Review the first unit of economic life in senior one.
First, unveil the mystery of money.
1, the essence of money
(1), the definition of commodity:
Commodities are products of labor exchange.
Correctly distinguish between commodities, articles existing in nature and labor products.
(2) Money is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain historical stage.
First, in the late primitive society, with the development of productive forces and social division of labor, barter began. The exchange of goods began.
B premise of successful commodity exchange: both sides need each other's products, but not both need each other's products in actual exchange, which leads to the difficulty of barter exchange.
C, in the process of long-term exchange, people found a way to overcome difficulties, that is, to change their own things into generally accepted goods, and then change them into what they need.
This generally accepted commodity is a universal equivalent. It shows the value of other commodities and acts as a medium of commodity exchange.
(3) Definition of money: Money is a commodity separated from commodities and fixed as a universal equivalent.
(4) The essence of money: universal equivalent.
Second, the basic function of money
(1) What is the function of money?
The function of money refers to the role that money plays in economic life. It is the embodiment of the essence of money.
(2) The basic functions of money are:
First, the value scale
Definition of value scale: The function of expressing and measuring commodity value is called value scale.
② Why can money measure the value of goods?
Because money itself is a commodity and is valuable. (Value is the general labor of human beings condensed in commodities)
(3) In order to play the function of value scale, a unit must be determined for currency: yuan, pound, etc.
④ Price definition: it is the monetary expression of value. For example, the value of vegetables, expressed in money, is 2 yuan a catty.
As a measure of value, money only needs conceptual money.
(2) means of circulation
(1) the meaning of circulation refers to:
Money as a means of commodity circulation medium is called commodity circulation means.
(2) the meaning of commodity circulation and its enlightenment to producers:
Commodity exchange with money as the medium is called commodity circulation. The formula is: commodity currency commodity.
Enlightenment: commodity producers must be marketable and ensure the quality if they want to sell their own products and become commodities.
(3) Other functions of money: (Note: this is not a basic function)
A. means of storage: money is preserved as a representative of wealth. At this time, money performs the function of storage means. The currency that performs this function should be metal currency.
B means of payment: the currency used to pay debts, land rent, interest, taxes, wages and other means is called storage means.
C and world currency: in the world market, money is a means to pay the balance of payments. In the past, it was a precious metal. Now, the dollar has the function of the world currency.
Third, paper money.
(1) Advantages and significance of paper money;
First, the generation of paper money:
Metal money-mint-paper money
B, the advantages of paper money:
Low cost, easy storage, and convenient carrying and transportation.
C, the definition of paper money:
Value symbols issued and used by the state.
(2) the law of issuing paper money:
The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of metal money needed in circulation.
(3) Inflation and deflation
If the circulation of paper money exceeds this limit, the price will rise, which is called inflation.
The circulation of paper money below this limit will make it difficult to sell goods. This is called deflation.
Second, credit instruments and foreign exchange.
1, credit instrument
(1) credit card
A. Meaning of credit card: It is an electronic payment card with some functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc.
B. The meaning of bank credit card: it is a credit certificate issued by a commercial bank to customers with good credit standing. Cardholders can spend money at the consumption place designated by the card issuer or deposit and withdraw cash or transfer money at the designated business institution.
C. Functions and advantages of credit cards: Credit cards can integrate deposit and withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce the use of cash. Simplify the collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, and enhance consumer safety.
Step 2 check
(1) The meaning of a check: it is a payment voucher for a demand deposit, and it is a bill that the drawer entrusts a bank and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the holder at sight.
(2) Type of inspection:
I. Handover inspection:
After the payer writes a transfer check, the payee takes this ticket to the bank and transfers the money to his account.
B, cash check:
It is issued by the payer, and the payee draws cash from the bank with the ticket.
3. Foreign exchange
(1) The meaning of foreign exchange
Payment in foreign currency in international settlement.
(2) the meaning of exchange rate
Is the exchange rate between two currencies. Also called exchange rate. For example, the exchange rate between RMB and USD, today's quotation is 800 yuan RMB for 100 USD. 8: 1 is the exchange rate.
(3) Keep the value of RMB basically stable.
How to keep the value of RMB basically stable?
Keep the overall price level stable internally and the RMB exchange rate stable externally.
First, the country should have a certain gold reserve.
Second, domestic output should be increased.
The third is to strengthen price management and macro-control.
Lesson 2 changeable prices
I. Factors affecting prices
Supply and demand affect prices.
(1) indirect factors: climate, time, region, production, culture and many other factors will affect the price.
(2) Direct factors: The influence of indirect factors on price changes is actually realized by changing the supply or demand of goods.
A. seller's market:
When demand exceeds supply, buyers actually buy, and sellers will take the opportunity to raise prices. There is a seller's market. It is a seller-led market type. As the demand exceeds the supply, the seller is in a favorable position in the market.
B. buyer's market:
When the supply exceeds the demand, there is a surplus of goods, and the sellers actually sell to each other, resulting in a buyer's market. Buyer's market is a market type dominated by buyers. Due to oversupply, buyers are in a favorable position in market transactions.
Although the change of price is influenced by the relationship between supply and demand, the price is ultimately determined by the value of goods. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.
Supply exceeds demand, prices fall, supply exceeds demand and prices rise.
(2) Value determines price.
(1) The price is determined by the value.
Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value. Other things being equal, the higher the value of a commodity, the higher the price.
(2) socially necessary labor time determines the price of goods.
The value of goods is not determined by individual labor time, but by socially necessary labor time. The socially necessary labor time is the time needed to produce a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal social production conditions.
(3) the significance of producers to improve labor productivity
Personal working hours are lower than socially necessary working hours, and goods sold according to socially necessary working hours are in a favorable position, which stimulates producers to improve technology and increase labor productivity.
(4) the relationship between commodity value and labor productivity
The general improvement of labor productivity will lead to the shortening of socially necessary labor time for producing this commodity, thus reducing the value of unit commodity. The unit commodity value is inversely proportional to labor productivity.
Research topic:
1, law of value:
The law of value is the law of commodity production and exchange. The value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities, and commodities are exchanged at equal value on the basis of value.
2, the expression of the law of value
The law of value plays a role through the fluctuation of price around value. When the supply of goods exceeds the demand, the price of goods will be lower than the value. When the supply of goods is less than the demand, the price is higher than the value. From a long historical period, price equals value. Therefore, the price of goods is affected by the relationship between supply and demand, and fluctuates around the value, which is the expression of the law of value.
Second, the impact of price changes.
(A) the impact on people's lives
1. Price affects consumers' purchase: As the price rises, consumers reduce their purchase, while as the price falls, consumers increase their purchase.
2. The demand of different commodities has different responses to price changes:
A the price changes of daily necessities and high-grade durable goods have different effects on consumer demand.
Price changes have little effect on the demand for daily necessities, but have great influence on the demand for high-grade durable goods.
Influence of price change of substitutes on consumer demand.
Two kinds of goods have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers. These two commodities can be substituted for each other.
When the price of a commodity rises, consumers will reduce their consumption of the commodity, the demand for the commodity will decrease, consumers will turn to buy substitutes, and the demand for substitutes will increase.
The influence of price changes of supplementary commodities on consumer demand. Only by combining the two commodities can people meet certain needs. These two commodities are complementary commodities. The price change of one complementary commodity will affect the synchronous change of the demand of another complementary commodity.
(B) the impact on producers and operators
(1) Adjust the output
When the supply of a commodity exceeds the demand in the market, the price of the commodity will fall, the profit of the producer will decrease, and the output will decrease. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
(2) improve labor productivity.
Only by improving labor productivity can enterprises shorten the individual labor time of producing goods, provide space for price reduction of products and make them in an advantageous position in price competition.
(three) the production of marketable quality products
Consumers buy goods in order to gain use value, so quality is the key to the survival and development of enterprises. If you produce marketable goods, you can make more profits.
Lesson 3 Colorful Consumption
I. Consumption and its types
Factors affecting consumption
1, the influence of residents' income on consumption
(1) The influence of residents' current income level on consumption
Income is the basis and premise of consumption. Other things being equal, the more income, the greater the consumption of goods and services.
(2) The impact of residents' future income expectations on consumption.
If people have very optimistic expectations, they are more likely to advance their future income. On the contrary, when people expect to reduce their income or unemployment risk in the future, they will control their current consumption.
(3) The impact of income gap on the overall consumption level of society.
The overall consumption level of society is closely related to the income gap between people. If the income gap is too large, the overall consumption level will decrease. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium
2, the impact of commodity prices on consumption.
(1) The influence of price level change on residents' purchasing power.
(2) Different levels of purchase lead to different levels of consumption.
3. The influence of commodity performance, quality and appearance on consumption.
Commodities with high performance and good quality are easy to stimulate people's desire for consumption and affect consumption.
(2) Consumption type:
1. According to product types, it can be divided into tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption.
2. According to the transaction mode, it can be divided into monetary commodity consumption, loan consumption and rental consumption.
(1) The money and goods are paid in full, and the consumer goods are obtained in the form of cash on delivery. This is a cash transaction.
(2) Loan consumption refers to the advance of future income for consumption.
(3) Lease consumption refers to consumption that only purchases the right to use goods within a certain period of time without changing the ownership of goods.
3. According to the purpose of consumption, it can be divided into survival consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption. Consumption has its changing rules.
Case: buying food, daily necessities, houses, clothes, etc. Belongs to the consumption of means of subsistence.
People's satisfaction with the consumption of living materials, developing materials and enjoying materials has increased in turn. When they reach the lowest solution, they hope to enter a higher level.
(3) Consumption structure
1, meaning of consumption structure
The consumption structure reflects the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in the total consumption expenditure. Consumption structure is not static, it will change with the development of economy and the change of income.
2. The meaning of Engel coefficient
The ratio of food expenditure to total household expenditure is Engel's coefficient. You can infer the level of family life. Engel coefficient = = food expenditure: total household expenditure
3. The relationship between Engel coefficient and the change of consumption structure
If Engel's coefficient is too large, it will inevitably affect other consumption expenditures, especially the increase of development materials and enjoyment materials. It limits the improvement of consumption level and quality.
A small coefficient means that people's living standards have improved and the consumption structure has improved.
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