People's Education Press High School Politics Required Knowledge 1
Lesson 1: Money
(A) the nature of money
Test center 1: basic attributes of goods
1. The meaning of goods: labor products used for exchange.
2. The basic attributes of commodities: value and use value.
(1) Value refers to undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities. Use value refers to the property that goods can meet people's needs.
(2) Use value and value are two basic attributes of commodities. (The former is a natural attribute and the latter is a social attribute)?
(3) Commodity is the unity of value and use value, and use value is the material undertaker of value.
Test site 2: the generation and essence of money
1. The meaning of money: it is separated from commodities and acts as a universal equivalent commodity.
2. Currency generation: barter-extended barter-universal equivalent-gold and silver fixed as universal equivalent-currency generation.
3. The essence of money: universal equivalence.
Test site 3: the basic function of money
1. Value scale
Meaning: the function of money to express and measure the value of all other commodities. Reason: Money itself is a commodity with value.
Requirements: To perform this function, only conceptual money is needed, not real money.
2. Means of circulation
Meaning: the function of money as a medium of commodity exchange. Form of expression: commodity-currency-commodity. Commodity exchange with money as the medium is called commodity circulation. Requirements: Money must use real money to perform this function, not conceptual money.
3. In addition to the basic functions of value scale and circulation means, money also has the functions of storage means, payment means and world currency.
Test site 4: metal currency and paper money?
1 metal currency: coins with certain shape, weight, fineness and denomination value.
2. The meaning of paper money: it is issued by the country (or some regions) and is compulsory to use.
The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation. If the circulation of paper money exceeds this limit, it will cause prices to rise and affect people's lives and social and economic order; If the circulation of paper money is less than this limit, it will make it difficult to sell goods and directly hinder the circulation of goods.
The calculation formula of currency in circulation: total price of goods (quantity of goods for sale × price level)/currency circulation times.
Test site 5: money and wealth
1. The reason why money is worshipped: After money is produced, it becomes a symbol of social wealth.
Money is not mysterious: it should not be worshipped blindly. From the origin of money, it is the product of the long-term development of commodity exchange; In essence, it is a commodity that acts as a universal equivalent. Functionally, it has basic functions such as value scale and circulation means.
3. Correct attitude towards money (three sentences): Take it properly, use it properly, and use it wisely.
(2) Credit instruments and foreign exchange
Test site 6: settlement and credit instruments
1. Credit card:?
Meaning: Bank credit card is a kind of credit certificate issued by banks to customers with good credit. Function: It integrates deposit and withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce cash use, simplify collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety and bring many conveniences to cardholders.
2. Check:
Meaning: A cheque is a payment voucher for a demand deposit, and it is a bill that the drawer unconditionally pays a certain amount to the payee or the holder when he entrusts a bank and other financial institutions to see the bill. Types: Cash and transfer checks are mainly divided into transfer checks (after the payer or individual issues an invoice, the money will be transferred to his bank account) and cash checks (issued by the payer, and the payee withdraws cash from the bank with the ticket).
Test site 7: foreign exchange and exchange rate:
1. The meaning of foreign exchange: it is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement. 2. Meaning of exchange rate: also known as exchange rate, it is the exchange rate between two currencies.
3. If 100 units of foreign currency can be exchanged for more RMB, it means that if the exchange rate of foreign currency rises, foreign currency will appreciate and RMB will depreciate; On the contrary, it shows that the foreign currency exchange rate has fallen, the foreign currency has depreciated and the RMB has appreciated.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of RMB appreciation?
Advantages of RMB appreciation: ① RMB appreciation can save a sum of money for enterprises to import goods; The appreciation of RMB enables China consumers to buy cheap imported goods; (3) The appreciation of RMB has reduced China's external debt pressure; ④ The appreciation of RMB makes the wealth in the hands of ordinary people in China more valuable.
Disadvantages of RMB appreciation: ① RMB appreciation leads to higher export commodity prices, weaker competitiveness in the international market and more difficult export trade; ② The appreciation of RMB damages the actual purchasing power of foreign investors in China market, which affects foreign investment; ③ RMB appreciation will increase domestic employment pressure; ④ RMB appreciation devalues China's foreign exchange reserves.
Compulsory knowledge of high school politics in People's Education Press II
Lesson 2: Price
(A) the price decision and change
Test site 8: value and price
(1) The relationship between price and value.
In a market economy, the price is ultimately determined by the value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.
(2) the level of commodity prices, because they contain different values. Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price.
(2) socially necessary labor time determines the value of goods.
① Determinants of value: socially necessary labor time for producing goods.
First, socially necessary labor time refers to the production of a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal social production conditions. B, individual labor time is the time spent by individual commodity producers to produce a commodity.
② The value of commodities is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time. The more socially necessary labor time a commodity consumes, the greater its value, and vice versa. The value of a commodity is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time for producing the commodity, and inversely proportional to the social labor productivity for producing the commodity. The value of a commodity has nothing to do with the personal labor time and productivity of producing the commodity.
③ Significance of socially necessary labor time to producers: Personal labor time has nothing to do with commodity value. When the individual labor time is higher than the socially necessary labor time, the less the use value produced by the same labor time, the smaller the total value created, which is at a disadvantage. On the contrary, individual labor time is lower than socially necessary labor time, and the more use value the same labor time produces, the greater the total value it creates and it is in a favorable position. → Decide that producers should strive to shorten individual labor time for producing commodities and improve labor productivity.
Test center 9: Value determines price.
Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value. Generally speaking, other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price. The two are in direct proportion.
Test center 10: the basic content and manifestation of the law of value
1. content: the value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the commodity; Commodity exchange is based on value quantity and implements equivalent exchange.
2. Form of expression: commodity prices are affected by the relationship between supply and demand and fluctuate around the value.
3. An important embodiment of the law of value. (1) Adjust the output. (2) Adjust the input of production factors. (changed location)
Test center 1 1: supply and demand
In addition to value determining price, factors affecting price also include supply and demand. The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities. (Note the supply curve and demand curve)
Testing Center 12: Factors Affecting (Balanced) Price
Social necessary labor time determines value, value determines price, supply and demand affect price, and price affects supply and demand. (The price is determined by the market)
1. There are many factors that affect the price, such as climate, time, region, output, and even religion and customs. ?
2. The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities.
(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise. -so there is a phenomenon that "things are rare"?
(2) Supply exceeds demand and prices are reduced. -so there is a phenomenon of "more goods are worthless"
(B) the impact of price changes on economic life
Test center 13: the impact of price changes on consumers
The change of commodity price means the change of consumers' actual income, which will lead to the change of consumers' purchase of goods, thus changing consumers' satisfaction. This is called income effect, which affects consumers' living standards and quality of life.
Test Center 14: Impact of price change on production (change location: p 16)
1. Adjust the output. When the price of a commodity falls and the profit of producers decreases, producers will reduce the production scale and output. On the contrary, it will increase production.
2. Adjust the input of production factors. In order to produce products, producers must invest a certain amount of people, money and materials. When some factors of production can be substituted for each other, in order to reduce production costs, which factors of production will producers increase their use and the prices will drop; Instead, reduce the use of this element.
The influence of price changes on production is an important embodiment of the law of value.
Test center 15: the impact of price changes on demand
1. Price changes will cause changes in demand: generally speaking, when the price of a commodity rises, people will reduce their purchases; When the price of this commodity falls, people will increase their purchases.
2. The demand of different commodities has different responses to price changes: price changes have less influence on the demand of daily necessities and greater influence on the demand of high-grade durable goods.
3.( 1) Substitution: Two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers.
(2) Complementary products: Two commodities must be combined to meet people's needs.
The influence of price changes of related commodities on demand: the price changes of mutual substitutes are inversely proportional to the demand for themselves and directly proportional to the demand for substitutes; The price change of complementary commodities is inversely proportional to the demand of their own commodities and their complementary commodities.
Compulsory knowledge of high school politics in People's Education Press 3
Lesson 3: Consumption
Test center 16: factors affecting consumption
1. The consumption level is influenced by many factors, mainly the income of residents.
(1) Income is the basis and premise of consumption.
① The more disposable income, the greater the consumption; On the contrary, the smaller.
② During the period of rapid income growth, consumption also increased rapidly; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
(2) Residents' consumption level is also affected by future income expectations. Future income is expected to be optimistic and consumption will increase; Instead, it will reduce consumption.
(3) The overall consumption level of society is closely related to the size of people's income gap: if people's income gap is too large, the overall consumption level will decrease; On the contrary, if the income gap narrows, the overall consumption level will increase.
2. There are also changes in prices and residents' consumption concepts.
Test Center 17: Consumer Type
1. According to the different transaction methods, it can be divided into: money-sharing and goods-sharing consumption, loan consumption and lease consumption.
2. According to the purpose of consumption: survival consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption.
Test center 18: consumption structure
1. Consumption structure refers to the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in total consumption expenditures. Consumption structure is not static, it will change with the development of economy and the change of income.
2. Engel coefficient:
(1) Meaning: the proportion of food expenditure to total household expenditure.
The reasons for the decline of Engel's coefficient in China are as follows: ① the fundamental reason: the sustained development of China's economy; ② Direct cause: the continuous improvement of people's income level.
(2) Impact: If Engel's coefficient is too large, it will inevitably affect other consumption expenditures, especially the increase of development materials and enjoyment materials, and limit the improvement of consumption level and quality. The decline of Engel's coefficient usually means that people's living standards have improved and the consumption structure has improved.
Test center 19: consumer psychology
1. Consumption caused by conformity psychology: whether consumption should conform should be analyzed in detail. It is not advisable to blindly follow the crowd.
2. Consumption caused by the psychology of seeking difference: characterized by being different and unconventional. Do not advocate being too unconventional.
3. Consumption caused by comparison psychology: This kind of consumption psychology is unhealthy.
4. Consumption led by realistic psychology: characterized by paying attention to material interests and on-demand. It is a rational consumption.
Test Point 20: Consumer Behavior
1. Live within our means and spend moderately. Control consumption within one's economic affordability. )
The so-called moderate consumption contains two meanings: not lagging behind consumption and not ahead of consumption. ?
Live within our means, make consumption adapt to our economic affordability and consume reasonably.
2. Avoid blind obedience and rational consumption. (avoid following the trend, avoiding emotional consumption, and avoiding material consumption exceeding spiritual consumption. )
3. Protect the environment and consume green. (Green consumption refers to all kinds of consumption behaviors that are aimed at protecting consumers' health and saving resources and meet the standards of human health and environmental protection. To reflect Scientific Outlook on Development's requirements, we must correctly handle the relationship between man and nature and develop harmoniously. Its core is sustainable consumption, which is manifested as "5R". )
4. Diligence and thrift, hard work.
People's Education Press High School Politics Required Knowledge 4
Lesson 4: Production and Economic System
(1) production and consumption
Test site 2 1: production determines consumption.
1. Production determines the consumption object; The way in which production determines consumption; Production determines the quality and level of consumption; Production creates power for consumption.
People's consumption is not determined by subjective desire, but by objective material production.
3. The production of material data is the basis of the survival and development of human society. In a sense, the history of mankind is the history of production development.
4. The process of social reproduction includes four interrelated links: production, distribution, exchange and consumption. Among them, the direct production process is the decisive link; Distribution and exchange are bridges and ties connecting production and consumption, which have an important impact on production and consumption; Consumption is the ultimate goal and motivation of the whole material production process.
Test point 22: the reaction of consumption to production
1. Consumption is the ultimate goal of the total process of material production. Consumption drives economic growth and promotes production development.
2. The new demand formed by consumption plays a guiding role in the adjustment and upgrading of production.
3. Consumption is the driving force of production. The emergence of a new consumption hotspot can often lead to the emergence and growth of an industry.
4. Consumption has created a new labor force for production, improved the quality of labor force, and improved the production enthusiasm of workers.
Test Center 23: Significance of Developing Production
1. Necessity:
(1) is determined by the main contradiction in the primary stage of socialism in China. In order to solve this contradiction, we must persist in emancipating and developing the productive forces, which is the basic requirement that must be firmly grasped to win new victories in Socialism with Chinese characteristics. (Page 30, where it was changed)
(2) Improving people's material and cultural living standards is the fundamental purpose of reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and the fundamental task of Socialism with Chinese characteristics is to liberate and develop social productive forces ". (p28 fine print introduction, changed)
2. Importance:
(1) can establish a solid material and technical foundation for consolidating the socialist system.
(2) Only by narrowing the gap left over from history with developed countries can we fully reflect the superiority of the socialist system.
(3) Only in this way can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve our international status.
3. Ways: (How to develop production vigorously)?
(1) Insist on economic construction as the center, concentrate on construction and seek development wholeheartedly. ?
(2) People are the most decisive force in productivity. To vigorously develop productive forces, we must respect labor, knowledge, talents and creativity, and comprehensively improve the quality of workers. ?
(3) Science and technology are the primary productive forces, the concentrated expression and main symbol of advanced productive forces. To vigorously develop productive forces, we must accelerate the development of science and technology and vigorously promote scientific and technological progress and innovation. ?
(4) Reform is the self-improvement and development of socialism, which can promote the development of productive forces. To vigorously develop productive forces, it is necessary to adjust the part of production relations that does not adapt to the development of productive forces and the part of superstructure that does not adapt to the economic base through reform. Through the reform and improvement of the basic socialist system, Socialism with Chinese characteristics will be full of vigor and vitality.
(B) China's basic economic system
Test site 24: public ownership as the main body
1. Status quo: Public ownership of the means of production is the fundamental economic feature of socialism and the foundation of the socialist economic system.
2. Content: Public ownership includes state-owned and collective components in state-owned economy, collective economy and mixed ownership economy.
3. The main performance of the dominant position of public ownership:?
(1) Public assets are dominant in total social assets. As far as the whole country is concerned, some places and some industries can be different. ) It is necessary to have both quantitative advantages and quality improvement. ?
(2) State-owned economy and its leading role-State-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development.
4. Various forms of public ownership.
Joint-stock system, joint-stock cooperative system and all other management modes and organizational forms that embody the law of socialized production can all become the realization forms of public ownership economy.
Test site 25: State-owned economy and its leading role?
1. Meaning: A form of public ownership in which all workers in society share the means of production.
2. The protagonist:
(1) The leading role of the state-owned economy is mainly reflected in its control, that is, its ability to control the development direction of the national economy, the overall economic operation and important scarce resources. ?
(2) State-owned economy must play a leading role in important industries and key fields related to the lifeline of the national economy.
Test site 26: Does the multi-ownership economy develop together?
1. Non-public economy in China
(1) Meaning:
Individual economy: the means of production are occupied by individual workers or families, engaged in individual labor and management.
Private economy: based on the private ownership of means of production and wage labor, for the purpose of making profits.
Foreign-funded economy: refers to the wholly-owned enterprises established in Chinese mainland by foreign investors and investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan according to China laws and regulations, as well as the foreign-funded part of Sino-foreign joint ventures and Sino-foreign cooperative ventures.
(2) Status: The non-public economy is an important part of the socialist market economy.
(3) Role: The non-public economy plays an important role in utilizing scattered resources, promoting economic development, expanding employment, improving people's living standards, and increasing national fiscal revenue.
2. National policies:
Encourage, support and guide the development of non-public economy. Non-public economy such as individual, private and foreign capital is an important part of socialist market economy, and it must be unswervingly encouraged, supported and guided. Ensure that all ownership economies use production factors equally according to law, participate in market competition fairly, and be equally protected by law. Adhere to public ownership as the main body, promote the development of non-public ownership economy, and unify the two in the process of socialist modern economic construction. Various ownership economies can give full play to their respective advantages, promote each other and develop together in the market economy competition.
3. The inevitability of public ownership as the main body and the development of multi-ownership economy.
(1) The basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together conforms to the essential requirements of socialism and adapts to the unbalanced and multi-level development of productive forces in the primary stage of socialism.
(2) Practice has proved that it is conducive to promoting the development of productive forces, enhancing comprehensive national strength and improving people's living standards. We must adhere to and improve this basic economic system.
Compulsory knowledge of high school politics in People's Education Press 5
Lesson 6: Choice of Investment and Financial Management
Test center 36: interest, interest rate, principal
⑴ Interest: it is the only income people get from savings deposits, the reward paid by banks for using savings deposits, and the value-added part of the deposit principal. ?
⑵ The amount of interest depends on three factors: principal, deposit period and interest rate level. ?
⑶ The calculation formula of interest is: interest = principal × interest rate × deposit term.
⑷ Interest rate: the abbreviation of interest rate is the ratio of interest to principal within a certain period. The benchmark deposit interest rate is determined by the People's Bank of China.
Test site 37: savings deposit
1. demand deposit: it is a deposit method that depositors can deposit and withdraw money at any time, with no specified deposit period and unlimited deposit amount and times. As an investment object, current savings is flexible and convenient, which is suitable for storing the funds needed in personal daily life.
2. Time deposit: it is a deposit method with an agreed term in advance, and it is generally not allowed to withdraw in advance before the deposit expires. As an investment object, the liquidity is poor, and the income is higher than current savings, but generally lower than bonds and stocks.
Test site 38: China's commercial banking system
(1) Commercial banks: Commercial banks refer to financial institutions engaged in the business of absorbing public deposits, issuing loans and settling accounts. And take profit as the main business goal.
(2) Status: Commercial banks in China are the most important part of China's financial system. (3) Type: joint-stock commercial banks with public ownership as the main body.
Private joint-stock commercial banks, city commercial banks, foreign banks (foreign corporate banks, Sino-foreign joint venture banks and branches of foreign banks), China Postal Savings Bank, national commercial banks and regional commercial banks.
Test Site 39: Commercial Banking
The main business of commercial banks:
(1) deposit business: this is the basic business of commercial banks.
(2) Loan business: it is the main source of profit for commercial banks.
(3) Settlement business: the bank charges a certain service fee for this.
In addition to the three major businesses, commercial banks also provide us with services such as buying and selling bonds, acting as agents for buying and selling foreign exchange, acting as agents for insurance and providing safes.
Compulsory knowledge of high school politics by People's Education Press 6
Magic currency
1, commodity
① Meaning ② Necessary conditions:
(3) Two basic attributes of commodities:
2. The emergence of money ② The essence of money-universal equivalent (essence) is a commodity.
Cause: Generation: It is a commodity in itself. Function: Like universal equivalents, it represents the value of all other commodities and acts as a medium of commodity exchange.
4.① Inflation ② Deflation caused by imbalance between total social demand and total supply.
① Essence: Supply is less than demand, which is manifested by rising prices and devaluation of paper money. Impact: paper money depreciates, prices rise, purchasing power declines, living standards decline, commodity sales are difficult, and economic order is chaotic.
(2) Essence: Supply exceeds demand, which is manifested by falling prices and appreciation of paper money. Influence; Falling prices are beneficial to the people to a certain extent, but long-term large-scale decline will affect the enthusiasm of enterprises for production and investment, make the economy depressed, affect the improvement of people's living standards, and lead to sluggish market consumption, which is unfavorable to long-term economic development and people's long-term interests.
Changing prices
(1) Factors affecting the price:
1, factors affecting the price:
(1) Factors affecting the price:
2. Supply and demand affect prices.
(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise.
A seller's market: meaning, the type of market dominated by the seller.
B. Performance: Due to the shortage of supply, the seller is in a favorable position in market transactions, and can sell the goods even if the price is raised.
(2) Supply exceeds demand and prices are reduced.
A, the buyer's market, is a buyer-led market type.
B. performance; Due to oversupply, buyers are in a favorable position in market transactions, and prices usually tend to fall.
3. Value determines price:
(1) The relationship between price and value.
① A. In a market economy, the price is ultimately determined by the value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.
B, the level of commodity prices, because they contain different values. Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price.
(2) socially necessary labor time determines the value of goods.
① Determinants of value: not determined by individual labor time, but by socially necessary labor time for producing goods.
First, socially necessary labor time refers to the production of a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal social production conditions.
B, individual labor time is the time spent by individual commodity producers to produce a commodity.
② The value of commodities is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time. The more socially necessary labor time a commodity consumes, the greater its value, and vice versa.
(3)① The value of commodities is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.
Labor productivity: the productivity of workers. Labor rate = original product quantity = labor time =
② The socially necessary labor time is the expression of certain social productive forces, which is caused by the changes of social productive forces.
(3) The change of individual labor productivity does not affect the value of goods, but it can change individual labor hours and change the total value created at the same time.
Relationship diagram of labor time, labor productivity and commodity value
4. The content and manifestation of the law of value.
The content of the law of value: the value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities, and the exchange of commodities is based on value.
(2) Manifestation: Affected by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around value, which is the manifestation of the law of value.
③ Function: Adjust the distribution of labor and means of production in all sectors of social production (optimize the allocation of resources in all sectors of society), stimulate commodity producers to improve technology, management and labor productivity (optimize the internal allocation of enterprises), and lead to the survival of the fittest in commodity production. (Optimizing the allocation of resources among enterprises, in short, is conducive to the optimal, reasonable and efficient allocation of resources)
People's Education Publishing House: Articles on Compulsory Political Knowledge in Senior High School;
★ People's Education Edition is a compulsory knowledge point of high school politics.
★ People's Education Edition High School Politics Compulsory One Knowledge Point Arrangement
★ Summary of a compulsory knowledge point of senior high school politics by People's Education Edition
★ Summary of a compulsory knowledge point of senior high school politics by People's Education Edition
★ A compulsory knowledge arrangement of senior high school politics
★ Arrangement of a key knowledge point in the required political course in senior high school
★ People's Education Edition is a compulsory key knowledge of high school politics.
★ A compulsory knowledge point of high school politics is summarized completely.
★ High School Politics Required 1 Knowledge Point Summary People's Education Edition
★ Summary of a knowledge point of compulsory politics in senior one.
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