I. Definition of terms:

1. Capital-production factor, which can be divided into material capital, human capital, natural resources and technical knowledge.

2. Industrialization-Industrialization is a process, and its basic characteristics are as follows: "First, the share of manufacturing activities and secondary industries in national income has generally increased. Second, the working population engaged in manufacturing and secondary industries is generally on the rise. "

3. Underemployment-A laborer actually works less time than he is willing and able to work.

4. Industrialization-the net output value of industrial manufacturing industry, accounting for the proportion of GDP.

5. Hoffman coefficient-the ratio of the net output value of the consumer information industry to the net output value of the capital information industry.

6. Urbanization-Urbanization is the organic unity of three social processes, that is, the process of modern industry gathering in cities due to the development of productive forces and changes in social production methods, and the social process of integrating the process of people's concentration with the process of urban lifestyle expansion.

7. Development Economics-a new comprehensive applied economics discipline formed after the Second World War. It studies the process and law of economic development under underdeveloped conditions by comparing various development theories, strategies and feasible countermeasures of the economic system.

8. Economic growth: The so-called economic growth refers to the growth of social wealth, production or output.

Economic development: refers to the process of getting rid of poverty and backwardness and realizing modernization in economically underdeveloped areas. Economic growth is accompanied by changes in economic structure, political system, culture and law, and even concepts and customs.

The basic content of Todaro model: According to Todaro model, population mobility is basically an economic phenomenon and a rational economic behavior. What they care about is not so much the actual income gap between urban and rural areas as the expected income gap between urban and rural areas. There are two factors that affect their expectations: the estimated real wage difference between urban and rural areas and the estimated possibility of seeking job opportunities in cities.

Two. concept

1. The contribution of agriculture to economic development includes: product contribution, market contribution and foreign exchange contribution.

2. Technological progress refers to getting more output with a certain input.

3. Developing the unreformed agriculture in China is traditional agriculture, which is backward and has extremely low productivity. Its most basic feature is backward technology.

4. Three ways to form human capital: education, training and medical care.

Unemployment refers to people who are looking for a job without a job.

6. Representatives of early economic development thought: Adam Smith, david ricardo and Stuart Mill.

7. Four basic concepts of economic development: structuralism neoclassicism neoclassical political economy radicalism.

8. The main representative of promoting capital formation: Rosenstand's "big push" theory.

9. Sources of capital formation: domestic savings, foreign funds and domestic savings include: people's voluntary savings, government savings and domestic private savings include: family savings enterprises.

10. Rapid population growth is not the main reason for poverty and backwardness in developing countries, but it is the main obstacle to economic development in developing countries. The increase of income level will increase the direct cost and opportunity cost of raising children.

The second article

Second, fill in the blanks

1. It is defined as hourly labor output.

2. Link the input level with the output level.

A country's roads, bridges, sewer systems and railways constitute it.

Economists call it human education and skills.

The increase of capital per worker is called.

6. Saving for a specific purpose (such as college tuition) is called.

7. According to the data, the continuous increase of capital leads to less increase of output per worker.

8. Family savings for emergency or disease prevention are called.

9. Economists use it to discover the degree of technological progress.

10 advocates seek policies to protect the environment and natural resources while improving living standards.

1 1. Economists call those poor countries in the world.

12. Countries and regions that have recently entered middle income from poverty, including South Korea and Hong Kong, are called.

13. In 1960s and 1970s, the development of new seeds, fertilizers and agricultural measures brought about the increase of agricultural output in underdeveloped countries.

14. In many underdeveloped countries, it exists, which refers to the difference between the poor rural sector and the relatively advanced urban sector.

15. A country's roads, ports, bridges and legal system constitute its.

16. This is a strategy of the government to encourage exports and stimulate economic growth.

17. this is a strategy that emphasizes the development of self-sufficient economy by replacing imports with domestic products.

18. A large number of unemployed or underemployed economic phenomena are called.

19. refers to activities used to obtain preferential treatment from the government, such as import license or obtaining foreign exchange.

20. It is the most important international institution, providing loan funds to underdeveloped countries to help them develop their economies.

Third, the judgment question

1. Productivity measures the output per unit of capital goods.

2. Since 1980s, the productivity growth in America has been slow.

The productivity of the United States ranks among the best in developed countries.

4. The law of diminishing returns holds that technological progress will definitely bring slower growth in the future.

5. Capital deepening refers to the increase in the number of workers in unit capital.

6. In 1980s, the capital income tax in the United States increased.

7. One of the reasons for the low savings rate in the United States in the 1980s was the decrease in the number of population groups in the gold saving stage.

8. A country's infrastructure includes roads, bridges, sewage systems and airports.

9. In recent years, American investment in infrastructure has greatly increased.

10. Human capital refers to the machines and equipment used by workers in their work.

1 1. One of the advantages of the American education system is its junior colleges and state universities.

12. By transferring workers to export sectors with higher productivity, international trade can be increased, thus improving the productivity of a country.

13. Through high productivity and economic growth, everyone can benefit from every technological progress.

14.TFP analysis is used to distinguish the economic growth achieved by labor and capital increase from the growth achieved by technological progress.

15. Market incentives can ensure the protection of tropical rain forests and the global environment.

17. In the past century, the income gap between industrialized countries and underdeveloped countries has narrowed.

18. In the Third World where underdeveloped countries are concentrated, a successful story is the rise of newly industrialized countries or regions, such as Singapore and Taiwan Province Province.

19. The increase in life expectancy and the decrease in infant mortality have led to rapid population growth in many underdeveloped countries.

20. In poor countries, the role of agriculture is more prominent, often accounting for 80% of the gross national product.

2 1. The per capita capital of underdeveloped countries is much less than that of the United States because their savings rate is very low.

22. The lack of capital market in underdeveloped countries has prevented the limited capital supply from finding a use to exert its productivity effect.

23. Land reform is the transfer of agricultural land to people who work on it.

24. Inequality will lead to political instability and an unfavorable environment for foreign investment, thus hindering development.

25. Tenant system provides tenants with a good incentive to work hard and maintain land productivity.

26. Central planning enables developing countries to coordinate all related activities in a single and interrelated development strategy.

27. One of the important components of a country's infrastructure is its legal system.

28. The difficulty of export-oriented strategy lies in protecting domestic inefficient producers from competition from foreign enterprises.

29. One problem of import substitution is that once implemented, trade barriers are difficult to remove.

30. Successful East Asian economies have achieved high growth rates, but this has led to the cost of extreme inequality.

The third article

Three. Short answer:

1. The significance of industrialization to the economic and social development of developing countries

(1) can help developing countries seek economic independence and development; (2) It helps developing countries to get rid of the deteriorating "terms of trade" environment in international trade; (3) help developing countries get rid of the constraints of lack of funds on economic development; (4) It is helpful to change the dual economic structure of developing countries and promote the coordinated economic development; (5) It can greatly improve the labor productivity of the whole society, provide various emerging consumer goods and help developing countries get rid of poverty;

2. Starting conditions of industrialization: (1) Economic conditions: including material capital, human capital, scientific and technological progress, resource conditions and market scale; (2) Non-economic conditions: including entrepreneurship, social conditions, cultural conditions and political system.

3. Relationship between industrialization and urbanization: At different stages of industrialization, the relationship between industrialization and urbanization is quite different. In the early stage of industrialization, the agglomeration effect of industrial development makes the increase of industrial proportion have a direct and greater driving effect on the improvement of urbanization rate. When industrialization approaches and enters the middle stage, the role of industrial structure transformation and consumption structure upgrading exceeds the agglomeration effect, and the evolution of urbanization is more driven by the increase in the proportion of employment in non-agricultural industries. At present, the proportion of non-agricultural employment is obviously faster than that of production. When industrialization has evolved to a higher stage, the leading role in the process of urbanization has gradually changed from industry to the whole non-agricultural industry, and the change of employment structure is more and more different from the change of output structure and plays a greater role, which makes the increase of the proportion of service industry have a greater impact on the process of urbanization.

4. The essence of industrialization is the transformation of economic structure, with the decline of agricultural share and the increase of non-agricultural share. The share here has both output value share and employment share. The result of this transformation is that a country has changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country, that is, when the economic development is in the period of industrialization, the industrial structure is mainly the industrial sector. Accordingly, in the early stage of industrialization of economic development, the agricultural sector is the main body of industrial structure, while in the later stage of industrialization of economic development, the service sector is the main body of industrial structure.

5. Characteristics of the labor market in developing countries: a. Low wages; b. Rapid labor growth; c. Significant proportion of employed people in agriculture and other primary industries; d. Dual structure and multi-level labor market; e. Underutilization (unemployment) of a large number of labor.

6. Difference and connection between economic growth and economic development: Economic growth is a quantitative concept, and economic development is both a quantity.

Concept is a quality concept; Economic growth is the driving force and means of economic development, and economic development is the result and purpose of economic growth. Without economic growth, there will be no economic development. Economic growth is a necessary and prerequisite for economic development. Under special circumstances, there will be economic development without economic growth, but it must be individual and short-lived, and no amount of economic growth will necessarily bring economic development.

7. Definition and characteristics of developing countries: Generally speaking, developing countries refer to countries with backward economy, low social civilization and in the process of industrialization and modernization. Features: 1, low living standard 2, low production efficiency 3, high population growth rate, heavy support burden 4, severe labor force 5, high dependence on agricultural products and primary products.

8. Connotation of economic development: Economic development refers to various changes in social economy with economic growth. Including (1) changes in input structure, that is, changes in the proportion of input factors in production. (2) The changes in output are mainly manifested in the changes in industrial structure, general living standard and distribution, hygiene and health, culture and education, natural environment and ecology.

Four. Thesis question:

Contents and evaluation of three economic growth models restated in the first volume;

(1) Harold-Thomas model

Harold-Thomas model is a model to explain the conditions needed for economic growth. Expressed by the formula: G=s/k, that is, growth rate = savings rate/capital output rate, from which we can see a simple truth: the growth rate of GNP is determined by both the national savings rate and the national capital output rate. At a certain GNP level, the higher the savings rate, the greater the GNP growth rate. The higher the capital-output ratio, the lower the GNP growth rate. The more you save, the more you invest and the faster you grow.

Basic idea: The continuous formation of capital is the reason for the long-term and stable economic growth.

Theoretical basis: Continuous investment and increased capital formation are the sources to ensure stable economic growth.

Prerequisite: 1. All savings are automatically converted into investment, and investment is converted into increased output (GDP) according to a fixed ratio of capital to output. 2. This increased GDP can be saved for investment according to a certain proportion, realizing a continuous growth process.

Suppose the conditions include four points: 1, and only one product is produced; 2. The factor of production is only capital, and the ratio of labor capital to output remains unchanged; 3. GNP is only distributed between capitalists and laborers; 4. Part of the GDP allocated to capitalists is used for consumption expenditure, and the rest is used for savings.

Meaning: 1 It emphasizes the decisive role of capital accumulation in economic growth and is suitable for analyzing the constraints of economic capital scarcity on economic development in developing countries. 2. The emergence of this model marks the emergence of contemporary economic development theory. But at the same time, there are some defects, including: 1, the assumption that the capital output rate is unchanged is unreasonable, because it denies the substitutability of production factors. 2. Over-reliance on state intervention and neglect of market regulation. 3. The important role of technological progress in economic growth has not been fully considered. The growth path is a "narrow blade": economic growth depends on savings.

(2) Neoclassical economic growth model

Model: Y=f(k, l) indicates that output is a function of capital and labor input.

This shows that the output level of 1 depends on the amount of capital and labor input. 2. The ratio of K to L can be changed by adjusting the market price: when K >; The price of L and L rises, the use of K increases, the capital output rate increases, and capital-intensive technologies are chosen to develop the economy; When k < L, the price of K rises, the usage of L increases, the capital output rate decreases, and labor-intensive technologies are chosen to develop the economy.

Significance: 1, k, l can be substituted, which affects the capital output rate through the change of capital-labor ratio, increases the adjustability of economic growth, and overcomes the "split frontier" problem of growth. 2. Emphasize the regulating effect of market mechanism on economic growth. When the savings rate is fixed, change the profit rate (capital price) and wage rate (labor income), change the input of K and L, adjust the ratio of the two, and adjust the capital-output ratio. 3. The economic growth function that emphasizes technological progress for the first time breaks through the "capital accumulation theory". Its shortcomings include: 65,438+0, and there is an investment "sludge-clay model". 2. Technological progress in reality is not an independent factor.

The fourth article

Fourth, multiple-choice questions (1)

1. The productivity is:

A, extra output from marginal workers; B, output divided by working hours; C, labor output per hour; D, the number of workers needed to produce the next unit output; E, number of outputs divided by total number of inputs.

2. The growth rate of American productivity,

A, accelerated growth in the late 1960s and 1970s; B, there has been little change throughout the 20th century;

C, obviously slowed down in 1970s and early 1980s; D, has been growing steadily throughout the 20th century;

It fell sharply in the 1980s.

3. Throughout the business cycle, productivity,

A, growth at roughly the same speed;

B, when the economy entered recession, it declined, but when the economy began to recover, it rose faster than the output;

C, the economy rises when it enters recession and falls when it recovers;

D, rapid growth during the economic recession, because the decline in output is less than the decline in employment;

E, it is possible to grow faster or slower, depending on monetary and fiscal policies.

4. The reasons for the increase include:

A. accumulation of capital goods; B, the improvement of labor quality; C. allocate resources more effectively; D. technological progress; E. all the answers above.

5. Capital deepening refers to:

A, the number of workers per unit of capital increase; B, the increase of working capital per worker;

C, the reduction of working capital per worker; D, capital reallocation from low-productivity departments to high-productivity departments; E. government investment in infrastructure.

6. According to the law of diminishing returns, when the economy accumulates more capital, the output increases.

A, the same as the capital growth rate; B, at a rate lower than the capital growth;

C, at a faster rate than capital growth; D, only when new workers enter the labor market;

Only when new capital equipment uses new and better technologies.

7. Savings accumulated for retirement are called:

A, life cycle savings; B, target savings; C. precautionary savings; D. bequest savings; E. permanent income savings.

8. The savings accumulated for emergency use are called:

A, life cycle savings; B, target savings; C. precautionary savings; D. bequest savings; E. permanent income savings.

9. According to the life cycle theory, the reasons for the low savings rate in the United States1980s are:

A, the number of retirees has decreased; B, the number of people in the gold saving stage (45-65 years old) has increased; C, the number of people in the gold saving stage (45-65 years old) has decreased; D, the overall population has increased; E, the population decreased during the gold saving period (2 1-44 years old).

10.in 1980s, American tax system reform,

Encourage savings by increasing the ratio of after-tax actual income to savings;

Encourage savings by reducing the ratio of after-tax actual income to savings;

Weaken savings by increasing the ratio of after-tax real income to savings;

Weaken savings by reducing the ratio of after-tax actual income to savings;

E, there is no impact on savings.

1 1. When the economy is at the level of full employment equilibrium, which of the following will not increase investment?

First, reduce the fiscal deficit; Shift government expenditure to infrastructure investment;

C. subsidized investment; Use tax policies, such as individual retirement accounts;

E, the above can increase investment.

12. Relationship between production function displays.

A, input stage and output stage; B. technology and growth; C, productivity and real wages;

D, learning and experience; E. productivity and output.

13. In the 1980s, infrastructure investment in the United States,

A, it is sufficient, but the level of business investment is low; B, it is insufficient, but it is offset by the high level of business investment; C, insufficient, making the effect of low-level commercial investment worse; D, very low, because the tax reform has made it more expensive; E, sufficient, and the level of commercial investment.

14. Human capital means:

A. capital goods owned by individuals; B. education and skills aimed at improving individual productivity;

C, fertility; D, the output of labor per hour; Capital goods used by workers at work.

15. Which of the following is not the strength of the American education system?

A, lack of early tracking of junior students; B, a relatively open college and state university system; C, research universities; D, the proportion of students choosing science and engineering majors is high; E, these are all strengths.

16. deregulation of telecommunications and expansion of international trade,

A, improve the overall productivity, because the productivity is higher than the average productivity of these departments;

B, improve the overall productivity, because the productivity is lower than the average productivity of these departments;

C, reduce the overall productivity, because the productivity is higher than the average productivity of these departments;

D, reduce the overall productivity, because the productivity is lower than the average productivity of these departments;

E, keep the overall productivity unchanged.

17. technical changes,

A, moving the production function, making the same input-output more output; B, mobile production function, so that the same amount of input can produce more output, but unless additional capital goods are used; C, move the production function, so that the same input can produce more output, but unless additional workers are hired; D, improve the productivity of capital, but not improve the productivity of workers; E, improve productivity, but don't move the production function.

18. The method of attributing economic growth that cannot be explained by the increase of labor and capital to technological progress is called:

First, the total factor productivity analysis; B, partial productivity analysis; C. capital deepening; D. capital expansion; Sustainable development.

19. The growth of economic output is equal to:

First, its productivity growth; B, the number of its growth in labor and capital accumulation;

C, its labor hours and productivity growth; D, the marginal product of labor multiplied by the labor hours plus the marginal product of capital multiplied by the capital stock; E, the number of private savings, government savings and foreign net capital inflows.

20. Sustainable development means no growth.

A, excessive technological progress; B, excessive population growth; C. excess capital investment; D, excessive occupation of natural resources; E. the above projects.

2 1. In the field of economic development where the government has the initiative and actively participates, the following phenomena will occur:

A, maintain balanced growth; B, support the development of heavy industry; C. Concentrate the necessary resources from agriculture to industry; D, providing social basic capital; None of the above is true, because there is no economic region that always needs government intervention.

22. In recent years, the population of many underdeveloped countries has grown rapidly, mainly because:

First, due to the enhanced nutrition, the birth rate has risen sharply; B, great achievements have been made in prolonging people's life span, and the average life span of the elderly has been extended by 5 years, reaching 10 years; C, the number of infant deaths and disease deaths decreased significantly; D. after the second world war, a large number of immigrants flooded into these countries; E. Early marriage leads to a significant increase in the birth rate.

23. Four of the following five sentences are about economic development. Which one is not?

A, when developing economies increase their total output, it is usually reasonable to expect "increasing returns to scale";

B, under normal circumstances, it is impossible for a single enterprise to invest in social basic capital, no matter how important these projects are;

C entrepreneurship and innovation are indispensable for the success of any developing economy;

D, for developing countries, protecting import substitution industries may not be a wise choice;

In most underdeveloped countries, excessive savings is a problem worthy of attention.

24. When a country develops its economy and establishes its own industrial system, which of the following situations may occur?

A, it imports less and less from other developed industrial countries; B, its total export tends to rise; It imports more and more from other developed industrial countries; It will import more goods from underdeveloped countries; China's total imports are on the rise.

25. "Social basic capital" refers to:

First, before a specific natural resource can achieve benefits; Investment projects characterized by raising funds from abroad; C, investment projects that are considered to have net productivity; D. Some investment projects, unlike those raised by private enterprises, are funded by the state; E, a kind of capital investment, its amount will not change with the increase of national output.

26. Examples of "social basic capital" are:

1. Agricultural electrification project; B. hospitals and schools funded by the state; C, improvement of domestic transportation system; D, all of the above; E, a, b is, c is not.

27. An absolute prerequisite for economic growth is:

First, there is a surplus of income besides consumption to promote economic development; B, create a large number of surplus labor for the manufacturing industry; C, discover and develop some internal economies; D, culturally accept the principle of independent management of economic behavior; E, the manufacturing industry developed to a certain extent and began to crowd out agriculture.

28. Four of the following five sentences are about economic development. Which one is not?

A, in some underdeveloped countries, investment has reached a considerable scale, but all of them have been invested in low-profit projects, and some have even flowed to projects that are inconsistent with the foothold of economic development;

B, as long as the economy develops, social basic capital will spontaneously develop to a sufficient level;

C, historically, after some economic progress, political reforms are often carried out;

D, we know that many underdeveloped countries have a large number of undeveloped natural resources, and if they can have capital that can effectively use these resources at the same time, their development will be just around the corner;

E in poor countries, especially agricultural countries, there are often a large number of workers who have nothing to do all day because they have nothing to do at all.

29. The per capita income of underdeveloped countries is much lower than that of developed countries. What is the trend of this gap in the past few decades?

A, for less developed countries that practice "free operation", this gap has narrowed, while for countries that practice planned economy, this gap is getting bigger and bigger; B, this trend is difficult to measure, because each country's cultural traditions, habits and hobbies and climatic conditions are different; C, this gap has obviously narrowed, which is obviously the product of export-oriented economy; For those countries that concentrate their investment on social basic capital, this gap has narrowed; E, this gap has remained basically stable and may expand in some areas.

30. Human development index:

A, combine social indicators with economic indicators to evaluate a country's human resources;

B, it has a strong negative correlation with per capita output; C, criticized by economists;

D, all of the above are correct; E. none of the above is correct.