Give you a brief introduction,

Japan's financial system consists of the central bank, non-governmental financial institutions and government policy-oriented financial institutions, forming a model with the central bank as the leading factor, non-governmental financial institutions as the main body and government policy-oriented financial institutions as the supplement.

The central bank is the Bank of Japan, which was established in June 1882 and reorganized in February 1942. Bank capital is 1 100 million yen, of which 55% is held by the government and 45% by the private sector. Private shareholders only have the right to share dividends, but not the right to operate and manage. The policy committee of the Bank of Japan is the decision-making body of the bank. It consists of seven people, including the president, representatives of the Ministry of Finance, representatives of the planning department, representatives of city banks and representatives of industry, commerce and agriculture. Its task is to adjust the business of Japanese banks, adjust the currency, adjust credit and implement financial policies according to the requirements of the national economy, such as setting official interest rates, engaging in open market business and adjusting the deposit reserve ratio. The administrative organ of a bank is the board of directors, which is composed of the president, vice presidents, directors and consultants. , and carry out general and specific business according to the policies decided by the Policy Committee. Although the law stipulates that the government has great power to intervene in Japanese banks, such as the power to order the general business of banks, the power to supervise orders, and the power to recall and appoint officials, the government has not actually exercised these powers. The Bank of Japan basically implements the financial policy independently, which has great independence. Its policy means mainly include official discount rate, open market business, reserve ratio and window guidance.

Private financial institutions include ordinary banks (city banks and local banks), specialized foreign exchange banks, long-term credit banks, trust banks and mutual banks, credit vaults and credit cooperatives; Central treasury for industry and commerce, central treasury for agriculture and forestry, securities companies and insurance companies.

Ordinary banks are equivalent to commercial banks in Britain and America, and they are the main body of the financial system. There are 65,438+03 city banks (including the Bank of Tokyo, which specializes in foreign exchange), which provide services such as deposit, lending, bill discount and remittance for the whole country.

Long-term credit banks and trust banks constitute Japan's long-term financial institutions. There are three long-term credit banks, whose main business is to issue financial bonds, raise long-term funds and provide long-term industrial assets loans. There are seven of the latter, which handle various trust businesses and also absorb savings deposits.

Mutual bank, credit vault, credit portfolio, industrial and commercial portfolio central vault and labor vault constitute financial institutions for small and medium-sized enterprises, which mainly provide general financial services for small and medium-sized enterprises.

The central treasury of agriculture and forestry, the combination of agricultural cooperatives and the combination of fishery cooperatives constitute the financial institutions of agriculture, forestry and fishery. Japan's non-governmental agricultural, forestry and fishery financial institutions are mainly in the form of cooperation and are protected and helped by the government. They are divided into three systems: agriculture, fisheries and forestry. Each system has three levels of organizations, the cooperative combination of the unit is the grass-roots organization, the cooperative combination is the middle-level organization, and the central treasury of agriculture and forestry is the highest-level central institution.

In addition, non-governmental financial institutions include insurance companies, securities companies, financing companies and mutual aid institutions and other non-deposit financial institution.

Government financial institutions include postal savings, capital utilization departments, government banks and public libraries, overseas economic cooperation funds and related government financing institutions. Postal savings supplement the idle funds of the state and provide them to the fund utilization department. The government will provide long-term low-interest loans to private enterprises through government financial institutions (mainly two banks and nine banks), postal savings funds, income from issuing government bonds, simple insurance funds and special financial accounting funds. Engaged in "financial investment and financing" activities. In Japan, policy financial activities are carried out by government financial institutions, mainly "two banks and nine banks". At the end of 1985, the loan amount of "two warehouses and nine warehouses" was 65,549.7 billion yen, accounting for 9.9% of the total loan amount.

Japan's financial system adheres to the principle of professional division of labor and implements a banking system with professional division of labor. The characteristic of Japan's financial system is that financial institutions implement strict business field restrictions, that is to say, different types of financial institutions undertake different financial businesses and cannot cross each other, showing a state of separate business. (1) Separation of direct finance and indirect finance. Indirect finance has always occupied a great advantage, and the financial institutions that undertake indirect financial business mainly include ordinary banks, mutual banks, credit vaults, long-term credit banks and trust banks. In principle, these institutions may not concurrently engage in securities business, while direct financial industries such as securities business are run by specialized securities companies. (2) Separation of long-term financial business from short-term financial business. As long-term financial institutions, long-term credit banks and trust banks are engaged in long-term financial business. Ordinary banks and other banks operate short-term finance. This separation is not enforced by laws and regulations, and banking laws and regulations do not stipulate the term of use of funds by ordinary banks. But through the establishment of long-term credit institutions specializing in long-term financial business, through the administrative guidance of the Ministry of Finance. The longest term for ordinary banks to absorb time deposits is only two years, which objectively limits their ability to operate long-term financial business. (3) Separation of banking business from non-banking business. That is, ordinary banks are not allowed to engage in trust business, and trust banks and trust departments of ordinary banks engaged in part-time business handle trust business. (4) Commercial financial business and policy financial business are separated, and institutions are separated. Commercial financial institutions, such as ordinary banks, engage in commercial financial business with profit as the purpose and profit rate as the guide; Policy-oriented financial institutions engage in policy-oriented financial activities aimed at implementing government policies and promoting balanced macroeconomic growth. The two are separated from each other in organization and business, but there is some cooperation and coordination. Due to the objective limitations of the use of private capital, it is impossible to consciously engage in policy-oriented financial activities, so we can only

The government uses government capital to create special policy financial institutions and consciously undertake this activity.