The economic term GDP is the abbreviation of English GDP, that is, gross domestic product (translated into GDP and GDP in Hong Kong and Taiwan). Generally, GDP is defined as the total market value of all final products and services produced by a country or region's economy in a certain period (a quarter or a year). In biology, GDP refers to guanosine diphosphate, also known as guanosine diphosphate, which is a nucleotide composed of pyrophosphate group, pentose and basic guanine. In the pharmaceutical industry, GDP refers to good distribution practices and good sales (distribution) norms. GDP is scraping the ground, and real estate is a typical GDP. I. Geographic database platform)-Geo-data platform is the "geographic data platform" in geographic information system, which is mainly used in geological exploration, petroleum industry and other fields. GDP is a very important emerging concept in the field of earth science. Old geoscientists often draw and store data by hand. In the era of network information, it is necessary to update to the data platform based on computer network. At present, the world's major oil companies and the three major domestic oil giants are all making oil information platforms, that is, geographic database platforms. Second, the concept of economics In economics, GDP and GNI are often used to measure the comprehensive level of economic development of a country or region. This is also a widely adopted measure in various countries and regions at present. GDP is the most concerned economic statistical data in macroeconomics, because it is considered as the most important indicator to measure the development of national economy. Generally speaking, GDP has three forms, namely, value form, income form and product form. From the perspective of value form, it is the difference between the value of all goods and services produced by all residential units and the value of all non-fixed assets goods and services invested in the same period, that is, the sum of the added value of all residential units; From the perspective of income form, it is the sum of income directly created by all resident units in a certain period; From the product form, it is the final use of goods and services minus the import of goods and services. GDP reflects the total added value of various industries in the national economy. Accounting method 1. Accounting GDP by expenditure method Accounting GDP by expenditure method is to add up the expenses of the final products purchased within one year from the use of the products and calculate the market value of the final products produced within one year. This method is also called final product method and product flow method. If you use Q 1, Q2? .................................................................................................................................................................................. Therefore, using the expenditure method to calculate GDP is to calculate the sum of the expenditures of residents, enterprises, government procurement and net exports in a certain period of time in a country or region. 1. Residents' consumption (represented by the letter C) includes expenditures on durable consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TVs, washing machines and automobiles, expenditures on non-durable consumer goods such as clothing and food, and expenditures on services such as medical care, tourism and haircuts. The expense of building a house is not consumption. 2. Enterprise investment (indicated by the letter I) refers to the expenditure of increasing or updating capital assets (including factory buildings, machinery and equipment, houses and inventories). Investment includes fixed assets investment and inventory investment. Amendment 2. Asset investment refers to the investment in building new factories, buying new equipment and building new houses. Why does housing belong to investment rather than consumption? Because houses, like other fixed assets, are used for a long time and consume slowly. Inventory investment is the increase or decrease of inventory (or inventory) held by enterprises. If the national enterprise inventory is 200 billion dollars at the beginning of the year and 220 billion dollars at the end of the year, then the inventory investment is 20 billion dollars. Inventory investment may be positive or negative, because the inventory value at the end of the year may be greater or less than the inventory at the beginning of the year. Enterprise inventory is regarded as an investment because it can generate income. From the perspective of national economic statistics, the products produced but not sold can only be used as inventory investment of enterprises, so that the GDP from the perspective of production is consistent with the GDP from the perspective of expenditure. The investment included in GDP refers to the total investment, that is, the sum of replacement investment and net investment, and replacement investment is depreciation. The division between investment and consumption is not absolute, and the specific classification depends on the provisions in actual statistics. 3. Government procurement (denoted by the letter G) refers to the expenditure of governments at all levels on purchasing goods and services, including the expenditure of the government on purchasing arms, military and police services, office supplies and office facilities of government agencies, holding public projects such as roads, and opening schools. The wages paid by the government to government employees are also purchased by the government. Government purchase is a substantial expenditure, which is manifested in the two-way flow of goods, services and money, directly forming social demand and becoming an integral part of GDP. Government purchase is only a part of government expenditure, and another part of government expenditure, such as government transfer payment and interest on public debt, is not included in GDP. Government transfer payment is the expenditure that the government does not pay for the goods and services produced this year, including the expenditure that the government uses for social welfare, social insurance, unemployment relief, poverty subsidies, old-age security, medical and health care, agricultural subsidies and so on. Government transfer payment means that the government can transfer and redistribute income among different members of society through its functions, and transfer the income of some people to the hands of other people. Its essence is the redistribution of wealth. When there is a government transfer payment, that is, when the government pays these fees, it does not get any goods and services accordingly. Government transfer payment is a monetary expenditure, and the total income of the whole society has not changed. Therefore, government transfer payments are not included in GDP. 4. Net export (represented by the letter X-M, X stands for export and M stands for import) refers to the difference between import and export. Imports should be deducted from the total domestic purchases, because imports mean that income flows abroad, and it is not the expenditure of buying domestic products; Exports should be added to the country's total purchases, because exports represent the inflow of foreign income, that is, the expenditure on buying domestic products. Therefore, net exports should be included in the total expenditure. The net export may be positive or negative. The above four items add up to the formula for calculating GDP by expenditure method: GDP = C+I+G +(X-M). In China's statistical practice, GDP calculated by expenditure method is divided into final consumption, total capital formation and total net exports of goods and services, which reflects the use and composition of GDP produced in this period. The final consumption is divided into family consumption and government consumption. In addition to the consumption of goods and services directly purchased in the form of money, residents' consumption also includes the consumption expenditure of goods and services obtained in other ways, which is called virtual consumption expenditure. Residents' virtual consumption expenditure includes the following types: goods and services provided by units to workers in the form of in-kind remuneration and in-kind transfer; Financial intermediary services provided by financial institutions; Insurance services provided by insurance companies. The GDP calculated by the expenditure method can be used to calculate the consumption rate and investment rate. The so-called consumption rate is the ratio of final consumption to GDP, and the so-called investment rate is the ratio of total capital formation to GDP. According to relevant statistics, in recent years, China's consumption rate has shown an obvious downward trend. In 2005, the consumption rate in China was 52. 1%, and the investment rate was 43.4%. Compared with the world level, China's consumption rate is obviously low. Therefore, at present and in the future, the important content of macro-control is to adjust the proportional relationship between investment and consumption, and expanding consumer demand is the focus of expanding domestic demand. 2. Accounting GDP by income method Accounting GDP by income method is to calculate GDP by adding all kinds of income obtained by production factors from the perspective of income, that is, adding wages obtained by labor, land rent obtained by land owners, interest obtained by capital and profits obtained by entrepreneurs. This method is also called factor payment method and factor cost method. In a simple economy without government, the added value of an enterprise is the GDP it creates, which is equal to factor income plus depreciation. However, when the government intervenes, it often collects indirect taxes, and the GDP at this time should also include indirect taxes and corporate transfer payments. Indirect tax is a tax levied on product sales, including goods tax and turnover tax. This tax is nominally levied on enterprises, but enterprises can include it in the production cost and eventually pass it on to consumers, so it should also be regarded as a cost. Similarly, there are corporate transfer payments (that is, corporate social charitable donations to non-profit organizations and bad debts of consumers), which are not the income created by production factors, but should be transferred to consumers through product prices, so they should also be regarded as costs. Capital depreciation should also be included in GDP. Because although it is not factor income, it is included in the total input. Also, the income of non-corporate business owners should also be included in GDP. The income of non-corporate business owners refers to the income of doctors, lawyers, shopkeepers and farmers. They use their own funds and are self-employed. Their wages, interest and rent are difficult to be divided into wages, interest on their own funds, rent on their own houses, etc. Just like the company's accounts, their wages, interest, profits and rents are often mixed together as the income of non-corporate business owners. In this way, the formula calculated by income method is: GDP= salary+interest+profit+rent+indirect tax and enterprise transfer payment+depreciation, which can also be regarded as GDP = income of production factors+income of non-production factors. Theoretically, GDP calculated by income method is equal to GDP calculated by expenditure method. 3. Accounting GDP by production method Accounting GDP by production method refers to calculating GDP according to the output value of various departments providing material products and services. Production law is also called department law. This calculation method reflects the source of GDP. When using this method to calculate, all production departments should deduct the output value of the intermediate products used and only calculate the added value. Business, service industry and other departments also use the value-added method to calculate. Health, education, administration, family services and other departments can not calculate its value-added, so the value of their services is calculated according to wage income. According to the mode of production, GDP can be divided into the following sectors: agriculture, forestry and fisheries; Mining; Construction industry; Manufacturing industry; Transportation industry; Posts and telecommunications and public utilities; Electricity, gas and tap water industries; Wholesale and retail trade; Finance, insurance, real estate; Service industry; Government services and government enterprises. The GDP calculated by the production method can be obtained by adding up the GDP produced by the above departments, adding the net income of foreign factors and considering the statistical error term. Theoretically speaking, the GDP calculated by expenditure method, income method and production method are equal in quantity, but there are often errors in actual accounting, so it is necessary to add a statistical error item to make them consistent. In actual statistics, the expenditure method of the national economic accounting system is generally adopted as the basic method, that is, the GDP calculated by the expenditure method is taken as the standard. In China's statistical practice, the GDP calculated by income method is divided into four items: GDP= workers' remuneration+net product tax+depreciation of fixed assets+operating surplus. The first item is the remuneration of workers. It refers to the total remuneration that workers get from production activities. Including various forms of wages, bonuses and allowances received by workers, including monetary forms and physical forms; It also includes free medical care and health care expenses enjoyed by employees, commuting subsidies and social insurance premiums paid by the unit. The second item is net output, which refers to the balance of product tax minus production subsidies. Product tax refers to various taxes, surcharges and fees levied by the government on the production, sales and business activities of production units and the use of certain production factors (such as fixed assets, land and labor) for production activities. Contrary to the product tax, the production subsidy refers to the government's unilateral income transfer to the production unit, so it is regarded as negative product tax, including policy loss subsidy, grain system price subsidy, export tax rebate of foreign trade enterprises and so on. The third item is the depreciation of fixed assets, which refers to the depreciation of fixed assets extracted according to the approved depreciation rate of fixed assets in a certain period of time to make up for the loss of fixed assets. It reflects the transfer value of fixed assets in current production. The fourth item is operating surplus, which refers to the balance of added value created by residential units after deducting labor remuneration, net product tax and depreciation of fixed assets. It is equivalent to the operating profit of the enterprise plus production subsidies. Four, more than two national income accounting systems are the western national income accounting system (SNA). Based on western economic theory, this system holds that the labor activities that create material products and provide services are all value-creating production activities, and takes gross domestic product (GDP) as the core index for accounting national economic activities. Western national income accounting system is a national economic accounting method adopted by most countries at present, and it is a more reasonable and scientific accounting system. First of all, with the trend of globalization, integration, marketization and informationization in the world economy, information, knowledge, technology and labor departments are playing an increasingly important role in economic life, and the value created by the tertiary industry accounts for an increasing proportion in modern economic life, while the position of material production in the whole economic life is relatively declining. Therefore, intangible productive services should be brought into the national income accounting system, and it is necessary to bring the market value of all paid services into GDP. Secondly, it is reasonable to distinguish between nominal GDP and real GDP when calculating national income according to SNA. Of course, this system is also flawed in measuring the total output level, economic development level and living standard of the national economy with GDP. For example, non-market trading activities (such as housework and self-sufficient production) cannot be reflected, people's enjoyment and safety of leisure cannot be explained, the degree of environmental pollution in a country cannot be reflected, and there are inevitably some double counting, and so on. Before the end of the Cold War in 1990s, there was another national economic accounting system, namely, the Material Product Balance Sheet System (MPS) of the centrally planned economy countries, which was adopted by the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China. This system is based on Marx's theory of reproduction, with gross social output value and national income as the basic indicators to reflect the total achievements of national economic activities. This accounting system has adapted to the highly centralized planning management system and played an important role, but with the reform and development of the global market economy system, its defects have become increasingly prominent. For example, it can not reflect the development of intangible production departments such as information and labor services, which is not conducive to reflecting comprehensive national strength and rationally adjusting industrial structure; Can not systematically reflect the movement of social funds, which is not conducive to national macro-management and regulation; It can't reflect the whole picture of the national economic cycle and the links between each link, which is not conducive to the country to grasp the comprehensive balance of the whole economic operation. Therefore, Eastern Europe, Russian and other countries with economies in transition and China gradually adopted the western national economic accounting system. Since 1985, China has officially adopted GDP index as the main index to assess the development of national economy and formulate the strategic objectives of economic development. At present, China has calculated and published the figures of GDP, but has not yet calculated and published the figures of GDP, national income, personal income and disposable personal income. Determination of GDP The calculation of GDP data published by the National Bureau of Statistics every year needs to go through the following processes: preliminary estimation process, preliminary verification process and final verification process. The preliminary estimation process is generally carried out at the end of each year and the beginning of the following year. The annual GDP data it gets is only a preliminary figure, which needs to be verified after obtaining more sufficient information. The preliminary verification procedure is generally carried out in the second quarter of the following year. The GDP data obtained by preliminary verification is relatively accurate, but GDP accounting still needs a lot of important data, and the corresponding data needs further verification. The final verification process is generally carried out in the fourth quarter of the second year. At this time, all kinds of statistical data, final accounting data and administrative data needed and collected for GDP accounting are basically available. Compared with the previous step, it uses more comprehensive and detailed data, so this GDP data is more accurate. In addition, GDP data also needs to go through a historical data adjustment process, that is, when new data sources, new classifications, more accurate accounting methods or more reasonable accounting principles are discovered or produced, historical data should be adjusted to make GDP comparable every year, which is an international practice. For example, the United States adjusted the historical data of 1 1 between 1929 and 1999. In short, the GDP published in each time period has its specific meaning and specific value, so we can't doubt that there is something wrong with the statistical data just because the data published in different time periods are different. Of course, China's GDP calculation system also has some shortcomings. For example, the statistical accounting system originally adopted by China in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries has lagged behind the development of the times in many places. Note: 1. In a certain period of time, the emphasis is on the "new" and increased final products and services provided in that year, excluding the products and services of previous years. For example, used cars and second-hand houses are not counted as GDP this year. 2. An intermediate product can be regarded as a raw material product, which is used to produce the final product, that is, after it is produced in this year, it will continue to be processed and produced in that year; If it is directly sold at freight price, purchased by consumers and directly used, it is another matter, belonging to a special case and included in the total value, otherwise it cannot be included. 3. This is a concept of flow, not the concept of stock. The figures released this year are not the total since the founding of the People's Republic of China. This is wrong. It only refers to the newly produced things in this period. 4. Market value refers to the total amount of money calculated in terms of money. Because there are too many kinds of goods, tons, parts, parts, Taiwan and other units can't be added up, so the monetary units of the year are used to count and add up. The so-called monetary unit of the year refers to the prices of these commodities this year. The index analysis shows that a country's GDP has increased substantially, which reflects the country's vigorous economic development, the increase of national income and the enhancement of consumption power. In this case, the central bank may raise interest rates and tighten the money supply. The good performance of the national economy and the rise in interest rates will increase the attractiveness of the country's currency. On the other hand, if a country's GDP shows negative growth, it means that the country's economy is in recession and its consumption capacity is reduced. At this time, the central bank may cut interest rates again to stimulate economic growth. Falling interest rates and sluggish economic performance will reduce the attractiveness of the country's currency. Therefore, generally speaking, high economic growth rate will promote the rise of the country's currency exchange rate, while low economic growth rate will cause the decline of the country's currency exchange rate. For example, during the period of 1995- 1999, the average annual GDP growth rate of the United States was 4. 1%, while the GDP growth rates of major countries such as France, Germany and Italy were only 2.2% and 1, except Ireland (9.0%). This has prompted the euro to fall against the US dollar since it was launched in June 1 999+1October1,with a depreciation of 30% in less than two years. But in fact, the difference of economic growth rate has many influences on exchange rate changes: first, a country's high economic growth rate means that its income increases and its domestic demand level increases, which will lead to the current account deficit, which will lead to the decline of its currency exchange rate. Second, if the country's economy is export-oriented, economic growth is to produce more export products, and the growth of exports will make up for the increase in imports and ease the downward pressure on the exchange rate of its currency. Third, a country's high economic growth rate means a rapid increase in labor productivity and a reduction in costs, thus improving the competitive position of domestic products, helping to increase exports and curb imports; And the high economic growth rate makes the country's currency optimistic in the foreign exchange market, so the country's currency exchange rate will have an upward trend. The principle of data growth Since the concept of GDP comes from the principle that exchange generates wealth, we must meet the basic conditions of this principle when pursuing GDP. The basic conditions of this principle are: first, the exchange must be voluntary, second, the exchange must not hinder the third party, and third, the exchange must really take place between two clear property rights subjects. Assuming that these three conditions are not met, the accuracy of the obtained GDP value may be greatly reduced, or the GDP data will be flawed. For example, forced trading GDP, GDP that hinders others, GDP created by exports, GDP generated by investment, GDP brought by consumption, and so on. Will affect the total effective accumulation of GDP. Netizen Xinyi: For those who engage in land, the Chinese pinyin is "Gao Di Pi", abbreviated as "GDP", which means things related to land. In China, the real estate industry is highly correlated with the national economy, accounting for 6.6% of GDP. How to pile up GDP figures and constantly create myths depends on "land reclamation". Now, I buy a commercial house and write down the specific area, but no one can say, which land is it? China's land has entered the era of conceptual ownership. It is ridiculous to sell the land on the earth, but the real estate in China is not formally promoted in real life like that marketing method, and it is also a decent registration notarization. Local officials with high cultural quality can understand China's "GDP" policy and line, be concise, point out the direction and put it into action, which is very targeted.