Direct financial instruments include:

1. Stocks (Equities):

Stocks are proof of ownership of a company and represent investors’ shares in the company. Investors who hold a company's shares are called shareholders. They enjoy the right to share the company's profits and also bear the company's risks.

2. Bonds:

Bonds are a fixed-income instrument and are debt securities issued by companies, governments or other institutions to raise funds. Investors who buy bonds are equivalent to borrowing money from the bond issuer. Investors who hold bonds can receive fixed interest and receive their principal back when the bond matures.

3. ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds):

An exchange-traded fund is a stock-like fund that tracks the performance of a specific index, industry, or asset class. ETFs can be listed and traded on exchanges, and investors can buy and sell ETFs to obtain investment returns similar to the underlying index.

4. Foreign Exchange:

The foreign exchange market is one of the largest financial markets in the world. Investors can directly buy and sell various currency pairs in the foreign exchange market. The profit depends on changes in exchange rates between different currencies.

5. Commodity Futures:

Commodity futures is an investment method. Investors can purchase various commodity futures contracts in the futures market, such as crude oil, gold, Soybeans etc. Investors can participate in commodity price fluctuations through the futures market.

6. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs):

Real Estate Investment Trust is a special fund that mainly invests in real estate, such as commercial real estate, residential real estate, etc. Investors can buy shares in REITs and receive income from real estate rentals and appreciation.

7. Options:

An option is a financial derivative that gives investors the right to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specific price at a certain time in the future. rather than an obligation. Options can be used to hedge risk or make leveraged investments.

8. Debt (Fixed-Income Securities):

Debt refers to financial instruments in which investors lend funds to borrowers and receive fixed interest in return, including bonds, treasury bills, Fixed deposits, etc. Debt investments generally have lower risks and are suitable for prudent investors.