An overview of the formula of "construction engineering economy"; - 20 1509 18; Interest: Time value of funds (; Opportunity cost of capital; 1. Pure profit (profit does not generate profit); It = p× I single× n = f-p (interest amount of n interest periods; f = p p×I single×n = p( 1 I single×n)(； The sum of the principal and interest of the nth interest period is p = f/( 1 I ×; n)(； P- present value (principal); I single-simple interest rate; F- final value (Ben2. Compound interest (compound interest, compound interest) The sum of interest and principal is calculated as interest; n

Summary of Economically Necessary Formulas for Construction Engineering

- 20 1509 18

Interest: the time value of funds (

Opportunity cost of capital.

1. Pure profit (profit does not produce profit)

It = p× I single× n = f-p (interest amount of n interest periods)

F = p p× i single× n = p (1i single× n) (

The sum of the principal and interest of the nth interest period is p = f/( 1 I ×

n)(

P- present value (principal); I single-simple interest rate; F- final value (sum of principal and interest); Interest period

2. The sum of compound interest (compound interest, compound interest) interest and principal is calculated as interest.

The principal and interest compounded in n interest-bearing periods and the sum of (f)- interest and principal are calculated as interest.

F = p (p× I complex number) = p (1 I complex number) (1 sum of principal and interest in interest period)

F = p (1 i complex number) = p (f/p, i, n) (

The final value of the known present value)-the sum of the principal and interest of the nth interest period (1 i complex number)

= reciprocal of present value coefficient.

P = f/( 1 i complex number) = f (1 i complex number) = f (p/f, i, n) (find the present value of the known final value-discount or discount (1I complex number).

= reciprocal of the final coefficient.

F-P = F-P= P( 1 i complex number)-p (net interest amount after n interest periods)

P- present value (principal); I compound interest-compound interest rate; F- final value (sum of principal and interest); Interest period

3. Equal Payment Series-Calculation of Present Value and Final Value

P=A[( 1 i)

-1]/(I( 1 I)] (find the total discount of equal payment series P = ∑ n (1)? = a [(1i)-1]/(i (1i)] (sum of discounted present value of each interest period converted from annuity and compound interest) n = 1.

The above formula is the geometric series sum s = a (1-q)/( 1-q).

[(1I)-1]/(I (1I)] = ∫ f = p (1I complex number)

∴ F

= a [( 1 I)- 1]/I (find the sum of the due principal and interest of equal repayment series.

[( 1 I)- 1]/I = a- annuity (the value of fund series with equal amount at the end of each interest period in a specific time series)

P- present value (principal); I compound interest-compound interest rate; F- final value (sum of principal and interest); Interest period

4. Financial net present value (FNPV)-dynamic indicators-absolute indicators

FNPV= = sum of all discounted cash flows in the whole interest period of the project.

(investment is-,return is) FNPV= =

P total investment discount p total income discount = P total investment discount i↑, fnpv ↓; When I ↓FNPV↑.

I- Set discount rate, benchmark rate of return and cash rate of return.

5. Financial internal rate of return (FIRR)-dynamic indicators-absolute indicators

FIRR corresponds to the benchmark rate of return I when FNPV = 0.

FIRR≥i is cost-effective and the project is feasible.

Firr < I is not cost-effective and the project is not feasible.

I- actual benchmark rate of return, set discount rate, benchmark rate of return and cash rate of return.

6. Interest rate during interest period (interest period is less than 1 year or more than 1 year) n

nnnn

nnnnnn-nn-n

neural network

I = r/m r- nominal interest rate (annual interest rate announced by the state); M- interest multiple

7. Calculation of real interest rate

Ieff = (1 r/m)- 1 Results are generally > r; When r is constant, the bigger m is, the bigger the result is.

Ieff-annual real interest rate; R-nominal interest rate (annual interest rate announced by the state); M- interest multiple

8. Total return on investment (ROI)-static indicator-relative indicator

Roi = ebit/ti× 100% = annual profit before interest and tax/total investment of technical scheme = (income-cost)/(working capital of construction investment loan interest) = (working capital of loan interest before operation)/(working capital of construction investment loan interest before operation).

Roi-total return on investment, ebit-annual profit before interest and tax (annual net income = income-cost), and ti-total investment in technical solutions (including construction investment, loan interest and all working capital);

9.ROE)-static indicator-relative indicator

Roe = NP/EC × 100% = net profit/technical scheme funds = after-tax profit/self-owned funds = (total profit-income tax)/self-owned funds = (income before interest and tax-interest-income tax)/self-owned funds = (income-cost-interest-income tax)/self-owned funds.

ROE-net interest rate of capital, NP-net profit (after-tax profit = total profit-income tax; Total profit = earnings before interest and tax-interest), EC-technical scheme funds (own funds or equity funds);

10. Output-uncertainty analysis of breakeven point (Q)

Q = (b cf)/(p-cu-tu) = fixed cost/unit product sales revenue.

BEP% (breakeven point capacity utilization rate) = (output/breakeven point annual output) × 100%

C (total cost) = cf (fixed cost) CuQ (variable cost);

S (sales revenue) = PQ (total sales price) -TuQ (business tax and surcharges); B (profit) = S (total selling price) -C (total cost)

Q- output or break-even point output, b- profit, cf- fixed cost,

p

-unit sales price, Cu- variable cost of unit product, Tu- business tax and surcharge of unit product.

1 1. sensitivity coefficient

SAF (sensitivity coefficient) = (δ A/A) (change rate of evaluation index A) ÷(δF/F) (change rate of uncertain factor F)

The larger the |SAF| (absolute value), the more sensitive it is. > 0, they change in the same direction, less than 0, they change in the opposite direction.

12. Operating cost = total cost-depreciation expense-amortization expense-interest expense (operating cost is used for cash flow analysis).

13. sunk cost = book value of equipment-current market value

* sunk cost = (original value of equipment-depreciation expense over the years)-current market value (purchase price-depreciation expense-current price)

* Example: 300,000 pieces of equipment will be scrapped after five years, with no residual value. After two years, the market price is 654.38+ 10,000. What is the sunk cost?

Annual average depreciation expense = 30/5 = 60,000; Depreciation expense = 2× 6 =120,000, sunk cost = 30-12-10 = 80,000.

14. Average annual operating cost = annual operating cost and annual asset consumption cost (annual depreciation)

* The years with the lowest average annual use cost, that is, economic life.

15. Additional rate method (rent calculation)

R = [p (1 in)/n] p× r where: p (1in) /n = sum of principal and interest for n years (simple interest)/n = annual average interest (opportunity cost).

R- rent per installment, P- rental equipment price, I- interest rate, N years, R- additional rate;

16. annuity method (calculation of rent) (the monthly payment for buying a house is also calculated by this formula)

P=A[( 1 i)

-1]/(I( 1 I)] (Find the total discount of equal payment series, and convert it into: a =

p[I( 1i)]/[( 1i)- 1] 17。 The Relative Value of Value Engineering (5)

V = f/c v- relative value, f- the lowest cost to achieve the necessary purpose, or functional cost; C- actual cost δC = C-fδC- cost reduction expectation. When c > f, the greater the value of δc, the more the function needs to be improved.

When v = 1, c = f ideal state.

When V < 1, the actual cost of C > F is too high, and the product has unnecessary functions, or the production efficiency is low or the cost is too high. When V > 1, the actual cost of C < F is too low, the product quality is insufficient, or the workers are squeezed, which needs specific analysis.

18. incremental investment income method for economic analysis of new technical scheme

R = (c1-C2)/(I2-I1) ×100% When the incremental return on investment R is greater than the benchmark return on investment Rc, the new scheme is feasible. R-incremental return on investment; (c 1-C2)- the operating cost saved by the new scheme; (I2-I 1)- New scheme increases investment;

19. Conversion cost method for economic analysis of new technical scheme

A

When the useful results of the schemes are the same, compare the costs and choose the scheme with the lowest total cost.

(1) ZJ = PJ× RC CJ, where: (Pj×Rc)— opportunity cost.

ZJ-the conversion cost (total cost) of the first J scheme; Pj-the investment amount of the first J scheme;

RC-benchmark investment return rate; CJ refers to the production cost (operating cost, actual cost) of the first J scheme.

(2)

C (total cost) = cf (fixed cost) CuQ (variable cost)

B: When the useful results of the schemes are different, the comparison cost determines the scope of application of the schemes, which can be compared by mathematical analysis and graphic method. c 1 = cf 1 Cu 1Q； C2 = Cf2 Cu2Q； When q = Q0 (critical yield):

C 1=

C2→→→→→→→→Q0 =(Cf2-cf 1)/(Cu 1-Cu2)

When q > Q0, scheme 2 is better; When q < Q0, the scheme 1 is better;

20. Indirect cost allocation rate = sum of all indirect costs/direct costs actually incurred in the current contract.

2 1. Indirect expenses that should be borne in the current period of the contract = direct expenses actually incurred in the current period × indirect expense allocation rate.

22. depreciation of fixed assets

Answer: Average service life method: depreciation of fixed assets = depreciation of fixed assets/expected service life of fixed assets.

B: workload method: depreciation amount per unit workload = accrued depreciation amount/estimated total workload.

① Mileage method: depreciation amount per unit mileage = accrued depreciation amount/total mileage.

② Workbench shift method: each workbench shift (1 workbench = 8 hours) = accrued depreciation amount/total number of workstations.

23. The method to determine the contract completion schedule

(1) Contract completion progress = cumulative actual contract cost/estimated total contract cost × 100%.

(2) Contract completion progress = cumulative contract quantities/estimated total contract quantities × 100%.

24. There are two methods to calculate the contract income confirmed in the current period:

(1) Contract revenue confirmed in current period = actual total contract revenue-accumulated revenue confirmed in previous period.

(2) Contract revenue confirmed in this period = total contract revenue × completion schedule-accumulated revenue confirmed in the previous period.

25. About the calculation of profit:

(1) Operating profit = operating income-operating costs-business taxes and surcharges-sales expenses-management expenses-financial expenses-changes in fair value of asset impairment losses (losses are negative) Investment income (losses are negative).

(2) Total profit = operating profit-non-operating income-non-operating expenditure

(3) Net profit = total profit-income tax expense

26. Calculation of income tax and expenses

Taxable amount of income tax = taxable income × trial tax rate-tax relief-tax credit

27. Calculation in the balance sheet: assets = transformation of owner's equity of liabilities: liabilities = assets-owner's equity.

28. Analysis methods of financial statements:

A: Trend analysis (1) fixed base index = analysis period amount/fixed fund amount × 100%.

(2) Ring index = analysis period amount/previous period amount × 100%.

B: ratio analysis-composition ratio, efficiency ratio and correlation ratio.

C: Factor analysis method: (1) serial substitution method: 1 time only replaces one variable, and the replaced one remains unchanged. The difference between two adjacent results is the influence of the variable on the index. (2) Difference calculation method: a simplified form of kick chain method.

29. Calculation and analysis of basic financial ratio:

A: solvency ratio (1) asset-liability ratio = total liabilities/total assets × 100%

(Total liabilities = total assets-owner's equity) reflects the long-term solvency of the enterprise, and 50% is more appropriate.

(2) Current ratio = current assets/current liabilities

Second, it is reasonable to reflect the short-term solvency of enterprises.

(3) quick ratio = quick assets/current liabilities = (current assets-inventory)/current liabilities

Reflect the short-term solvency of the enterprise, when > 1, it has solvency, and when < 1, it is not strong.

B: Operating capacity ratio (1) Total assets turnover ratio = main business income/total assets.

(2) Current assets turnover rate = current assets turnover rate/current assets; Turnover days of current assets = 365/ turnover times of current assets

(3) Inventory turnover times = operating cost/inventory; Inventory turnover days = calculation period days/inventory turnover times

(4) Accounts receivable turnover rate (turnover times) = operating income/accounts receivable; Average collection period = 365/ turnover times of accounts receivable c: profitability (1) return on net assets = net profit/net assets ×

Net interest rate of total assets = net profit/total assets ×

D: Development capacity ratio (1) Operating growth rate = increase in operating income in the current period/total operating income in the previous period × 100%.

(2) Capital accumulation rate = increase in owner's equity this year/owner's equity at the beginning of the year × 100%.

30. Capital cost ratio = capital occupation fee/net financing =

[Capital occupation fee (interest)]/[Total amount of financing-financing fee (handling fee)]

3 1. Comprehensive cost of capital = weighted average of various capital costs, namely: kW = σ KJWJ.

Kw-comprehensive capital cost; Kj-the J-type capital cost rate; WJ-the proportion of J-type capital cost to total capital.

32. Short-term financing forgoes cash discount cost (actual annual interest rate) = [discount percentage]

/( 1- discount percentage) ]×[365/ (credit period-discount period)]

Where: discount percentage /( 1- discount percentage) = give up discount (lost money)/(total loan-give up money 33. Optimal cash holdings = =min (opportunity cost management cost shortage cost); The minimum sum of the three costs is the optimal holding capacity.

34. Optimal inventory quantity = =min (acquisition cost, storage cost and out-of-stock cost); The minimum sum of the three costs is the best inventory.

35. Economic order quantity: Q*

= √ when K↑, q ↑; When d =, q =；; When k2 =, q ↓;

Q *- economic order quantity; K- the variable cost of each order; D- annual inventory requirements; K2-unit storage cost;

36. Equipment purchase fee = the original price of the equipment or the freight and miscellaneous expenses of the imported equipment CIF.

37. CIF price of imported equipment = FOB foreign freight, foreign transportation insurance premium, bank finance fee.

Foreign Trade Fee (Report)

Customs) import tariff value-added tax consumption tax, in which: FOB foreign freight foreign transportation insurance premium = CIF.

Price = FOB × RMB foreign exchange rate

Foreign freight = FOB × freight rate × RMB foreign exchange rate

Foreign transportation insurance premium = [(FOB foreign freight) /( 1- foreign transportation insurance premium rate) ]× foreign transportation insurance premium rate.

Bank financing fee = FOB× RMB exchange rate× bank financing rate

Foreign trade commission = CIF price × RMB foreign exchange quotation × foreign trade commission rate

Import tariff = CIF price × RMB foreign exchange quotation × import tariff rate

Value-added tax = component taxable value × value-added tax rate, where: component taxable value = CIF × RMB foreign exchange quotation import tariff consumption tax = [(CIF × RMB foreign exchange quotation tariff) /( 1- consumption tax rate) ]× consumption tax rate.

38. Equipment transportation and miscellaneous expenses = original equipment price × equipment transportation and miscellaneous expenses rate

39. Basic reserve fee = (equipment and instrument purchase fee, building installation fee, other engineering construction fees) × basic reserve rate.

40. Price increase reserve fee = σ (equipment and tools purchase fee, construction and installation engineering fee) ×[( 1 i)n- 1]

I- growth rate; N- the nth cycle;

4 1. Construction investment = reserve fund for loan interest price increase during static investment construction period.

42. Accrued interest in each year during the construction period = (accumulated loan principal and interest at the beginning of the year /2)× annual interest rate.

Note: Banks do not issue loans to enterprises at the beginning or end of the year, but distribute them equally.

43. Construction and installation engineering cost calculation

(1) material cost = σ (material consumption × material unit price)

Unit price of materials = [(original transportation and miscellaneous expenses of materials) × (transportation loss rate 1) ]× (purchase and sale storage rate 1)

(2) Cost of engineering equipment = σ (number of engineering equipment × unit price of engineering equipment)

Unit price of engineering equipment = (transportation and miscellaneous expenses of original equipment) ×( 1 purchase and storage rate)

(3) Machine-team depreciation expense = [mechanical budget price -( 1- residual rate)]/total number of durable machine-teams.

44. Time quota: (working days and machine shifts are time quotas, 1 machine shift = 8 hours)

(1) Time quota per unit product (man-days) = 1/ output of each job.

Man-hour quota per unit product (man-days) = total number of days of small employees/mechanical machine-team output

(2) mechanical time quota per unit product (machine-team) = 1/ machine-team output;

Unit product labor time quota (man-days) = total number of members/machine-team output

45. Production quota

(1) Output per worker = 1/ Time quota per unit product (man-days)

(2) Mechanical machine-team production quotas = 1/ Mechanical time quota (machine-team)

46. Mechanical utilization coefficient = net working time of working shifts/mechanical working shift time.

47. The influence of construction machinery production quotas = net working productivity of machinery × working shift duration × mechanical utilization coefficient.

48. Construction machinery man-hour quota = 1/ construction machinery affecting production quotas.

49. Working hours quota of workers = working hours quota of construction machinery × number of workers' groups

50. The bill of quantities valuation calculation

Partial engineering cost = σ partial engineering quantity × comprehensive unit price of partial engineering

Measures project fee = σ unit price measures project quantity × unit price measures project comprehensive unit price σ total price measures project fee

Unit project cost = partial project cost, measure project cost, other project cost, fees and taxes.

Single project cost = σ unit project cost

Total cost of construction project = σ single project cost

Total investment of construction project = total cost of construction project, other expenses of construction project, reserve fund, interest during construction period and working capital.