Country name
Republic of Croatia. That is, "Hector Watzka".
national flag
Croatia's national flag is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is about 3: 2. It consists of three parallel and equal horizontal rectangles, which are red, white and blue from top to bottom. There is a national emblem in the middle of the national flag. Croatia declared its independence from the former Yugoslavia on June 25th, 199 1, and the new national flag was put into use on February 22nd, 1990.
national emblem
The national emblem of Croatia is the coat of arms. The shield consists of 25 red and white squares. There is a stylized crown above the shield emblem, which consists of five small shields. The patterns on the five small shields are from left to right: a white crescent moon and a yellow six-pointed star; Blue and red stripes; Three yellow lion heads decorated with crowns; A goat with red horns and red hooves; A mink and a six-pointed star. The national emblem comes from the symbol of the ancient kingdom of Croatia in the 9th century, and the five small shields symbolize the five provinces and regions of the kingdom at that time.
State dignitaries
President Stepan Mesic was elected President in February 2000. In June 2005, he was re-elected as president.
physical geography
It covers an area of 56,538 square kilometers. Croatia is located on the southeast edge of Central Europe, northwest of Balkan Peninsula and east of Adriatic Sea. Across the Adriatic Sea, Italy is bordered by Slovenia and Hungary in the north and Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in the east and south. Southwest is Dinara Mountain, with karst landform. The coast is Dalmatian coast, and the northern part is Slavonia hills and the coastal plain of sava river. The coastal climate is Mediterranean, and the inland climate gradually transits to the temperate continental climate. Agriculture is concentrated in the plain areas along the coast of sava river, and agricultural products include sugar beet, corn, wheat, tobacco and grapes. Subtropical fruits such as olives, lemons and oranges are produced along the coast. Animal husbandry is developed in mountainous and hilly areas. There are coal, oil, natural gas, bauxite and other mineral deposits. There are many islands in the country, with large and small islands 1 185, so Croatia is also called "the country of thousands of islands" by many people. Due to its special geographical location, Croatia has two different climate types. Coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate, while inland areas have a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Croatia is divided into three geographical regions: the northern and northeastern plains, the central mountainous areas, the Istra Peninsula and the coastal areas of Dalmatia.
Human population
4 282 265 438+06 (July 2000). The main ethnic group is Croat (78. 1%), while others are Serbs, Muslims, Hungarians, Italians, Albanians and Czechs. The official language is Croatian. The main religion is Catholicism (76.6% of the total population). Dubrovnik, a Croatian seaport city, is located along the Adriatic Sea and is a famous tourist center and health resort in Croatia. Surrounded by mountains and seas, with beautiful scenery and mild climate, it is known as the "Pearl of Adriatic Sea" and "City Museum". The city is divided into two parts: the old city and the new city. Dubrovnik is not only a city with well-preserved medieval architecture in Europe, but also a famous cultural city, and the "Dubrovnik Summer" drama festival is held every year. At present, there are still about 4 million Croats living in neighboring countries outside Croatia, as well as the United States, Australia and other regions.
capital
Zagreb Zagreb is located in the northwest of Croatia, on the west bank of sava river, at the foot of Mount Mei Devigny. It covers an area of 284 square kilometers. The population is 770,000 (200 1). 1 Monthly average temperature-1.6℃, July average temperature 20.9℃, and annual average temperature 12.7℃. The average annual precipitation is 890 mm.
Important city
Osijek, located in the eastern plain, is the granary of Croatia.
Located in the north, Varazdin is known as the Baroque City.
Rijeka, located in the northwest, has the largest port in Croatia. Rijeka was once the largest port in Europe during the Roman Empire.
Dubrovnik, located at the southernmost tip, is known as the Pearl of the Adriatic Sea. Although the Balkans were ruled by different foreigners for thousands of years, Dubrovnik existed as an independent republic until it was occupied by Napoleon.
festival
New Year (65438+1 October1)
Labor Day (May 1 day)
Army Day (May 28th)
National Day (May 30th)
Victory Day of the Anti-Fascist War (June 22nd)
Thanksgiving Day (August 5th)
Halloween (1 65438+1October1)
Christmas Day (65438+February 25th)
Second, a brief history
At the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, Slavs moved to the Balkans to settle down. At the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th century, Croats established an early feudal state. The powerful kingdom of Croatia was founded in 10 century. 1 102 to 1527 belong to the kingdom ruled by Hungary. From 1527 to 19 18, it was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 19 18 12, Croatia and some southern Slavic peoples jointly established the kingdom of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia, and 1929 changed its name to the kingdom of Yugoslavia. 194 1 year, German and Italian fascists invaded Yugoslavia and established an "independent Croatian state". 1945 After the victory of anti-fascism, Croatia merged with Yugoslavia. 1963 was renamed as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Croatia became one of the six republics. 1990 In May, Croatia held its first multi-party general election after World War II, and the Croatian Democrats won power. In February of the same year, Croatia adopted a new constitution, stipulating that Croatia is a sovereign democratic country. 199 1 On June 25th, Croatia declared its independence, and on October 8th,1kloc-0 officially declared its secession from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This caused armed resistance from Croatian Serb residents. 1In February 1992, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution and decided to send the United Nations Protection Force to the Croatian Serb community.
1On 22 May 1992, Croatia joined the United Nations.
Third, the economy
Forest and water resources are abundant, with a forest area of 2.079 million hectares and a forest coverage rate of 43.5%. In addition, there are oil, natural gas, aluminum and other resources. The main industrial sectors are food processing, textile, shipbuilding, construction, electric power, petrochemical, metallurgical, machinery manufacturing and wood processing industries. Croatia's developed tourism industry is an important part of the national economy and the main source of foreign exchange income. The main attractions are the beautiful and charming Adriatic coast, Plitvece Lake Group and Brioni Island and other national parks. Important ports include Osijek, Rijeka, Split and Pula.
Diocletian Palace in Split, a historic city in Croatia. Diocletian Palace, built in 305 AD, covers an area of 30,000 square meters. The palace wall is 17-2 1 m high and 2m wide. The six marble pillars at the main entrance were shipped from the Middle East. This project is huge and magnificent. From 65438 to 0979, Diocletian Palace was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.
Fourth, culture.
There are many museums in Croatia, many of which are privately owned; The history of Croatian National Theatre can be traced back to 1868. The performance level is superb, but the ticket price is very low, and civilians are easily exposed to elegant art.
invent
Iron, in Croatian, the name of Croatia is very similar to the word iron. Croats are hrvata and ties are kravata.
Pen, the inventor's surname is Penkala, translated into Pekala in Chinese. The pen in English is called pen, which probably comes from the first syllable in the surname of the inventor Penkala.
News and publication
1996 has 1760 publishing units and about 3,000 kinds of publications. There are two kinds of national newspapers in Ke Wen: Evening News, with a daily circulation of 205,000; 42,000 copies of express delivery; There are nine kinds of local daily newspapers: free Dalmatia120000; 4,000 new newspapers, etc.
In addition to the National Television (HTV), there are currently seven provincial and municipal commercial television stations in China. In addition, there are 65,438+008 radio stations in China, including 3 national radio stations, 65,438+02 provincial radio stations and 93 municipal radio stations.
At present, there are four news agencies in Croatia, including Croatian News Agency (HINA), Ke Tong News Agency (Fah), Catholic News Agency (IKA) and Split Private News Agency (Stina). Among them, Keke News Agency is a national news agency, which was established in July 1990.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) diplomacy
Attach importance to developing friendly and cooperative relations with big countries; On the basis of resolutely safeguarding national interests, equality and mutual benefit, we will comprehensively develop relations with other countries in the political, economic and cultural fields, integrate into European economic security integration, and attach importance to strengthening relations with Central Europe and neighboring countries.
Relations with China
1On April 27th, 1992, China recognized the Republic of Croatia, and on May 3rd of the same year, China and Croatia established diplomatic relations. In May 2005, Croatian Prime Minister Sanad paid an official visit to China, and the two countries signed a joint statement on establishing a comprehensive cooperative partnership.
Sixth, exercise.
Croatia has also won many world championships in water polo and handball.
Croatia has a football club league. Dinamo Zagreb and Split hejduk are famous clubs in Europe. 1998 In the World Cup in France, the Croatian football team was a dark horse and won the third place.
Croatia is an important force in football in the former Yugoslavia. They created countless classics in the history of football with their unique talent and diligence. After the independence of the country, the national football team made great achievements in the World Cup and the European Championship. Among them, 1998, Croatia won the third place in the World Cup for the first time, and Suk became the top scorer. Croatia's jersey is also the color of its national flag, and the classic uniform of red and white squares is unique in international football.
In terms of basketball, the Yugoslav basketball game was once called the most concerned basketball game except NBA by western media. In table tennis, Croatia has a good tradition. European athletes have a high level.
There are many excellent tennis players. Ivan Ljubicic is a Croatian tennis star. He could once compete with Federer, and he also defeated Agassi. Goran ivanisevic, who served as many as 227 aces in the 200 1 Wimbledon tournament, won the men's singles championship as a wild card player. In 2004, he announced his retirement, but in 2005, he once came back and helped Croatia compete for the Davis Cup as a substitute. As a result, Croatia won the bid.
Seven. historical?figure
Kyle Poirot, he was born on the Croatian island of Kaul La Chu. At that time the area was ruled by Venice. Because his travels were written in Italian at that time, most people in the world called him Venetian or Italian.
Nikola tesla, a Croatian scientist, made many inventions when she was a teenager. After working in America, he made a great contribution-he invented alternating current. In the history of scientific and technological development, Tesla is known as an important promoter of human beings entering the electrical age.
The famous geologist Mo Colovic named a stratum after him.
The University of Zagreb in Croatia was founded in Jesuit College on 1662. At that time, there were only two departments in the college: philosophy department and theology department. This situation lasted for more than a century. It was not until 1773 that Pop Clenment IV disarmed this system. 1776, under the influence of the education reform in Austria-Hungary, this college was renamed as "Royal Academy of Sciences". At this time, including theology, philosophy and law, it became a non-religious college. 1861165438+1On October 3rd, the Croatian Parliament passed a bill to formally establish the University of Zagreb. Therefore,165438+1October 3rd is the anniversary of the founding of Sada University. After years of continuous efforts, Sada has become the source of Croatian spirit and wisdom. Today, the University of Saskatchewan includes more than 30 colleges, 3 art colleges, 2 institutions of higher learning and 2 research institutes. By 1996, there were 42,278 full-time students, 6,658 self-funded students and 7 109 part-time students.
The University of Saskatchewan includes the following colleges: (1) Academy of Art and Drama, Academy of Fine Arts and Catholic Seminary (2) Research courses: Croatian Studies and Christian Philosophy Studies (3) General colleges: Agricultural College, Architecture College, Chemical Engineering and Technology College, Public Works Planning College, Stomatology College, Economics College, Computer Engineering College, Printing Art College, Law School and Food and Biotechnology College. School of Geology and Technology, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Mechanical Engineering and Shipbuilding, School of Medicine, School of Sziszak Metallurgy, School of Mining Geology and Petroleum Exploration, School of Varazdin Information Management, School of Pharmacology and Biology, School of Philosophy, School of Physical Education, School of Political Science, School of Special Education and Rehabilitation Education, School of Textile Technology, School of Transportation and Veterinary Medicine. (4) Conservatory of Music, Teachers' College, Chagowitz Teachers' College, Bettina Teachers' College (5) Other institutions: Zagreb University Student Center, Varazdin Student Center, University Computer Center, National and University Libraries, Information Center and Student Health Center.
At present, there are 24 general higher education colleges, 3 art colleges, 4 specialized colleges, 7 colleges and 5 organizational centers. With the expansion of post-war universities, 130000 students graduated from undergraduate courses and more than 3500 students obtained doctoral degrees in a period of time after the war. Among the teaching and research institutions in 5 1 of Sa University, 35 have merged with other off-campus institutions for development. The traditional curriculum is still continuing and developing. In addition, two-year professional education has been established. General higher education * * * 146 major.
The School of Sports Function of the University of Zagreb, Croatia, was established in 1972, with 100 full-time teachers, and the professional direction is human sports medicine, human sports anthropology and human sports physiology.
The college has made great achievements in the study of human kinematics. They used advanced theories and methods, combined with Croats' posture and physique, and formulated the evaluation standards and detection indicators of Croats' health and sports training. They can quickly and accurately judge and evaluate physical fitness (morphological index, body density, maximum oxygen uptake, body fat content, cardiovascular and respiratory system conditions, etc.). ) To detect ordinary people or athletes by non-invasive means, and design exercise, exercise and treatment prescriptions accordingly to achieve health goals.
In the research of human health, exercise ability and efficiency, the hospital has realized a complete sports medicine system of "theoretical research, experimental detection, automatic analysis, diagnosis and exercise therapy".
The hospital has a "human health and sports training and testing center", with good experimental conditions, and the equipment, instruments and operating software are the most advanced in Europe. The center uses computer analysis system to detect the indexes of human body shape and function, including those that are difficult to achieve.
Well-known professors in the School of Kinematics of Zagreb University include Marjatta Durakovic and Blanca matkovic. The former is a famous European anthropologist and the latter is a famous sports physiologist. They not only have profound theoretical level, but also have rich practical experience. They are willing to pass on their knowledge and skills to China students.