1. foreign exchange appropriation: when an enterprise exports abroad and earns US dollars, it goes to the People's Bank of China to exchange RMB for domestic use, and this part of RMB is the new RMB issued for foreign exchange appropriation;

2. Mortgage of national debt: The state issues national debt and sells it to the People's Bank of China in exchange for circulating RMB for budget, and then enters the domestic market through government investment or consumption. This part of RMB is newly issued RMB for mortgage of national debt;

3. Central Bank Loan: Commercial banks apply for loans from the central bank in the form of mortgage loans in exchange for RMB, and then circulate this part of RMB in China by issuing corporate loans, which is the new RMB issued by central bank loans.