Second, China's foreign trade has experienced a long-term sluggish growth for nearly 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and has made rapid progress since the reform and opening up. Especially since the beginning of the new century, China has become a big trading country in the world and has made great contributions to the economic development of China and the world.
3. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Commerce, from 1990 to 2006, the cumulative import volume of China reached 4.2 trillion US dollars. The positive effects of foreign trade on China's economic development are mainly manifested in five aspects:
(a) to stimulate economic growth, foreign trade exports, investment and consumption together become the main driving force for economic growth;
(2) promoting structural adjustment, technological progress and industrial upgrading. The export of mechanical and electrical products has accounted for more than half of the total export, and the export of high-tech products has accounted for nearly 30%;
(3) creating employment opportunities, with nearly 1 100 million employees directly related to foreign trade;
(4) Increase fiscal revenue and foreign exchange reserves. Import tax accounts for 1/5 of the national tax revenue, which is the second largest tax source after domestic value-added tax. The country's foreign exchange reserves have exceeded $654.38+000 billion, improving its ability to resist external economic risks;
(5) Make full use of international and domestic markets and resources to serve economic construction. Domestic imports of energy, raw materials, advanced technology and key equipment account for 90% of the total imports.
4. However, in terms of the sustainable development of trade and the deep-seated pulling effect on the economy, we still have a big gap compared with the world trade powers such as the United States, Germany and Japan. Therefore, it is an important subject worthy of our in-depth thinking and exploration to deeply grasp the essential connotation of a trading power and a trading power and accelerate the transformation of China from a trading power to a trading power.
Fifth, the symbol of measuring a powerful trading country: structure first
Trading right and trading right are a set of relative concepts;
1, there are both quantitative basis and qualitative indicators, and quantitative and qualitative indicators are relative.
2. On this basis, we think that a big trading country mainly considers the quantity of trade, while a strong trading country mainly considers the quality of trade.
3. The symbol of a trading power is the continuous optimization of the trade structure, including the continuous improvement of the terms of trade, the positive performance of trade subjects, the continuous enrichment of trade content, the continuous improvement of trade competitiveness and the diversification of trade markets.
On the import side, we mainly import some resources and low value-added products to meet the needs of domestic economic growth. On the export side, we extend the industrial chain by exporting high-tech and deep-processed products, and put more added value in China. By developing and owning more independent intellectual property rights and well-known brands, products and enterprises have strong competitiveness in the world market, and enterprises have higher management level and higher ability to participate in international economic cooperation.
6. China is a big trading country: it deserves it.
(1) Since the reform and opening up, with the establishment, perfection and perfection of China's foreign trade import and export system, and more importantly, the positive factors from the market and the new impetus brought by China's accession to the WTO, China's foreign trade has achieved rapid development and achieved three major leaps:
1, 1986 textile and clothing products have replaced oil as the largest export product, which indicates that China has got rid of the export structure dominated by resources and entered a period dominated by labor-intensive products;
2. The export structure of foreign trade changed decisively in 1995, and mechanical and electrical products surpassed textiles and clothing products to become the largest export product in China for the first time, pushing foreign trade exports to the steps of 1994 and 2000 respectively.
3. At the turn of the century, China seized the opportunity of China's entry into WTO and the transfer of manufacturing links of high-tech industries represented by IT industry to China, vigorously implemented the strategy of invigorating trade through science and technology, and formed a new pattern of promoting foreign trade growth with high-tech products and electromechanical products. In 2004, China's foreign trade import and export scale exceeded $654.38+000 billion, and foreign trade achieved the third leap.
(2) At the beginning of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, China ranked sixth in the world in terms of goods trade volume, and has begun to be called a big trading country by world public opinion; When we stand at the important moment of entering the 11th Five-Year Plan, the total foreign trade volume of China jumped to 1 760.69 billion US dollars in 2006, which was 3.4 times of 5438+0 in 2006 at the beginning of the 10th Five-Year Plan, which not only achieved a great leap in China's foreign trade history, but also ranked third in the world trade in goods.
What is particularly commendable is that China's foreign trade has maintained a rapid growth of more than 20% for five consecutive years since 2002.
At the same time, around the main line of changing the growth mode of foreign trade, China's import and export commodity structure is also quietly improving.
3. From 200 1 to 2005, the proportion of China's industrial manufactured goods exports rose from 90. 1% to 93.6%( 1980, industrial manufactured goods only accounted for 49.7% of China's total exports), and the proportion of mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products in the total exports increased from 44.6% and/kl respectively. In the same period, the proportion of primary products in China's imports increased from 18.8% to 22.4%.
4. China has initially formed a promotion system of "rejuvenating trade through science and technology" focusing on 20 cities, 25 bases, 12 commodities and 1000 enterprises, and cultivated internationally influential enterprise groups and independent brands such as Haier, Lenovo, TCL, Huawei and ZTE. China's domestic value-added rate of processing trade reached 52%, and its import and export with major trading partners increased in an all-round way.
(3) China, which is open to the outside world, has now completely entered the broad road of international trade, making rapid progress and constantly refreshing one historical record after another:
1. After foreign trade broke through100 billion dollars for the first time in 2004, China's import and export trade jumped to the peak of142265438+200 million dollars again in 2005, of which the total export value of goods was 762 billion dollars, and China's trade surplus created the best result of 102 billion dollars.
2. Moreover, the exciting Arabic figures were amplified again in 2006: the total import and export trade in 2006 reached US$ 65.438+0.76069 billion, up by 23.8% year-on-year; Among them, exports reached 969.08 billion US dollars, up by 27.2%; Imports were $79 1, $6 1 billion, up by 20%.
3. Correspondingly, the foreign trade surplus broke the annual record set in 2005, reaching $654.38+077.47 billion, an increase of 74%, and China's foreign exchange reserves have exceeded $654.38+000 billion. "Made in China" bravely puts its country in a prominent position as a big trading country in the process of striding towards the international stage. ? ? China has a long way to go to become a powerful trading country.
(1) China looks like a world trading power, but it is not a "trading power". China has a long way to go from a big trading country to a powerful trading country. From the international perspective, China's export products have low added value and low efficiency, and there is still a big gap between the competitiveness and independent innovation ability of enterprises and the trading powers such as the United States, Germany and Japan.
1, with a large aggregate and a small per capita; A big country in goods trade and a small country in services trade.
1. 1. At present, China's per capita trade volume is only 1354 US dollars, while the world's per capita trade volume is 2,400 US dollars.
65,438+0.2. Among them, the per capita trade volume of the United States is US$ 8,427, Japan is US$ 7 136 and South Korea is US$ 7,920. China is only a big country with a total trade scale and a small country with a per capita trade scale.
1.3 is also a big country in goods trade and a small country in services trade. Although China's service trade is growing at an average annual rate of 16%, in 2005, China's service trade exports only accounted for 3.4% of the total global exports, while imports accounted for 3.6% of the total global imports.
1.4. Although China has also entered the ranks of the world's largest service trade countries, compared with the economic scale and actual demand (including trade in goods), the development of China's service trade still lags behind.
2. A country with a large trade volume and a weak trade structure.
2. 1. Although the structure of China's export commodities has obviously improved, we are still a net importer in the field of high-tech commodities, and China's foreign trade still shows a pattern of relying on exporting low value-added consumer goods in exchange for capital products.
2.2. From the perspective of world economic division of labor, China's foreign trade exports occupy a large share in processing trade, and most of them are in the low-profit links downstream of processing. The added value and technical content of products are relatively low, and the export proportion of high-tech products only accounts for a little more than 29%, and there are few influential brands. It is a big country with tangible goods, a small country with intangible brands, and a big country with large trade volume and weak trade structure.
2.3. Theoretically speaking, in terms of factor endowment, the comparative advantage of China's economy is still mainly reflected in the sufficient supply of labor factors, and relatively speaking, the supply of capital, technology and knowledge factors is insufficient; In particular, the production of products that use technology and knowledge intensively does not have the advantage of relatively low cost.
2.4 According to the comparative advantages of different trading partners in the international division of labor, most industries in China (even the production and trade of high-tech products) are still in the low-end division of labor.
2.5, that is to say, in the low-end position of international division of labor, China's products or production links are internationally competitive; However, in the high-end division of labor, China's products or production links generally do not have international competitiveness.
3. The quantity is huge and the benefit is low.
3. 1. Most of China's exports are in the form of processing trade, and the domestic income is only a meager processing fee. Even the electronic information products that have sprung up in recent years, a large part of them are only OEM processing for some multinational giants.
3.2. Due to the lack of high value-added export commodities with independent intellectual property rights in China and the long-term adherence to the guiding ideology of "earning foreign exchange through export", the number of export products has increased, but the price has dropped.
3.3. The general decline in the prices of export products and the rise of international trade protectionism have led to more and more anti-dumping cases filed by foreign countries against China.
3.4. Many foreign trade enterprises have low scale efficiency, excessive export competition, bargaining with others, and relying on tax rebates to barely make a profit or survive. The low export efficiency has brought many negative effects to China's economy.
3.5, a prominent problem is that many export enterprises can only rely on export tax rebates to survive, which has caused heavy pressure on government finances and provided an excuse for foreign trade protectionists.
4. The development of regional structure and enterprise structure is unbalanced.
4. 1. The southeast coast of China has become a big winner in export, but the west is not ideal. For example, before 2005 10 months, the exports of eastern provinces and cities accounted for 9 1% of the national share, while the exports of Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces all increased by more than 20%, but at the same time, the exports of several central and western provinces were shrinking.
4.2 At the same time, local enterprises in China have not got rid of the vicious competition in low-profit labor-intensive industries. The highlight of China's export performance is still mainly from foreign-funded enterprises, especially wholly-owned enterprises. Tens of millions of migrant workers are still unable to share the cake of economic growth reasonably, and China enterprises are still under the shadow of international anti-dumping.
5. Lack of independent innovation ability.
5. 1. China has promoted the upgrading of industrial structure by introducing a large number of advanced and applicable technologies, but the innovation ability of domestic enterprises has not been improved simultaneously, the self-sufficiency rate of key technologies is low, the dependence on foreign technologies is over 50%, and the scientific and technological innovation ability is still at the lower level among major countries.
5.2. Weak innovation ability, coupled with low technical level and low quality of labor force, has seriously limited the promotion of China's position in the international division of labor.
5.3. To change the embarrassment that we exchanged 654.38 billion pairs of pants for a Boeing plane, we need to make more arduous efforts in system and technological innovation and increase the input of human resources.
6. In a word, compared with the world trade power, China has obvious gaps in four aspects:
6. 1. The mode of trade growth is relatively extensive, and the quality and efficiency need to be further improved.
6.2, the core competitiveness is not strong, the lack of its own brand and marketing network, with independent intellectual property rights and core technology products are still very few.
6.3. The level of export products is low, and many products are still at the low end of the international division of labor value chain, with low added value.
6.4. A large number of enterprises with high management level and comprehensive strength that can deeply participate in international competition and cooperation have not yet formed.
Xingzhi Tribe —— Why is China not a trading power?