1, reduce the deposit reserve ratio. The reduction of reserve ratio makes banks have more funds to lend, which can enhance the credit derivative ability of commercial banks. 2. Reduce the rediscount and refinancing rates. As the lender of last resort, the central bank attracts commercial banks to handle more rediscount and refinancing business by lowering the interest rates of rediscount and refinancing, and then raises more funds for lending. 3. Window guidance. Guide commercial banks to provide credit through some guiding remarks. For example, do some risk warnings or special investigations to influence commercial banks. 4. Adjustment of benchmark interest rate. By adjusting the benchmark interest rate of deposits and loans, it affects the bank spread and the cost of customers' funds, and indirectly affects bank loans. 5. Standardize the interbank market. At present, there are so many direct and indirect channels. Hmm. How interesting

2. In what ways does the central bank manage commercial banks?

As a special financial institution, the central bank is different from commercial banks. Its service targets are financial institutions other than the state. On the one hand, we should manage the deposit reserve of commercial banks, act as the lender of last resort, and complete the bill exchange and clearing business of commercial banks. On the other hand, it should be responsible for the supervision and management of commercial banks, which is embodied in the following four aspects.

(1) Centralized management of deposit reserve.

Generally speaking, the funds absorbed by banks from the society cannot be used for loans or other investments, but some funds should be reserved, which is called the bank's deposit reserve.

With the increasingly fierce competition in the banking industry, some banks choose to keep only a small part of the deposit reserve in order to pursue greater profits. However, once customers withdraw their cash or have other risks, banks will encounter financial difficulties and even declare bankruptcy.

In order to solve this problem, national laws stipulate that commercial banks must withdraw a certain amount of deposit reserve according to the statutory reserve ratio and hand it over to the central bank for safekeeping. This is the modern centralized reserve system.

The implementation of this system has the following functions: it helps to ensure the safety of depositors' funds and achieve the purpose of maintaining financial order and stabilizing society; In the form of centralized deposit reserve, it is helpful to enhance the repayment ability of commercial banks and ensure the minimum repayment ability of commercial banks or other financial institutions; By regulating the credit creation ability of commercial banks, it is helpful for the central bank to control the money supply; Retaining the deposit reserve of commercial banks will help to strengthen the financial strength of the central bank and expand its sources of funds.

(2) Act as lender of last resort.

When commercial banks are in trouble, they can turn to the central bank, which can provide timely support for commercial banks and act as lender of last resort.

There are two ways for commercial banks to obtain funds from the central bank: one is rediscount, that is, commercial banks transfer their bills to the central bank to obtain funds.

The second is refinancing, that is, commercial banks mortgage bills to the central bank to obtain loans.

From the development history of the banking industry, the first thing that appears is bill rediscount, and then bill refinancing.

As the lender of last resort of commercial banks, the central bank can provide financial support to commercial banks when they encounter financial difficulties, avoid a large number of bankruptcies and eventually lead to the collapse of the banking industry, and enhance the flexibility, solvency and security of the entire financial system. It can also control and adjust the credit scale and money supply by handling financial intermediary for commercial banks, so as to achieve the purpose of macro-control of the national economy.

(3) As the final clearing and settlement center.

With the development of capitalist economy and the continuous expansion of banking business, banks need to deal with more and more bills every day, and the bill exchange and clearing business of banks can not be handled in time, not only in different places, but also in the same city. This objectively requires the establishment of a large bank with good credit and authority throughout the country to solve the problem of bill exchange and liquidation. The nature of the central bank determines that it is the last clearing and clearing center.

This function is also completed on the basis of centralized reserve system. Banks open deposit accounts in the central bank, and their bill exchange and fund settlement business can be transferred and allocated through these accounts. The whole process is simple and convenient.

Although bill clearing and fund settlement are not the main functions of the central bank, they are its due responsibilities.

Making the central bank the final clearing center of bills has the following functions: ① The clearing procedures between banks are simple and easy, which not only saves manpower and time, but also saves the cost of currency circulation and adapts to the development of modern society.

(2) Banks use the central bank to settle funds, which improves the liquidation efficiency and speeds up the capital turnover.

(3) It is convenient for the central bank to know the operation of state funds in time, so as to conduct timely regulation and supervision, thus ensuring the normal operation of economic activities and social life.

(4) to supervise and manage financial institutions throughout the country.

In order to maintain the stability of the financial system and social and economic development, the central bank is responsible for supervising and managing financial institutions throughout the country.

The financial supervision of the central bank includes the following contents: supervision of the establishment of financial institutions; Supervise the assets and liabilities of financial institutions; The supervision of financial market includes market access, market financing, market interest rate, market rules, etc. ; Supervise accounting settlement; Supervision of foreign exchange and foreign debt; Supervise the production, import, processing and sales of gold; Supervision of the securities industry; Supervision of insurance industry; Supervision of trust industry; Supervise gold investment, pawn, financial leasing and other activities.

However, since the establishment of CBRC and CIRC, the functions of the central bank have been split. The People's Bank of China is mainly responsible for the supervision of relevant parts of monetary policy, focusing on grasping the national financial system from a macro perspective.

Third, the difference between the rediscount and refinancing business of the central bank and the loan business of commercial banks.

The simplest explanation is that the loan business of commercial banks is aimed at corporate customers; The rediscount and refinancing business of the central bank is aimed at financial institutions such as commercial banks.

Rediscount is an act that the central bank provides financing support to banking financial institutions with accounts in the People's Bank of China by purchasing commercial bills due from banks with accounts in the People's Bank of China. Commercial draft is a debt certificate issued by the buyer to buy the seller's products, which is not within the scope permitted by law and can be repaid within the agreed time limit. Under normal circumstances, in order to ensure that the buyer can repay the debt when it is due, this debt certificate must be promised by the bank where the buyer opens the account. If the bill is due, but the customer cannot repay the debt for some reason, then

The main differences between the rediscount and refinancing business of the central bank and the loan business of commercial banks are as follows

The object of different refinancing can only be commercial banks. Except for loans provided by non-bank financial institutions decided by the State Council, the People's Bank of China may not provide loans to non-bank financial institutions and their commercial banks for units and individuals.

Second, the basis of loans is different. Central bank refinancing is generally used to solve the problem of insufficient temporary positions of commercial banks, and the longest loan period is no more than one year; The loan period of commercial banks is relatively long and can be segmented. Third, the loan is in the position of the general gate, because the central bank's investment can directly guide and adjust the scale and structure of the bank's loans. At the same time, the former important means of monetary policy can regulate both demand and supply, and can convey the intention of monetary policy to financial institutions without interfering with them, thus prompting them to carry out business activities in accordance with the objectives of monetary policy. Commercial bank loans do not have the above functions.