Since the reform and opening up 27 years ago, the people of China have maintained an average annual economic growth rate of 9.6% with their diligence, courage and perseverance, and created an oriental miracle that has attracted worldwide attention. Over the past 27 years, China's economic aggregate has increased by 1 1 times, and its comprehensive national strength has been significantly enhanced. People's life has achieved several historic leaps from getting rid of poverty and solving food and clothing to basically achieving a well-off society. The influence of the "China factor" is constantly expanding. China has become a veritable economic power, and China's economy has become an important force to promote world economic growth.
(1) The economic aggregate jumped to the fourth place in the world.
In 2005, China's GDP reached18,308.5 billion yuan, equivalent to $223.5 billion at the average exchange rate of that year, and its share in the world economy increased from 1978 to about 5% in 2005, making it the fourth largest economy after the United States, Japan and Germany.
(2) The output of many products ranks among the top in the world.
In 2005, the output of steel, coal and cement in China was 350 million tons, 210.90 billion tons and10.60 billion tons respectively, accounting for about13 of the world's total output. The output of agricultural products such as grain, meat, cotton, peanuts, rape and fruits has also ranked first in the world for many years. Among the finished products, China ranks first in the world with the output of 130 products.
(3) The total foreign trade volume ranks third in the world.
In 2005, China's total import and export volume reached1421900 million US dollars, an increase of 23.2% over the previous year, and its proportion in the total world trade increased from 0.79% in 1978 to 6.73%. The ranking of world trade volume rose from 29th to 3rd in 1978, second only to it. The development of China cannot be separated from the world, and the development of the world also needs China. The interaction between China and the world economy is deepening day by day.
(d) Foreign direct investment has ranked first among developing China countries for many years.
China has become a hot spot for foreign investors with its huge market potential, low factor prices, stable social and political environment and constantly improving investment environment. From 1979 to 2005, the actual utilization of foreign direct investment in China reached US$ 622.4 billion, ranking first among developing countries in attracting foreign direct investment for eleven consecutive years since 1995.
With the rapid development of China's economy, the international influence of China's economy is increasing. By the end of May 2006, China's foreign exchange reserves had exceeded 900 billion US dollars, ranking first in the world. China is increasingly internationalized, becoming an important part of the world economy, and its contribution to global economic growth is gradually expanding. According to the data of the World Bank, from 2000 to 2004, the average contribution rate of China's economic growth to the world economic growth was 15%, second only to the United States, and it has increasingly become an important booster of the world economic growth.
Secondly, China is not yet an economic power.
At the same time, we should be soberly aware that although China is already an economic power in the world, it is not yet an economic power.
(1) China's per capita economic level is still ranked at 1 10 among the major countries and regions in the world.
According to the calculation of the International Monetary Fund, the per capita GDP of China in 2005 was only 1.703 US dollars, which was only equivalent to 1/25 in the United States,1/2 in Japan and 1/4 in the world average, and roughly equivalent to Congo, Ukraine and Ukraine.
(B) China's economic efficiency is not high.
Due to the low technical content and added value of products, the rapid economic growth in China is still extensive, largely dependent on high input and consumption, and the resource utilization efficiency is still low. In 2004, the consumption of raw coal, iron ore, steel, alumina and cement in China accounted for 25%-40% of the world's total consumption, which was significantly higher than the level of economic output accounting for about 5% of the world. Compared with the world advanced level, the coal consumption of thermal power generation in China is 22.5% higher, the energy consumption per ton of steel in large and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises is 2 1% higher, and the comprehensive energy consumption of cement is 45% higher. Resources and environment are increasingly becoming the restrictive factors of China's economic growth.
(3) The technical content and added value of the product are low.
In the ranking of international competitiveness of 60 major countries and regions in the world published by Lausanne School of Management in 2006, Chinese mainland's international competitiveness rose from 3 1 in 2005 to 19, but it is still obviously out of proportion to the ranking of economic aggregate.
Judging from the export composition of Chinese products, large scale and low price are our advantages, but most of the export products with real competitive advantages are produced by foreign-funded enterprises, and there are few products independently developed by China with independent intellectual property rights. In 2005, China's total export volume was US$ 762 billion, of which foreign-invested enterprises accounted for 58.3%. The export of textiles is 6,543.8 billion pieces, which is only equivalent to the value of an Airbus.
The poor independent innovation ability of enterprises and the low self-sufficiency rate of key technologies are the main problems faced by Chinese enterprises. In 2004, the coverage rate of independent innovation activities of industrial enterprises above designated size in China was only 6. 1%, r&; The investment intensity of & ampd is only 0.56%, among which R&; The investment intensity of & ampD is 1.46%, which is much lower than that of R & AMPD. Only enterprises with investment intensity exceeding 5% can have sufficient market competitiveness standards. Most invention patents and important scientific and technological innovations in the world are in the hands of a few developed countries. According to China National Intellectual Property Administration's data, only about three-tenths of enterprises in China have core technologies with independent intellectual property rights, 99% enterprises have not applied for patents, and 60% enterprises do not have their own trademarks. Among the top 500 brands in the world in 2005, there are 249 in the United States, 46 in France, 45 in Japan and only 6 in Chinese mainland, which are typical "big manufacturing countries and small brand countries" with low brand value.
China's large passenger planes, high-end medical equipment, integrated circuit manufacturing equipment and optical fiber manufacturing equipment are basically imported from abroad; More than 80% of China's chip patents, 70% of CNC machine tools and textile machinery manufacturing patents, and 90% of automobile manufacturing patents are in the hands of foreigners. Due to the lack of core technology, mobile phones, computers and program-controlled CNC machine tools produced in China have to pay 20%, 30% and 40% of their prices as patent fees respectively.
Due to the lack of core technology, independent intellectual property rights and world-renowned brands, China is at the low end of the global value chain in the international division of labor. From the perspective of global division of labor, the global value chain is divided into three major links: one is the technical link based on design and research and development; The second is the production link based on processing; Third, the marketing links are mainly wholesale and retail and after-sales service. As far as value-added ability is concerned, the above three links show a U-shaped curve from high to low and then to high, which is called "smile curve". At present, China is mainly engaged in production links with low added value and at the bottom of the "smile curve". Because we don't master the core technology of product production, and the sales and service network of products are mostly controlled by foreign businessmen, China can only earn meager processing fees, and has long been at the level of low technology and low added value in the international division of labor. Some Windows operating systems pre-installed in personal computers account for about 50% of the sales cost of personal computers. The profit of a ton of domestic cars is sometimes not as good as that of imported cars with only a few kilograms of materials.
Third, measures must be taken to realize China's economy from big to strong.
(A) under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, and strive to promote the transformation of economic growth mode.
At present, China's extensive growth mode characterized by "high input, high consumption and low output" has achieved rapid economic growth and rapid economic expansion in China in a short period of time, but at the same time it has paid a heavy price. If we don't change the growth mode as soon as possible, it will inevitably affect the sustainable development of the economy, which is not conducive to making China's economy bigger and stronger.
To realize the fundamental transformation of the mode of economic growth, we must first realize the transformation of ideas, completely change the performance evaluation system of "judging the length by speed", correctly treat GDP indicators, and strengthen social development, sustainable development and people's quality of life. It should be pointed out that changing ideas is not to artificially slow down the development speed, let alone to develop, but to advocate scientific development, sustainable development and quality development. Only sustainable development can consolidate the foundation of economic expansion and solve the problems of "emphasizing increment but neglecting stock" and "emphasizing scale but neglecting quality" in economic growth. Secondly, by further deepening the system reform, we will speed up the formation of a mechanism conducive to changing the mode of economic growth, especially to speed up the transformation of government functions, standardize government behavior, stay in place and give full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources.
(2) Strive to make the enterprise bigger and stronger.
Enterprises are the backbone and cornerstone of China's economy from big to strong. Today's international economic competition is largely the competition of enterprises in various countries, and the number of large multinational companies with international competitiveness often represents a country's economic strength. Relevant research data show that 64,000 multinational companies around the world control13 of global production, 2/3 of international trade, 70% of technology patents and 90% of international direct investment.
Under the condition of market economy, enterprises face the market directly. In order to survive and develop, they have the strongest internal need and motivation to become bigger and stronger. From the strategic point of view of the country, supporting enterprises to become bigger and stronger is also an important basis for coping with fierce international competition and actively participating in international economic exchanges and cooperation. The key to supporting enterprises to become bigger and stronger is to create a good environment for enterprise development and form a good atmosphere of supporting enterprises and respecting entrepreneurs in the whole society. The government should strengthen its service and coordination functions, maintain market order, break the division between regions, and strive to create a fair, just and open competitive environment for enterprise development. Through various channels, we will promote the establishment of a number of large multinational enterprise groups with international competitiveness and actively encourage enterprises to develop and grow in international competition.
(C) efforts to create a good environment for independent innovation
"Innovation is the soul of national progress, an inexhaustible motive force for the country's prosperity" and an important foundation and guarantee for China's economy to grow from big to strong. The ability of independent innovation determines the national competitiveness to a great extent. Improving the ability of independent innovation requires the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and individuals in many aspects, the continuous reform and innovation of institutional mechanisms, and the mature experience of developed countries in catching up with "latecomer advantage". Give full play to the central role of the government in innovation mechanism and environmental construction, accelerate the construction of a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, market as the guidance and Industry-University-Research as the combination, and implement tax, financial and government procurement policies that support independent innovation. It is necessary to strengthen the dominant position of enterprises in independent innovation, encourage enterprises to increase R&D investment, promote the construction of enterprise technology R&D centers, and focus on supporting a number of key enterprises in the industry that master core technologies. We should create an institutional environment that encourages and protects independent innovation. Vigorously safeguard the rights and interests of innovative enterprises and innovators, resolutely crack down on all kinds of monopolistic behaviors that damage market competition, and encourage technological innovation through competition. The foundation of independent innovation is education. Adhere to people-oriented, pay more attention to education development, pay attention to human capital investment, advocate an innovative culture that inspires people to forge ahead, be good at discovering, cultivating and gathering all kinds of scientific and technological talents, and comprehensively improve China's independent innovation ability.
Concluding remarks
After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China has stepped into the ranks of economic powers. Today, China has a stable society and sustained and rapid economic development, and China's economy is facing a good development opportunity from big to strong. As long as we strengthen our confidence, make the best use of the situation, take the enhancement of independent innovation ability as the main line, and stimulate the innovative spirit of the whole nation, we will certainly be able to realize the historic leap of China's economy and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in a relatively short time!