In the fifth year of Ganfu (AD 878), Shang led the remnants to meet Huang Chao outside Bozhou. Jean Shang, Shang's younger brother, is responsible for killing his younger brother. He is disloyal to the imperial court. Now Wang Xianzhi, the leader of the Grass Army, is dead. He led the people to elect Huang Chao as king. Huang Chao agreed, became a general, changed to Wang Ba, established a bureaucratic system, and began to declare to the decadent late Tang court: "I'm Huang Chao here!" This year, Huang Chao was 58 years old. At the age of 40, Huang Chao witnessed the failure of the Qiu Fu Uprising. At the age of 49, Huang Chao witnessed the failure of the Pang Xun uprising. At the age of 57, Huang Chao witnessed the failure of the Wang Ying uprising. At the age of 58, he witnessed the failure of the Wang Xianzhi uprising. In the past twenty years, he witnessed the failure of four uprisings in the late Tang Dynasty. In this period of turbulent separatist regime, he knows better than anyone how difficult this road is, but he also knows better than anyone what he wants. Only one person can complete this "Heavenly Path", and his name is Chao Huang! However, the "road to heaven" can not be completed by a high mouth. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, only Huang Chao was the only son. This means that Huang Chao has to face the Tang Dynasty alone. Not only that, but his advanced age also adds great uncertainty to this "road to take off". What's more, the grass thief Zeng, who has just finished killing, is leading the morale of various military forces and horses, and the situation is dangerous. The crisis is also a turning point, but how to turn the corner in do or die requires great perseverance and wisdom. The 58-year-old man made a decision at this time. Don't forget your innovative spirit. In order to achieve your ultimate goal, let's go back to the starting point of our dream, and maybe we will have the answer you want. "History as a Mirror" records: "In the five years of the Reform Movement of 1898, in February of spring, Huang Chao attacked Bozhou, but he did not surrender. He still let the rest of the Shuai Xian rule it, pushed the nest to be king, and changed Wang Ba to be an official subordinate. The nest attacked Yizhou, Zhou Pu. " Yizhou In July of the third year of Ganfu (876), Huang Chao and his old boss, Wang Xianzhi, the king of grass roots, were defeated for the first time here, and lost to Wei Song (the first generation of grass thieves). In February (877) of the fourth year of Ganfu, after Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi parted ways, the first choice was still here, but unlike the last time, this time he successfully attacked the city and plundered the land, got the pay and walked away; After a whole year, in February, the fifth year of Ganfu (878), Huang Chao came to Yizhou City again, broke the city and looted it twice, and then turned to Zhou Pu. Zhou Pu is the hometown of Wang Xianzhi, Shang Changjun and Shang Rang, and also the birthplace of Wang Xianzhi Uprising. Why did Huang Chao lead the army to Zhou Pu again? There are not many records in the history books, but the antelope decided that it was not only for looting, or to appease the remnants of Jean Valjean and the grass army, or to add a handful of sticks to the fire of the uprising, or that Huang Chao just came here to remember his old bosses Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao. What does this move mean? Today we don't know. However, Huang Chao's actions, in Tang Ting's view, are sincere. In the third year of Ganfu, Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi attacked Luoyang, the eastern capital of Yizhou, threatening the supply line of the Datang Canal. The past cannot be repeated, so Tang Ting issued an emergency military order. New Tang book? "Biography of Huang Chao" records: "Take the bird's nest, and help the army to stop it. Moreover, he recruited envoys in the camp of Baizimian in the northeast and supervised the emergency arrest of various armies. Huang Chao's sudden attack on the north made the grass thieves stationed in Jingxiang far behind. Tang Ting used his quick wits to camp in the northeast temporarily, and Zhang Zimian was appointed as the Northeast Camp. Zhang Zimian is Huang Chao's old rival. Just last year, two encounters between Huang Chao and Zhang Zimian ended in failure: in July of the fourth year of Ganfu (877), Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi encircled Wei Song, the "grass thief" at that time, and when he was about to succeed, he was defeated by 7,000 loyal troops led by Zhang Zimian; In the same year1February, Huang Chao plundered Kuangcheng and attacked Zhou Pu, and Zhang Zimian was defeated for the second time. Zhang Zimian can be called a "pioneer in eliminating pornography" and won the "yellow" in one fell swoop. Sure enough, Zhang Zimian came to Zhou Pu to "eliminate pornography", and Huang Chao was defeated again. In the Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River didn't change its course, it flowed through Zhou Pu. At this time, Zhou Pu was isolated, the Yellow River was difficult to cross in the north, and loyal officials and military forces blocked the road in the south. Huang Chao was in a dilemma. Where is the way to the sky? At this time, Huang Chao's mind flashed with memories of the four uprisings in the late Tang Dynasty. He had a brainwave, Wang Ying possessed himself, wooed the imperial court, and gave this letter to Zhang Wei, our ambassador from Tian Ping, to give it to Tang Ting for him. Tang Ting was overjoyed and named Huang Chao the right general. This is a condition that neither Wang Xianzhi nor Wang Ying had before. It can be seen that Tang Ting is eager to calm the chaos at this time, but Tang Ting is not stupid. There is one condition for granting an official position, that is, Huang Chao must lead troops to Yunzhou to dissolve. Huang Chao pretended to write back and promise, pretending to go north to Yunzhou, then turned south sharply, escaped the encirclement of loyal subjects and military forces, jumped directly at Na Wei, turned to Sliding State, and attacked all the way to the west, causing the illusion of pointing directly at Luoyang, the east capital. Huang Chao, however, knew that Tang Ting's next move was exactly what happened when Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi planned to attack Luoyang, the eastern capital. Now it is just a gourd painting gourd ladle. Finally, as Huang Chao expected, Tang Ting began to deploy troops on a large scale to defend the eastern capital, just as it did two years ago. (See the wonderful article "Antelope Past" for details. Tear off the fig leaf of Nuo Dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty: Who is in charge of the broken mountains and rivers? )。 In March of the fifth year of Ganfu, a letter was sent from Heyang to Du Dong, and Xuanwu and Zhao Yi each had two thousand soldiers to guard the Quegong. General Liu Zuo ordered Dongdu to help prevent messengers, but he still listened to Dongdu's recruitment of 2,000 troops. Is Chang's grandson. He also ordered the soldiers to return to the eastern capital and sent volunteers to guard the axis, Yi Que, Wu Prison. " Huang Chao touched the white beard, smiled, and took all the troops south to plunder Yexian County (now Yexian County, Pingdingshan, Henan Province), and then went north to plunder Yangzhai again. In fact, this is also an empty shot, in order to make Tang Ting still think that Huang Chao will attack Luoyang, the eastern capital, and stabilize Tang Ting's strategic deployment. Five months later, Huang Chao turned the whole Henan Road and Huainan Road from Yangzhai and finally crossed the Yangtze River. After that, Huang Chao went to Runzhou, opened a 700-mile mountain road, and swept through Hangzhou, Yuezhou, Quzhou and Jianzhou. It took another four months and finally captured Fuzhou in December. Xuanzang, Dong Zhe and Fujian three southeast buffer zones were completely disrupted by Huang Chao, while Huang Chao Mountain was high and the emperor was far away, so they lived happily and escaped. In August, Kou Xuanzhou and Huang Chao announced that Wang Ning refused and was defeated by Nanling. Wo attacked Xuanzhou, but led troops into eastern Zhejiang, opened a mountain road of 700 miles, and attacked Fujian States. In December, JOE and Huang Chao were trapped in Fuzhou, and Wei Yao abandoned the city. Huang Chao's actions not only disturbed the three major buffer regions in southeast China, but even more deadly, Huang Chao broke the balance between the Tang Dynasty and the buffer regions, which was the basis for Huang Chao's later attack on Chang 'an, and was also the important reason why historians determined that the Huang Chao Uprising was the fuse of the Tang Dynasty's demise. The history of the buffer region in the Tang Dynasty began after the Anshi Rebellion, "An Shiping was the only reason for the disaster of the buffer region". However, Huang Chao's spoiler split the world, and there was no discipline, which led to turmoil in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. So Ouyang Xiu said in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty that "Tang died in Huang Chao". In fact, the buffer towns of the Tang Dynasty existed for many years before Huang Chao spoiled them. Different from the general impression that the vassal regions were places where separatist regimes fought against the imperial court, not all the vassal regions fought against Tang Ting in the Tang Dynasty. According to Mr. Zhang Guogang's theory, the buffer regions in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into four categories, namely, the separatist regime of Heshuo, the defense of the Central Plains, the frontier and the southeast financial resources. Except Heshuo, the other three buffer regions are not separated. Moreover, these four types of buffer zones are mutually maintained with the Tang court, so this pattern can exist relatively stably for 1 10 years. Therefore, "Song History? Yin Yuanchuan said: "The husband is weaker than the Tang Dynasty, and the princes are also; Although the Tang dynasty was weak, it did not die for a long time, and the vassal's dimension was also. "Specifically, the reason why the Tang Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty maintained each other was mainly due to the regionality and restriction of the separatist regime in the buffer region. First, the regionality of the separatist regime. Just now, as we said, among the four major types of buffer regions in the Tang Dynasty, only the Heshuo type buffer region was independent, and the rest of the Central Plains buffer region, the frontier buffer region and the southeast buffer region were not independent. Although there were disturbances in these three types of buffer regions, they were all local governments under the control of the Tang Dynasty, and the relocation of our time was basically decided by Tang Ting. Therefore, the separatist regime in the buffer region was only in Heshuo, and it did not affect the whole country. This is the regionality of the buffer regime. Second, the limitation of the separatist buffer. Although the Central Plains, the border areas and the southeast provinces were not independent, their political, economic and military relations with the Tang Dynasty profoundly influenced and restricted the situation of the whole Tang Dynasty. Specifically, militarily and geographically, the central plains buffer region has been curbing the separatist Heshuo buffer region; The stability of the northwest and Guanzhong border provinces also stabilized the political and military foundation of the Tang court throughout the country; The southeast provinces continued to support the imperial court financially, so that Tang Ting always maintained its economic and political advantages. Although Heshuo buffer region is independent, its development depends not only on its own strength, but also on the direction of the other three buffer regions to a greater extent, which is the constraint of the buffer region's separatist regime. Now, the pattern of mutual maintenance between Tang Ting and the buffer regions has been broken by Huang Chao, Huang Chao has disrupted the three buffer regions of Xuanyi, East Zhejiang and Southeast Fujian, and Huainan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jingnan and Hunan, which were ravaged by the grass army led by Wang Xianzhi, so far none of the nine buffer regions in Southeast China has survived. Especially, Fujian, the farthest and most southeast from the rebel army, was breached by Huang Chao, which plunged the southeast buffer regions into war. Tang Ting, an economic artery that mainly contributes to tax revenue, was cut off by Huang Chao. This blow announced that the countdown to the demise of the Tang Dynasty had begun. But there is a problem. Since the southeast buffer region is so important, why didn't Tang Ting take preventive measures and let Huang Chao March instead? It took Huang Chao five months to break through the encirclement of the Central Plains buffer region to Yun Xuan, and four months to travel long distances from Yun Xuan to Fujian. What is Tang Ting doing in the meantime? In fact, Tang Ting has been closely guarding against this situation, but due to three reasons, the strategic layout has been flawed, which eventually led to the break of Huang Chao. 1. Jiangxi suffered from Ganfu for four years. After the failure of the Wang Ying Uprising, the morale of the imperial court was high, and the grass army was in a crisis of survival. So, Wang Xianzhi divided the grass army into three parts, let it lead one, and finally merged with Huang Chao; I personally led a film and was killed in Huangmei. There is another, Wei Liu, and Xu Tangju as lieutenant (all three are "twenty-four generals of the grass army"). Liu was killed before him. Since then, Wang Chongyin has been the main commander and Xu Tangju has been the deputy commander, which is still a disaster for Jiangxi. Not only that, Cao Shixiong, one of the twenty-four generals of the Grass Army, also took refuge in Wang Chongyin, and Wang Chongyin became Wang Xianzhi's successor. He parted ways with Cao Shixiong, which brought disaster to Hunan, Jiangxi and Yun Xuan. Hurt the southeast, that is, hurt Tang Ting's treasury. Therefore, Tang Ting carried out a series of heavy mobilization, but it also gave Huang Chao a chance to break through the Central Plains. In March, Yu Dang Wang re-entered Hongzhou and ran to Hukou with Jiangxi Observation Item. The thief turned to Hunan, so he didn't rob Cao Shixiong. Zhao Zeng and Yang Lingbing fled after being rescued. " ""The thief led troops across the river and captured the states of Qian, Ji, Rao and Xin. Thieves looted Hunan and threatened Jingnan, especially Wang Xianzhi, who was seriously injured in a fire last winter. " "There are 300,000 old households at the gate of Jiangling, and 134 of them died in succession" (see the wonderful article of Antelope in the past for details. What are the terrible events in history? Huang Chao witnessed all four peasant uprisings in the late Tang Dynasty! ), in urgent need of etiquette. At this time, Stuart and Wang Duo, the prime ministers of the government hall, volunteered to go out of the city to serve as our time in Jingnan, and sat in Jiangling. Tang Xizong was overjoyed, so he named Wang Duo Stuart, Shi Zhong, Jiangling Yin and Jingnan our time, and the military and horses of each camp were unified, and he was named Duke Jinxiang. After Wang Duo arrived in Jiangling, he didn't slack off. He accepted refugees, recruited foot soldiers, repaired the armor, and made Jiangling well armed. After Wang Duo left the city, Chang 'an government hall ushered in a wave of mobilization. He was promoted to Assistant Minister, Minister of War Tong Pingzhang, and Hong Wen Pavilion University because he was pardoned for his meritorious service. Zheng Yi, the former minister of the Ministry of War, was appointed as the minister of the Ministry of Justice, and was promoted to assistant minister. He worked with Pingzhang as a university student in Jixian Hall. Li Wei, born in Li's official department in Longxi, has served as assistant minister in Zhongshu, assistant minister in Tongpingzhang, assistant minister in Tongzhang and assistant minister in Zheng Yi. Wang Duo's weight can be described as heavy. The former prime minister and duke of the state of Jin is sitting in the south of Beijing, but this is not enough for Tang Ting. So in the near future, Wang Duojingnan was dismissed as our ambassador, and the rest of his official positions were still guarding Jiangling. Gao Pian, a famous soldier who repeatedly broke Nanzhao (the first famous soldier in the Tang Dynasty at this time), worked in Jingnan, which was equivalent to Tang Ting using the last killer mace. 2. When Chang 'an changed to Hedong Shatuo, Li and Li Keyong, our father and son took advantage of the busy handling of the gap with Huang Chao in the Tang Dynasty to launch an uprising. Li Keyong killed Duan Wenchu, the defense envoy of Datong, and made an insurrection in the north, which affected our attention and increased the differences in Chang 'an yamen. In the southwest, it will not stop. Fan bian's Nanzhao sent messengers to Zhao for many times to kiss, calling Nanzhao a brother country, not a brother country. His rude behavior once divided the government hall. In May, Lu Xie agreed to marry him, but Zheng Yi refused, so the two prime ministers argued as usual. But this time, Xie Lu was furious and left the inkstone on the table, which made Tang Xizong furious. Lu Xie and Zheng Yi both called it quits, while Zheng Yi was demoted to Prince Guest Company, and Lu Xie was also demoted to Prince Guest Company, still in Zheng Yi's post. Not only that, but also angry at Li Jue, was appointed as the East Capital and sent to Luoyang. Poor Li Wei was sent away before it was hot. Tang Xizong promoted three obedient prime ministers according to his own meaning. Bachelor of Hanlin, Assistant Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Dou Lvxun, Assistant Minister of the Ministry of War; Cui, assistant minister of the official department, is also assistant minister of the household department. Zheng Cong, the official minister, paid homage to Assistant Minister Zhongshu and worked with Pingzhang. In May, Bing Shenshuo, Zheng Yi and Xie Lu discussed a savage matter, and wanted to be intimate with him, but they insisted on it. In a rage, I brushed my clothes and fell to the ground and broke them. When I heard about it, I said, "Why should ministers punish each other?" ! "Ding you, you, with all the guests, division of labor. Taking the Hanlin bachelor as the mission, Dou Luxun, assistant minister of the household department, and Cui Ling, assistant minister of the official department, are both assistant ministers of the household department. " ""assistant minister in the book, with flat chapter Li Wei left for the east. Zheng Congzhen, the minister of the official department, is an assistant minister in the same chapter. Although Xie Lu is good at calculating, many Tang generals, such as Wei Song, Zeng and Gao Pian, are very close to each other, and in the government hall, they can keep close contact with the front-line generals. Needless to say, Zheng Yi was one of the few prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty who really understood soldiers. Mainly from the uprising in Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao, Zheng Yi and Lu Xie successively served as ministers of the Ministry of War to understand the roots of Huang Chao and the deployment of the front-line buffer regions. At this time, the 16-year-old boy emperor decided to attack Lu and Zheng, instead of promoting Dou Luxun as a minister, and made him a minister of war. Dou Luxun had no military-related experience before, which shows that Tang Ting's command in the subsequent riot against bandits was quite chaotic. After May, the grass thief recruited Zeng (recommended general) and the grass thief recruited Zhang Zimian (recommended general Zheng Yi) without success, which was obviously related to cracking down on Zheng Yi and lost the support of the DPRK. The command of the temporary "grass thief camp" to mobilize other military forces in the Central Plains buffer zone was obviously blocked. 3. Gao Pian realized that the remnants of the Wang Xianzhi Grass Army, headed by Cao Shixiong, were wreaking havoc in western Zhejiang, and the newly appointed prime ministers transferred Gao Pian, a late Tang Dynasty star who had just arrived in Jingnan, from Jingnan to western Zhejiang, becoming our new envoy in Zhenhai. Because Gao Pian made a balance in his early years, he was very famous in Yunzhou and wanted to deter the insurgents. Gao Pian's fame is yellow, and everyone is too familiar with it. It was because of the arrival of Gao Pian that it took five months to break through from the Central Plains to Huang Chao, Xuanzhou. After the attack on Xuanzhou was invalid, he gave up decisively, avoided western Zhejiang, went to eastern Zhejiang, and then went south to Fujian. If the famous Gaopian had not been sent to western Zhejiang by Tang Ting, Huang Chao would not have traveled long distances again. After four months, I finally arrived in the remote Fuzhou in December of the fifth year of Ganfu. Moreover, when Huang Chao was raging in Henan Road, Huainan Road and Dongdufu, although there were also long-distance raids, it never lasted more than two months. It can be said that Tang Ting's deterrence this time is very effective, but the effect is negative. In order to avoid the sharp edge of Gao Pian, Huang Chao resorted to magic operation to Fujian, causing all the nine southeast provinces to fall into war. As an important tax area in the Tang Dynasty, the nine provinces in the southeast suffered heavy losses, which was the first time in many years after the Anshi Rebellion11. From the moment Huang Chao entered Fuzhou, Huang Chao not only completely reversed the fate strangled by Tang Ting, but also pulled the Tang Dynasty into the abyss of extinction. Thank you for reading, liking, forwarding, commenting and paying attention. I am Du Fei the Antelope, the leader of the historical and cultural exchange group of Zhongjiantang, and I am good at the history of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties and the creation of online novels. He is simple, determined to carry forward history and culture, and tries to interpret history from multiple angles.