Sanxingdui site belongs to the national key cultural relics protection unit and is a bronze age site in southwest China. Located in Nanxing Town, Guanghan, Sichuan. Excavate from 1980. 1 city site was found in the site, and it is believed that its construction date was at the latest in the early Shang Dynasty. It is known that the east wall is 1 100 m long, the south wall is 180 m long and the west wall is 600 m long, which is artificially rammed. Clean up the building base, ash pits, tombs, sacrificial pits, etc. There are three kinds of building foundations: round, square and rectangular, mostly wooden buildings on the ground. Since 193 1, many sacrificial pits have been found here, most of which are buried with jade and bronze. 1986 A large number of bronzes, jades, ivory, shells, pottery and gold wares were unearthed from two large sacrificial pits. The golden staff and mask in the golden ware are beautifully made. In addition to bows, statues, plates and bows, there are portraits of big and small figures, standing figures, dragon climbing cylinders, bronze birds and deer. Among them, the head image of bronze figures is exaggerated and full of local characteristics; The portrait is 2.62 meters high, with big eyes and straight nose, square eyes and big ears, wearing a crown, a left-handed robe and anklets, which is a rare material for studying the physique and clothing of Shu people. The date of the sacrificial pit can be traced back to the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, and it is considered as the relic of Shu people's sacrifice to the natural gods of heaven, earth and mountains.

Sanxingdui site museum

Sanxingdui site in Guanghan is one of the capitals of ancient Shu, which has been an important goal for archaeologists to explore ancient Shu culture for more than 70 years. 1From July to September, 1986, the discovery of two large sacrificial pits in Shang Dynasty and the appearance of thousands of precious cultural relics of Shu in the two pits immediately caused a sensation in China and shocked the world. According to scholars' research, most of the cultural relics in the two large sacrificial pits are ancestral halls of the ancient Shu royal family, which may be the replacement of dynasties. The new dynasty burned all the ancestral temples of the former royal family and buried them in the pit after the sacrificial ceremony.

Among thousands of bronzes, goldware and jade unearthed in Sanxingdui Sacrificial Pit, 300 to 400 bronzes are the most distinctive. Among them, the types of bronzes unearthed in pit 1 include human head, human face, human face, kneeling statue, dragon ornament, dragon cylindrical vessel, tiger vessel, Ge, Huan, square hole wall, dragon and tiger statue, sheep statue, jar, vessel cover, plate and so on. The bronzes unearthed in the No.2 pit include large bronze statues, kneeling statues, human heads, human masks, animal masks, animal faces, shrines, sacred trees, sun-shaped vessels, eye-shaped vessels, eye bubbles, bronze bells, bronze ornaments, bronze squares, birds, snakes, chickens, monsters, buffalo heads, deer and catfish.

Sanxingdui bronze ware is characterized by its tall shape, vivid shape and complex structure. The statue unearthed from No.2 Sacrificial Pit is 2.62 meters high and weighs 180 kilograms. The statue wore a crown in the shape of an animal face and three layers of clothes. The outermost clothes are similar to "tuxedo", with arms raised horizontally and hands holding objects in a sacrificial manner (Figure 365,438+0). Such a tall bronze statue is unique in the bronze civilization of Shang Dynasty. The mask of large animals unearthed in the same pit is 138 cm wide and weighs more than 80 kilograms. The shape is extremely exaggerated. The square face looks like a man and a beast, with big square ears towering and long eyeballs protruding outward. Its face is very ferocious and grotesque, which can be described as the best in bronze art. The bronze sacred tree is 384 cm high and has nine branches. Birds perch on branches and fruits hang from them. Yi Long helped the tree down by the trunk, which is very vivid and mysterious. It specifically reflects the image of the ancient Fusang myth.

Sanxingdui bronzes are characterized by a large number of figures, birds, beasts, insects, snakes and plants. Bronze heads, faces and masks represent the ancestor gods who were sacrificed; Bronze statues and kneeling statues represent worshippers and people who preside over sacrifices; Bronze animal masks and flat bronze animal faces with prominent eyes may be natural gods worshipped by Shu people; The bronze sacred tree, which is characterized by imitating plants, reflects the religious consciousness of Shu people who worship plants. The religious concept of ancestor worship and worship of natural gods such as animals and plants is the most important spiritual world of early Shu people. ?

These bronzes unearthed in Erkeng, except for the bronze containers with the style of Shang culture in the Central Plains and bronze culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, have strong local characteristics in the types and shapes of other utensils. Their excavation showed the world for the first time the unique features of the highly developed bronze civilization of Shu in the middle and late Shang Dynasty.

It is worth noting that among the cultural relics unearthed in Sanxingdui, there are not only a large number of cultural relics showing people's eyes, but also these cultural relics are precious and exotic. For example, a large mask with an extremely exaggerated eyeball and a cylindrical pupil protruding forward, as long as 16.5 cm. Another copper mask that highlights the eyes is 9 cm long. In addition, there are dozens of pairs of "eye-shaped bronze ornaments", including more than ten forms such as diamond, hook cloud and round bubble, with tenon holes around them, which can be assembled or hung and given separately, showing special attention to the eyes.

Why did the ancient Shu people attach so much importance to depicting eyes? Why is the pupil part of the copper mask cylindrical? It turns out that this is related to the worship of ancestors by ancient Shu people. As mentioned earlier, Huayang Guozhi records: "Can Cong, the Duke of Shu, is king in the vertical direction", and his tomb is called "Mu Zongren's Tomb". According to scholars' research, the so-called "Mu Zong" refers to the convex column on the eyes of this copper mask and the convex copper mask unearthed in Sanxingdui, which is the statue of Can Cong, the ancient king of Shu.

According to historical records, Can Cong, the king of Shu, was born in Wenshan County in the upper reaches of Minshan Mountain in northwest Sichuan. And here, "there are alkali stones, which can be fried to get salt." The land is just brine, which is not suitable for growing grain. "Until modern times, it was an area where iodine deficiency and hyperthyroidism were prevalent. We know that an important feature of hyperthyroidism patients is prominent eyes. Therefore, Shu Wang was probably a patient with severe hyperthyroidism before the silkworm overgrowth, and his eyes were particularly prominent. However, his descendants seized this feature and further "deified" it, which is why the statue of King Shu was portrayed as "vertical".

Earthquake damage condition

According to Zhang, deputy director of Sanxingdui Museum in Sichuan Province, Sanxingdui Museum was designed to prevent an earthquake of magnitude 8. Moreover, due to the timely handling of hidden dangers, the earthquake in the afternoon of 12 only shattered two pottery specimens, and none of the real cultural relics were damaged.

Article source: China Network Comprehensive News