Beijing Road Suzhou Road [Editor] Look at Shanghai Bund Sightseeing Tunnel Shanghai Bund Complex Asia Building | Shanghai General Association Building | Yi Building | Nissin Building | China Commercial Bank Building Telegraph Building | Qicheng Foreign Firm Building | HSBC Building | Customs Building | Bank of Communications Building | Bank of Taiwan Building | Macquarie Bank Building | Zhong Hui Hotel Building Sassoon Building | Bank of China Building | Yokohama Zheng Jin Bank Building | Jardine Matheson Building | Green Letter Building Oriental Huili Building | British Consulate | broadway mansions.
The historical background of the construction of Longhai Railway, an intransitive verb, is a main railway line from Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China to Lanzhou, Gansu Province. Construction started on 1905 and was completed on 1952 after more than 40 years of subsection construction. At present, it is a first-class double-track electrified line with a total length of 1759 km. Longhai Railway is the most important railway trunk line running through the east, middle and west of China, and it is also an important part of the new Eurasian continental bridge from Lianyungang, China in the Pacific Ocean to Rotterdam, the Netherlands in the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the main east-west railway lines in China. Also known as Long-Qin-Yu-Hai Railway. It spans Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, starts from Lianyungang East Station in the east and is connected with maritime ports. Westbound via Xuzhou, Shangqiu, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xi 'an, Baoji and Tianshui to Lanzhou West Railway Station, connecting with Lan Xin, Baolan and Lanqing Railways; It also intersects with Beijing-Shanghai, Beijing-Guangzhou, Jiaozhi, Nantong, Xian Tong and baoji-chengdu railway, with a total length of 1.759 km.
Republic of China architecture:
The Bianluo Railway from Bianliang (now Kaifeng) to Luoyang was built according to the branch line of Luhan Railway. 1904 10 starts in the east and west directions, starting from the main line station. 1909 65438+February, full length 183 km.
19 12 In September, Beiyang * * * signed a loan contract with Belgium to build the 1.800 km Longhai Railway, which was built in the east-west direction based on the Bianluo Railway. Two projects started simultaneously in May, 19 13. 1965438+In May 2005, Kaifeng-Xuzhou section was opened to traffic, with a total length of 277 kilometers. In September of the same year, the 30km section from Luoyang to Kannonji was completed. 1920 In May, Beiyang * * * signed a loan contract with Belgium and the Netherlands to continue the construction of the Longhai Railway. Xuzhou-Haizhou Dapudong section 198.3 km, 1920 started, 1923 was completed. The west section of Kannonji will be completed in June to Lingbao 1927+0 1.
1928 after the establishment of Nanjing Ministry of Railways, it was decided to continue to build Longhai Railway. Tong Ling (Tongguan) section is 72km long, with commencement in June 1930+0 1 and completion in February 193 1. Tongxi (xi 'an) section 13 1 km, started in August 1932, completed in February 1934. Xibao (Baoji) section 173km, started in June 1935, and was completed in February 1936. The construction section used the loan returned by Belgium to Geng. The foreign material procurement of Tongxi and Xibao sections shall be undertaken by the French consortium.
Total length of Baoji-Tianshui section of Longhai Railway154km. This railway project is complex and arduous, and Nanjing * * * is constantly changing. From May 1939 to February 1945, it took nearly seven years to finish it. After opening to traffic, landslides occurred continuously, which is called the "cecum" of Longhai Railway.
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the construction of Tianshui-Lanzhou section 1950 was continued.
Completed in July, 1953. At this point, the entire Longhai Railway was completed and opened to traffic. After 1955, hub projects such as Zhengzhou, Lanzhou, Xuzhou, Shangqiu, Xi and Baoji began to be built one after another. 1956 to 1970 Zhengzhou-Baoji section was rebuilt into a double track, and Sanmenxia reservoir project was changed accordingly. 1980 Zhengzhou-Shangqiu double track completed. Baolan Second Line Project started in 2000. It starts from the east gate of Baoji Station in the east and reaches the west gate of Lanzhou East Station in the west, with a total length of 487 kilometers. It is a national first-class double-track electrified railway and an important project to expand the capacity of the northwest eastern passage. Baolan Second Line is also the longest railway in China, with 22 extra-large bridges, 67 bridges and 8 tunnels 108, with a total length of 106.89 km, accounting for 22% of the total length of the whole line. At present, the double-track project has been fully completed, realizing the electrification of the whole railway. The railway project is arduous, such as Baoji-Tianshui section, crossing Liupan Mountain in Qinling Mountains, extending upward along the north bank of Weihe River Valley, surrounded by mountains and waters, with complex geological terrain, getting off the long tunnel in Gao Qiao and going straight. Its completion and opening to traffic is of great significance to the development of western China.
Longhai Railway is the most important railway trunk line running through the east, middle and west of China, and it is also an important part of the new Eurasian continental bridge from Lianyungang, China in the Pacific Ocean to Rotterdam, the Netherlands in the Atlantic Ocean.