Opening to the outside world has been gradually promoted.
From 65438 to 0978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made a strategic decision to focus on economic construction, implement reform and opening up, and accelerate socialist modernization. With this as a symbol, China began a historic transformation of opening to the outside world and entered a new period of reform, opening up and socialist modernization.
Opening to the outside world has gradually been promoted from local to national, and an all-round regional opening pattern has basically taken shape.
From 65438 to 0980, marked by the establishment of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen Special Economic Zones, China officially set sail for opening to the outside world. Since then, China has gradually opened its coastal, riverside, border and inland areas, forming a step-by-step, multi-level and gradual opening pattern.
In February, China officially joined the World Trade Organization and entered a new stage of opening up. China's opening to the outside world has changed from a limited scope, region and field to an all-round, multi-level and wide-ranging opening; From the policy opening characterized by pilot to the system opening under the legal framework; From unilateral self-opening market to two-way opening market between China and WTO members; From passively accepting the opening of international economic and trade rules to actively participating in the formulation of international economic and trade rules; From relying only on bilateral consultation mechanism to coordinate the opening of economic and trade relations, it has changed into the opening of bilateral and multilateral mechanisms that combine and promote each other.
Opening to the outside world has been promoted from commodity trade to investment and service trade, and a large-scale opening-up pattern has achieved positive results.
With the gradual deepening of China's opening-up process, the pace of service industry's opening-up is accelerating. Based on tourism and transportation services, the overall development pattern of service trade with emerging service trade such as communication, insurance and finance as growth points has basically taken shape, and service trade has become an important part of China's foreign trade.
Positive progress has been made in the construction of foreign trade regions, and the level of opening up has been deepened.
Since the reform and opening up, China has actively opened up trade zones, set up economic and technological development zones, high-tech industrial development zones, bonded zones, border economic cooperation zones and other forms of trade zones, and implemented special trade policies, which have played an important role in expanding the scale of China's foreign trade, improving the level of foreign trade management and expanding the field of opening up. In 2008, the regional GDP created by 54 national development zones accounted for 5. 1% of the national GDP in the same period, the industrial added value accounted for 8.5% of the national GDP, the total export value accounted for 14.4%, the total import value accounted for 15.9%, and the actually utilized foreign capital accounted for more than 20% of the national GDP.
China has become a world trade power.
During the 30 years from the founding of New China to the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade was small in scale, with few trading partners, and its trade methods and foreign trade commodities were single. In 1970s, China established diplomatic relations with western developed countries in an all-round way, with the rapid increase of foreign trade partners, expanding trade scale, increasingly rich foreign trade commodities and gradually improving trade structure.
The scale of foreign trade exceeds 2 trillion US dollars, ranking third in the world.
In 1950, China's total import and export trade was only165438+300 million US dollars, exceeding 1973 100 billion US dollars and 1978/20.6 billion US dollars. 1988 exceeded 1000 billion dollars, and the growth of total trade volume has been accelerating since then. Especially after 200 1 China joined the World Trade Organization, foreign trade grew rapidly. In 2004, it exceeded 1 trillion dollars, and in 2007 it exceeded 2 trillion dollars. In 2008, the total import and export trade of China reached US$ 25,665,438+US$ 60 million. From 1979 to 2008, the import and export trade grew at an average annual rate of 17.4%.
The contribution of import and export trade to the economy is increasing, accounting for 59.8% of GDP, and China has become the largest foreign exchange reserve country.
From 65438 to 0978, the proportion of import and export trade in GDP was 9.7%, reaching 59.8% in 2008. The rapid growth of foreign trade has greatly eased the foreign exchange funds that restrict China's economic development, and made China jump from a country with extremely short foreign exchange to the largest foreign exchange reserve country in the world. From 1978, China's foreign exchange reserves were only170 billion US dollars, and reached1946 billion US dollars in 2008, which accumulated valuable funds for China's economic construction. Import and export trade has become an important source of tax revenue in China, increasing the country's financial resources. In 2008, China's tariff and import link taxes were 9 1, 6 1 billion yuan, accounting for 16.9% of the total tax revenue.
The proportion of China's foreign trade in the total world trade is increasing, reaching 7.9% in 2008, ranking third in the world trade.
From 65438 to 0978, China's import and export of goods only accounted for 0.8% of the total world trade, ranking 29th in the world trade. In 2004, it jumped to the third place in world trade, second only to the United States and Germany, and has maintained this position ever since. In 2008, China's foreign trade accounted for 7.9% of the total world trade. China has developed into a veritable trading power.
Mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products accounted for 86.7% of the total export, the trade structure was continuously optimized, and the export proportion of finished products increased significantly.
Since 1990s, the export of labor-intensive products such as textiles has shifted to the export of capital-intensive products such as electromechanical and high-tech products. Since 1995, the export of mechanical and electrical products has continuously maintained the position of China's largest export commodity. In 2008, the export of mechanical and electrical products reached $822.9 billion, accounting for 57.6% of the total export. From 65438 to 0999, China began to implement the strategy of "developing trade through science and technology". Since then, the export trade of high-tech products has developed rapidly, and its proportion in foreign trade has greatly increased. In 2008, the export value of high-tech products was US$ 4 156 billion, accounting for 29. 1% of the total export value. The leading position of mechanical and electrical products and high-tech products in China's export trade is increasingly obvious. In 2007, the export of mechanical and electrical products in China ranked second in the world.
Give full play to comparative advantages and actively undertake international industrial transfer. Processing trade accounts for 4 1. 1% of the total import and export, making New China an important manufacturing base in the world.
In the early days of reform and opening up, general trade was the main way of China's foreign trade. With the accelerating pace of China's opening to the outside world, processing trade has gradually become the main way of foreign trade on the basis of giving full play to the comparative advantages of China's labor and other resources and actively undertaking international industrial transfer. Through the development of processing trade in textile, electromechanical and electronic industries, China's export market has been expanding, its international competitiveness has been greatly improved, its industrial upgrading and technological progress have been accelerating, and New China has gradually developed into a manufacturing power. In 2008, the processing trade increased to US$ 654.38+005.36 billion, accounting for 465.438+0. 1% of the total import and export. 1982 to 2008, the average annual growth rate of import and export of processing trade was 24.8%, which was 8.6 percentage points higher than the average annual growth rate of total import and export in the same period.
The number of trading partners has grown to more than 220, diversified trade markets have been gradually formed, and participation in international economic exchanges has been deepened.
In the early days of the founding of New China, China's main foreign trade partners were the Soviet Union and the socialist countries in Eastern Europe. 195 1 year, the trade volume between China and socialist countries accounts for 53% of the total foreign trade. In the late 1980s, China put forward the strategy of "market diversification". With the gradual deepening of opening up and the continuous development of economic globalization, the strategy of market diversification has achieved remarkable results. China's trading partners have grown from more than 40 in 1978 to more than 220 at present, and a diversified trade market has gradually taken shape.
Trade in services is booming.
With the deepening of reform and opening up and China's accession to the WTO, China has basically formed a comprehensive development pattern of service trade based on tourism and transportation services, with emerging service trade such as communication, insurance, finance, computer information services, consulting and advertising as growth points, and service trade has developed into an important part of China's foreign trade.
Trade in services accounts for 4.2% of the world, ranking fifth in the world.
In 2008, the total import and export volume of China's service trade rose from only $4.4 billion in 1982 to $304.5 billion. The proportion of China's total foreign trade increased from 9.4% to10.6%; The proportion of service trade in the total world service trade increased from 0.6% to 4.2%; The world ranking rose from 34th to 5th. The growth rate of China's service trade is higher than the world average. From 1983 to 2008, the total import and export volume of China's service trade increased by 17.7% annually, which was 8.7 percentage points higher than the total import and export volume of the world's service trade in the same period.
The trade structure was gradually optimized, and the high value-added service industry developed rapidly. Consulting services account for 12.4% of the total export of service trade.
In the early days of reform and opening up, China's service trade exports were mainly traditional service trade such as tourism, transportation and construction, and the proportion of traditional service trade exports exceeded 80%. With the deepening of reform and opening up, the export of high value-added services such as insurance, computer and information services, consulting and so on has shown a strong growth momentum, and its proportion in service trade exports has been increasing.
In 2008, the export of computer and information services increased from1.84 billion US dollars in 1997 to 6.25 billion US dollars, and its proportion in the total export of service trade increased from 0.3% to 4.3%. The export of consulting services increased from US$ 350 million to US$1.81.40 million, and its proportion in the total export of service trade increased from 1.4% to 1.2%.
The traditional service trade such as international tourism has made great progress, and the foreign exchange income of international tourism ranks fifth in the world.
Since the reform and opening up, China has actively developed catering tourism, and its reception capacity and level have been greatly improved. On this basis, vigorously tap tourism resources and actively attract foreign tourists. The number of tourists visiting China is increasing year by year, and the business income is constantly improving.
In 2008, the number of inbound tourists in China increased from 18 1000 to 1300003, and the foreign exchange income of international tourism increased from $260 million to $40.84 billion. Foreign exchange income from international tourism rose from the 34th place in 1980 to the 5th place in 2007. Residents' outbound tourism has also maintained rapid development. In 2008, the number of domestic residents leaving the country increased from 3.74 million in 1993 to 45.84 million, and from 17 to 1995 to the sixth place in 2007.
"Bringing in" and "going out" develop together.
In the 30 years from the founding of New China to the reform and opening up, China basically did not use foreign capital, and no enterprises made overseas investments. Since the reform and opening-up, China has opened its doors to attract foreign investment, and the scale of utilizing foreign capital has been continuously expanded, with a wider coverage and enhanced comprehensive competitiveness. In 2000, 20 years after the implementation of the "bringing in" strategy, China implemented the "going out" development strategy, made full use of "two markets and two resources", and went abroad through various ways such as foreign investment, foreign contracted projects and foreign labor cooperation, so as to realize the sustainable development of China's economy. The combination of "bringing in" and "going out" has further enhanced China's ability to participate in international division of labor and cooperation.
The scale and fields of utilizing foreign capital are constantly expanding, and the ways of utilizing foreign capital are increasingly rich. China has become the developing country that attracts the most foreign investment.
In 1990s, China determined the policy of using foreign capital actively, reasonably and effectively, and the absorption of foreign capital entered a period of rapid development. From 1992 to 2000, the actually used foreign direct investment was $323.3 billion, with an average annual utilization of foreign capital of $35.9 billion, which was more than 19 1 year. In 2008, China actually used 95.25 billion US dollars of foreign capital, which was 4 1 times higher than 1.983. Foreign direct investment was $92.4 billion, up 99.4 times. 1979 to 2008, China's accumulated actual use of foreign capital1049.8 billion US dollars, including foreign direct investment of 852.6 billion US dollars.
The industrial output value of foreign-funded enterprises accounts for 29.7% of the whole country. Foreign-funded enterprises are playing an increasingly important role in promoting national economic growth, promoting industrial and technological progress, expanding exports, providing employment and increasing fiscal revenue.
In 2008, foreign-invested enterprises, accounting for about 3% of the total number of enterprises in China, created 29.7% of the industrial output value, achieved 55.3% of the national export value, and imported 54.7%, paid 2 1% of the national tax, and directly absorbed 45 million people. By absorbing foreign capital, China introduced a large number of foreign advanced technologies, equipment and management experience, which filled some gaps in domestic high-tech fields and promoted domestic industrial upgrading and structural adjustment.
Foreign direct investment has grown from scratch, with more than 1000 foreign direct investment enterprises, and the level and level of foreign investment have been continuously improved.
With the acceleration of opening up, especially since China joined the World Trade Organization, China enterprises' foreign investment has entered a period of rapid development. In 2003, China's non-financial foreign direct investment was $2.9 billion, which rose to $40.7 billion in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 69.6% from 2004 to 2008. The forms of foreign investment are gradually diversified, from a single green investment to transnational mergers and acquisitions, equity participation, overseas listing and other ways. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions have become an important way of foreign investment.
The field of foreign economic cooperation has been expanding and the competitiveness has been gradually enhanced. The contract value of foreign economic cooperation has reached11300 million US dollars.
1976, China's foreign contracted labor service team entered the international stage for the first time. Since the reform and opening up, the number of foreign contracted projects in China has increased year by year, the scale of projects has been expanding, and the fields involved have been expanding year by year. Since 1995, China has carried out foreign design consulting services and further broadened the field of foreign economic cooperation. At present, China's foreign economic cooperation business has spread all over the world 180 countries and regions.