Problem description:
How did the wealth of the four chaebol get together in that era of displacement?
Analysis:
Four families
Refers to the feudal comprador ruling group headed by Chiang Kai-shek in old China. That is, Chiang Kai-shek, Jiang Zemin, Jiang Zemin, Jiang Zemin and Chen Lifu are all representatives of the bureaucratic bourgeoisie. They used the reactionary regime to plunder people's wealth, monopolized the lifeline of the national economy, and quickly formed comprador feudal state monopoly capitalism, which became the economic foundation of Chiang Kai-shek's regime. This state monopoly capitalism headed by four big families reached its peak after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and Japan surrendered. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the bureaucratic capital of the four families was confiscated and became an integral part of the socialist state-owned economy.
After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the four families took advantage of the new situation during the war to strengthen the monopoly position of bureaucratic capital in the whole national economy, making a windfall and making bureaucratic capital expand rapidly.
The rapid expansion of bureaucratic capital and the strengthening of the monopoly position of the four families. It is achieved through political privilege and economic plunder. It plunders not only workers, peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie, but also the national bourgeoisie and small and medium-sized landlords.
The four families plundered the people of the whole country to expand bureaucratic capital mainly through the following means:
(1) Issuing government bonds. From 1938 to 1944, the Ministry of Finance issued 18 kinds of domestic debts, some of which were calculated in legal tender and customs currency, and some were calculated in pounds and dollars. Total 1 510.92 billion yuan, customs clearance1100 million units, 20 million pounds, 20.1100 million dollars. In addition, there are grain and wheat grain bonds. Except for 1937, the national salvation bonds were "collected" by the people, and the rest were not publicly issued, but were mortgaged to the bank in the form of general coupons, and then the bank advanced them to * * * * *. Banks use it as a preparation for issuing banknotes, and issue cashless banknotes. Bureaucratic capital has created both public debt wealth and legal tender wealth.
(2) increase taxes. With the industrial and commercial developed coastal areas along the Yangtze River falling, customs, salt, customs and other taxes have been greatly reduced. * * * * * will make up for the reduced tax by expanding the scope of taxation and raising the tax rate. * * * * * extended the unified tax to the goods tax, resulting in almost no tax. 1943 10, an additional tax was imposed on salt, starting from 3 yuan per catty and increasing to 60 yuan from 1945 1 month. Due to inflation, land tax was levied from the second half of 194 1 year. According to the amount of the main tax and the additional tax of the land tax, rice is levied twice per yuan, and it is increased to four times in 1942. Since 1942, grain is generally purchased with tax, and the purchase price is much lower than the market price, and most of them do not pay cash, but only pay food stamps or legal currency savings vouchers. 1943 it is just empty talk to borrow grain without paying interest or repaying the principal. From 194 1 year to1June, 945, * * * passed the "three signs" and * * * turned over more than 240 million stones of rice and wheat. This is the most direct and severe plunder of the broad masses of farmers.
(3) inflation. Four months after the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, * * * * * decided to make up the fiscal deficit by issuing more paper money. According to official figures, the legal tender circulation at the end of 1937 was1600 million yuan. 1945 was1031900 million yuan at the end of the year. It has increased by 738 times in eight years. Actually, it's more than that. As a result of the indiscriminate issuance of paper money, the wealth of the four families is rapidly concentrated, while the general public is increasingly poor.
(4) Foreign exchange control and gold trading. * * * * * Foreign exchange control has been implemented since March 1938. Since then, official foreign exchange has been monopolized, and black market transactions have followed. With the devaluation of legal tender, the difference between the official price and the black market is getting bigger and bigger. During the Anti-Japanese War, the exchange rate between US dollar and legal tender in foreign exchange was always 1: 20, while the black market was 1943 1: 85.4 in February and 19441February. The four families used their privileges to buy a large amount of foreign exchange and gold at the official price, sell them at the black market price, and make huge profits by changing hands.
(five) the implementation of monopoly system. 194 1 April, * * * * * established the monopoly administration. Since the following year, we have monopolized six commodities, such as salt, sugar, cigarettes, matches, tea and wine. This system has greatly increased the income of * * * *. The increase in income was 478 million yuan in 1942, 747 million yuan in 1943, and about 800 million yuan in 1944. This system has greatly increased the burden on the people. * * * Officials and related institutions take the opportunity to engage in malpractices, take monopoly products and turn them into the black market, from which they reap huge profits.
(6) Unified purchase and marketing. 1September, 937, * * * * set up the Trade Committee, which was composed of tea companies from Fuxing, Hua Fu and China, and implemented the unified purchase and marketing of silk, tea, tung oil, bristles and other major export materials in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. The main export mineral products such as tungsten, antimony, tin and mercury are purchased and sold by the Resources Committee. 1942 In February, Material Bureau was established to purchase cotton yarn in a unified way. Under the policy of centralized purchase and marketing, * * * implements low-price compulsory procurement and uses the price difference between buyers and sellers to obtain high profits. Take tung oil as an example. 1942 The purchase price is less than the domestic market price 100 yuan, 1943 years less100 yuan.
In short, * * * * * publicly plundered the people by various means, which made bureaucratic capital expand rapidly during the Anti-Japanese War.
The monopoly of bureaucratic capital of the four families on the national economy began before the Anti-Japanese War. During the Anti-Japanese War, financial monopoly was not only strengthened, but also extended to all sectors of industry and commerce.
In terms of finance, the joint general office of China, China, Bank of Communications and Agricultural Bank was established in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, and it is a centralized financial institution. Chiang Kai-shek served as chairman of the General Administration, "taking charge of all affairs". 1July, 942, * * * * stipulated that the issuance of national currency should be centralized and unified in the central bank. As a result, the monopoly position of bureaucratic capital of the four families in the national financial industry has been strengthened step by step. During the Anti-Japanese War, the deposits of four banks increased by six oranges in four years, which was the fastest growth among banks. In all bank deposits, the deposits of four banks account for 80% to 90%, while before the war, 1936 was only 59%.
During the Anti-Japanese War, bureaucratic capital formed a formal and open monopoly in business. The establishment of monopoly bureau, trade commission and materials bureau and the implementation of monopoly and unified purchase and marketing policies are important steps for bureaucratic capital to realize commercial monopoly. In addition, Fushengzhuang, an agricultural bureau originally belonging to the Kongjia system, was later reorganized into the Flower Yarn Control Bureau to control the flower yarn trade. As a part of the reactionary regime, these palace institutions monopolized the domestic and foreign trade in the Kuomintang-controlled areas under the pretext of the war of resistance. During the Anti-Japanese War, the four families set up many commercial companies in private names. The more famous ones are: Qingjiyano. Kongjia Company, Huaqiang Company, Dayuan Company, China Cotton Trading Company of Song Family, Chongqing China Domestic Products Company and Xining Industrial Company; Chen Jia's flower satin company, cotton transportation company and so on. This kind of company has both political privilege and huge financial power, and has a monopoly position to manipulate the market.
Before the Anti-Japanese War, the monopoly of the four families on industrial and mining was relatively small. At the end of 1935, government-run private factories only accounted for 1 1% of the total national capital. After the beginning of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, 1937, the Industrial and Mining Adjustment Committee was established in September as an institution to expand government-run industries, merge private industries and implement state monopoly on industrial and mining. There are mainly two directly affiliated systems in the four family-run industries, namely, the Resources Committee and the Military Industry Department of the Ministry of War. 1944, there were 105 units under the Resources Committee and dozens of units under the Ordnance Department. In addition, there are government-run industries run by provinces, such as Guizhou Enterprise Company, Sichuan Chuankang Industrial Company and Hunan Industrial Company, with many units. 1943 The report of the Ministry of Economic Affairs shows the monopoly position of government-run industries. Of the more than 3,700 industries in Kuomintang-controlled areas, more than 600 are state-owned and 3 100 are private. However, official enterprise accounts for 69% of the total capital, and private enterprises only account for 3 1%. In addition to government-run industries, the four families also have so-called commercial private industries. These industries are famous as follows: China Industrial Company, which is dominated by Confucius, was founded in July 1939 with a capital of 12 million yuan, and increased to 1200 million yuan in July 1943, becoming the largest company in the rear area, with 13 factories and steel as its business center. Yongxing Industrial Co., Ltd. under the control of the Song family was established in 1940. 1942 In May, there were 18 completed and unfinished units, most of which were located in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, mainly engaged in textile industry. Apart from the factory sponsored by the Resources Committee, it is the largest monopoly enterprise in the northwest. 1942, its spindles accounted for more than a quarter of all spindles in the rear area. Chen family, including Dahua Enterprise Company, Huaxi Construction Company and China Industrial and Mining Construction Company, is also a large monopoly enterprise.
In rural areas, the four big families are the biggest usurers. According to the survey in fifteen provinces, the proportion of banks, cooperatives and cooperative coffers directly or indirectly controlled by four big families was 26% in 1938, 38% in 1940, 59% in 1942 and 52% in 1944. 1937 In September, * * * established the Agricultural Products Regulation Committee as an institution to control and monopolize agricultural production. During the Anti-Japanese War, cotton, silk, tea, bristles and tung oil were all purchased and sold by * * * *. Under the purchase and loan confirmation measures, a large amount of grain was brought under the direct control of the four major families. The four families also directly occupy a large amount of rural land. The Chen family's Huaxi Reclamation Company and the new Gannan National Economic Construction Company are all such institutions.
The state monopoly capitalism of the four big families is the biggest exploiter of the working people, which seriously hinders the development of social productive forces and is a huge obstacle to social progress. The intensification of class contradictions caused by the exploitation of bureaucratic capital vinegar residue is one of the fundamental reasons for the development of China's revolution.