After 20 years of reform and opening up, China has developed into a foreign trade and economic power, but it is not yet a foreign trade and economic power. In the new century, the goal of China should be to develop from a foreign trade power to a foreign trade power. However, compared with the world trade powers, there are still many gaps.
China's share in world trade is very small. 199 The top six countries in the world trade in goods accounted for 12.4% of the world's exports, 9.6% in Germany, 7.5% in Japan, 5.3% in France, 4.8% in Britain and 4.2% in Canada, while only 3.5% in China. The top six countries in the world trade in services account for 18.8% of the world trade in services, while Britain accounts for 7.6%, France 5.9%, Germany 5.7%, Italy 4.8% and Japan 4.5%, while China only accounts for 2.0%.
From the perspective of import and export commodity structure and trade structure, the proportion of products with high technical content and added value in China's export commodities is low. The export of machinery and equipment in the United States accounts for about 52% of its total goods export, Germany 5 1%, Japan 69%, France 43%, Britain 48% and Italy 39%. China's mechanical and electrical products account for less than 40% of export commodities, and most of them are labor-intensive and low value-added products. In addition, the ratio of trade in services to trade in goods in China is far lower than that in the above countries.
From the perspective of capital flow, China's foreign capital inflow and foreign investment are smaller than those of countries in the forefront of world trade. From 65438 to 0999, US foreign direct investment was $275.5 billion, and US foreign direct investment150.9 billion. The foreign capital flowing into Britain is 8.21billion dollars, and the British foreign direct investment is199.2 billion dollars. The inflow of foreign capital into Germany was $26.8 billion, and German foreign direct investment was $50.5 billion. The foreign capital flowing into France is $3.9/kloc-0.0 billion, and the foreign direct investment in France is $/kloc-0.079 billion. The inflow of foreign capital into the Netherlands is $33.7 billion, and the Dutch foreign direct investment is $45.8 billion. Compared with the above countries, China's per capita utilization of foreign capital is far behind.
From the perspective of trade system and enterprise management mechanism, compared with countries that are at the forefront of world trade, China still lacks a relatively complete set of economic and trade laws and regulations. Under the framework of the multilateral trading system, these countries have relatively low tariff rates, relatively transparent and stable non-tariff measures, national treatment for foreign investment, and less protection for domestic enterprises by national policies. Success or failure depends mainly on one's competitiveness. In the long-term development process, a set of enterprise management mechanism and governance structure that can adapt to the competitive environment of market economy has been formed.
China's comprehensive international competitiveness lags behind the world level. Judging from the comprehensive competitiveness reflected by domestic industrial development, internationalization, government management, financial services, infrastructure construction, enterprise management level, scientific and technological strength, population quality and other indicators, countries that are currently at the forefront of world trade are also at the forefront of the world. At present, China ranks 29th in the world in terms of comprehensive competitiveness, 20th in internationalization, 42nd in financial services, 40th in infrastructure, 30th in enterprise management, 3rd in scientific and technological strength, 24th in population quality, all of which are relatively backward.
In recent years, China's export growth rate has slowed down. Apart from the influence of external environment such as the Asian financial crisis, a very important reason is that the growth mode of China's foreign trade is still extensive. Judging from the current and future development trends, such an extensive and quantitative growth cannot be maintained for a long time. Realizing the transformation from "big" to "strong" is a historic task for the sustained and healthy development of foreign trade and economic cooperation under the new situation. First of all, the international economic and trade competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and the export growth dominated by cheap manufactured goods is more limited by the market size. In the past few years, many export products of China have become the target of public criticism, facing fierce competition and the threat of anti-dumping. Therefore, only by constantly improving the quality, grade and added value of export commodities can we maintain and expand our export market share. Secondly, the advantages of low cost of labor and other factors in China's coastal areas are decreasing, and the export growth potential of some traditional labor-intensive and resource-based commodities is limited. Only by accelerating the progress of industrial technology, cultivating new competitive advantages and improving the technology and service content of export commodities can we maintain and strengthen the development momentum of export-oriented economy in coastal areas. Third, the main structure of China's foreign trade and economic cooperation is not reasonable enough, the competitiveness of state-owned foreign trade enterprises is weak, and the potential of other non-state-owned enterprises except foreign-invested enterprises has not yet been brought into play. Only by vigorously promoting the reform of foreign economic and trade system and the transformation of enterprise management mechanism can we optimize the structure of business entities and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of various enterprises to participate in international economic and trade competition. Fourthly, the negative impact of extensive foreign trade growth on the environment is becoming more and more serious, and it will be more and more restricted by environmental protection requirements in international trade in the future. Only by raising the level of opening to the outside world and making more use of international resources can we alleviate the contradiction between export growth and environment and resources and realize the sustainable development of foreign trade and economic cooperation.
As China's economic growth bid farewell to the stage of shortage economy, the position and function of foreign trade is not only to earn foreign exchange through export. The growth of import and export must be coordinated with the macro-objective of national economic development in order to maximize national income. Therefore, this requires enterprises to focus on economic benefits in their import and export operations, and the macro-control and management of foreign trade must take the realization of macroeconomic goals as the most basic requirement, and rely on optimizing the export commodity structure, giving play to comparative advantages and improving economic benefits to achieve greater development of foreign trade. The transformation from a foreign economic and trade power to a foreign economic and trade power is the key to make China's foreign economic and trade reach a new level and continue to play an important role in promoting national economic development in the next five years to 10. It is also the need for China to meet the challenge of economic globalization, integrate into the world economy with a more positive attitude and strive for greater national interests.
The basic principles that China should adhere to when marching towards a foreign trade power are: to realize the coordinated development of foreign trade and national economy; Strive to improve the level of utilizing foreign capital; Participate in the multilateral trading system and strengthen regional and bilateral economic cooperation; Developing service trade; Establish and improve the foreign economic and trade system that conforms to the internationally accepted rules.
Tenth Five-Year Plan Target 20 10
Focusing on the future international and domestic environment, the main objectives of China's foreign trade and economic development during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period should be: the import and export of commodities will continue to grow at a rate slightly higher than the national economy, the structure and efficiency will be further improved, and the scientific and technological content and added value of export commodities will be significantly improved; Service trade has achieved rapid growth, and the international competitiveness of key service industries has been significantly enhanced; The field of utilizing foreign capital is further expanded, the technical level and scale of the project are improved, and the structure and regional layout are more reasonable; Foreign investment has steadily expanded, and the development and utilization of overseas resources and processing trade have formed a certain scale; The current account revenue and expenditure are generally balanced, and the national foreign exchange reserves and major foreign debt indicators are maintained at a reasonable level. The following are the main indicators of China's foreign trade and economic development during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period: (1) The average annual growth rate of commodity import and export will be between 7.5% and 8.5%, and the total import and export volume will reach 670-700 billion US dollars in 2005, of which exports will reach 340-360 billion US dollars; The average annual growth rate of the export of mechanical and electrical products will be around 13%, and the total export of mechanical and electrical products will reach17 billion-18 billion US dollars in 2005, accounting for about 50% of the total export commodities. The export of high-tech products will increase at an average annual rate of 15% or more, and the total export volume will be close to 70 billion US dollars in 2005, accounting for about 20% of the total export commodities. (2) The average annual growth rate of actually utilized foreign capital will be slightly higher than that during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, and the scale of foreign direct investment will reach 46-50 billion US dollars in 2005. (3) The average annual growth rate of service trade will be between 12% and 15%. The average annual growth rate of foreign project contracting and labor service cooperation will be around 15%, and the turnover in 2005 will reach $26-28 billion.
During the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-20 10), China's foreign trade and economic cooperation will still strive to maintain a sustained and stable growth trend. It is estimated that by 20 10, the total import and export of commodities will reach 900 billion US dollars, and the export will exceed 450 billion US dollars; The export proportion of mechanical and electrical products will increase to 60%; The export proportion of high-tech products increased to 30%. China's share in world commodity trade will be expanded from the current 3.5% to about 3.8%, and the ranking of commodity exports in the world will rise to the top six; The share in the world service trade will be expanded from the current 1.8% to about 2.0%, and the ranking of service trade exports in the world will rise to 10; The scale of utilizing foreign capital continues to maintain the status of developing country 1.
Achieving the above goals means that the efficiency of resource allocation and utilization in China has been greatly improved, the advantages of human resources have been brought into full play, the international competitiveness of major industries and products has been significantly enhanced, enterprises have achieved faster technological progress and better economic benefits by participating in international competition, the stability of RMB exchange rate will gain a more solid foundation, and the country's comprehensive national strength will be further enhanced. At the same time, China's open economic structure will be basically established, and the foreign trade management system that meets the requirements of the socialist market economy and international rules will be gradually improved. Foreign economic relations and trade will better promote the development of the national economy.
basic policy
Facing the challenges brought by the changes in the world economic and trade environment in the 21st century, and summing up the experiences and lessons since the reform and opening up, in order to realize the goal of building a powerful foreign trade country, China should strengthen and adhere to the following basic principles in its foreign trade and economic work.
First, actively participate in international division of labor and competition, develop an open economy, and achieve coordinated development of foreign trade and national economy. Under the background of economic globalization, closing the door to the outside world and fearing competition can only lead to a greater gap. Therefore, we should establish the consciousness of actively participating in international division of labor and competition, and comprehensively enhance the international competitiveness of China's economy by developing an open economy. The development of foreign trade and economic cooperation should serve the overall situation of national economic development, moderately ahead of national economic growth, and accelerate the opening up of the central and western regions while maintaining the momentum of export-oriented economic development in coastal areas.
Second, efforts to improve the level of foreign capital utilization and long-term strategic cooperation with transnational capital are conducive to China's industrial upgrading and technological innovation. It is an inevitable choice for developing countries to accelerate economic development and technological progress to attract foreign direct investment led by multinational companies. We should correctly treat the reality that multinational capital will enter China in large quantities after China's entry into WTO, and use effective policies and legal means to make more and better use of the positive aspects of multinational companies' investment and limit its negative aspects. Establish long-term strategic cooperation and develop relations with multinational companies that are conducive to China's industrial upgrading and technological innovation.
Third, participation in the multilateral trading system and strengthening regional and bilateral economic cooperation are simultaneously promoted and supplemented. Actively participating in the multilateral trading system and strengthening regional and bilateral economic cooperation under the multilateral framework are important links to create a good external environment for foreign trade and economic development. We should understand and be familiar with WTO rules, establish an effective policy coordination mechanism, and use relevant WTO rules to safeguard China's rights and interests in foreign economic and trade activities. At the same time, we should attach great importance to regional and bilateral economic and trade cooperation between China and neighboring countries and regions, and vigorously promote regional economic and trade integration at all levels.
Fourth, give play to comparative advantages and competitive advantages, optimize the structure of export commodities, and promote the plan of rejuvenating trade through science and technology. Giving full play to comparative advantages and competitive advantages is the basic requirement for achieving sustained and effective growth of foreign trade and economic cooperation. Guided by the international market, we will continue to implement a series of policies conducive to optimizing the structure of export commodities. Actively promote the action plan of "invigorating trade through science and technology", introduce advanced technology and equipment, transform traditional export industries, cultivate emerging industries that adapt to the trend of contemporary scientific and technological progress, and develop the export of high-tech products. Strengthen policy export credit, insurance and other support for foreign trade and economic development. Encourage the development and application of new trade methods such as e-commerce.
Fifth, vigorously develop service trade and further expand the open space through "going out". Service industry and trade are the areas with the greatest growth potential in the future. We should take the opening of the service industry as an opportunity to accelerate the development of service trade and encourage the export of China's advantageous service trade. Strengthen policy coordination and guidance, and steadily develop foreign contracted projects, labor export, design consultation and foreign economic and technical assistance. While maintaining the sustained growth of labor-intensive processing and export industries and creating more employment opportunities, we will support domestic powerful enterprises to "go global" in various forms and participate in international division of labor and competition at a higher level.
Sixth, establish and improve the foreign economic and trade system that conforms to the internationally accepted rules. According to the requirements of the socialist market economy and China's commitment to join the WTO, we will further reform the foreign trade system and establish a unified, stable, standardized and efficient foreign trade management and service promotion mechanism. Accelerate the revision and improvement of foreign trade laws and regulations. Vigorously promote the strategic reorganization of state-owned foreign trade and economic cooperation enterprises, and form the main structure of diversified business in the field of foreign trade and economic cooperation, in which various ownership systems coexist, large, medium and small enterprises and domestic and foreign-funded enterprises develop together and complement each other.