What changes have taken place in the electronics industry in the past 20 years? Please look at the following sets of data:
-Gross output value of electronic industry:1.97981.300 million yuan; It is estimated that the total output value of the electronics industry will reach 480 billion yuan in 1998, with an average annual growth rate of 23.9%. The proportion of the total industrial output value in China has also increased from 1.978 1.4% to 6.5%;
Total profits and taxes of electronic industry: 1.979 billion yuan, 1.998 billion yuan, 1.998 billion yuan, an increase of 66.6 times, with an average annual increase of 24.8%;
-Export of electronic products: 1980, the export of electronic products is only10 billion US dollars, accounting for only% of the total national export. It is estimated that the export of electronic products in198 will reach $30 billion (according to customs statistics), with an increase of 3,000 times in196.
-Electronic product structure: the proportion of investment, consumption and components in the electronic industry: 1980,17: 22: 61; 1990 is14: 53: 33; 1998 10 was changed to 38.8: 32.6: 28.6. Investment products have become the driving force of industrial growth, from component-oriented, to consumer-oriented, and then to investment product-oriented, which indicates that the structure of China's electronic industry is gradually optimized and the ability of service modernization is greatly improved.
-Production and supply of major electronic products: According to the statistical analysis of 20 major electronic products currently produced, compared with 1988, there were 13 new products that could not be produced in that year, and 7 products that continued to be produced, and the annual output also increased by dozens to hundreds of times (for example, color TV increased by 780 times). The main product that entered the family at that time was the radio. At present, everything from color TV sets and refrigerators to home computers, VCDs, high-end stereos and various small household appliances have become daily necessities for thousands of households. The research and production of program-controlled switches, high-grade microcomputers, integrated circuits, new components and high-tech electronic products have also reached a certain scale and level, and the ability to provide equipment for the four modernizations and informatization has been greatly improved.
-World Electronic Industry Ranking: 1980 The scale of China's electronic industry ranks first among countries and regions in the world, and now it ranks first, becoming a big country in the electronic industry in the world.
Investment in the construction and technological transformation of the electronics industry: The electronics industry has made such great achievements, but from the perspective of state investment, it is very few. During the Sixth Five-Year Plan period, the investment in infrastructure and technological transformation was 8.73 billion yuan, accounting for1.1%of the total national investment; During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, the investment in infrastructure and technological transformation was 654.38+065.438+429 million yuan, accounting for 0.7% of the total investment in China. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the investment in infrastructure and technological transformation was 3,406,543.8 billion yuan, accounting for 0.5% of the total investment in China. The three five-year plans totaled 57.569 billion yuan, less than the state's investment in the electronics industry.
These remarkable figures tell us that the electronic industry has achieved rapid development, low input and high output, and has made great contributions to promoting the four modernizations and improving people's material and cultural life. The brilliant achievements of the electronics industry have inspired Chinese people and made the industry proud. We can proudly announce to the whole country and the world that China's electronic industry has achieved a historic leap in the past 20 years of reform and opening up!
The achievements of China's electronics industry are the result of the hard work of all previous leaders, cadres and workers of the electronics industry under the guidance of the reform and opening-up policy of the Party and the country. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, seven old leaders, including Party and state leaders, Li, Zou Jiahua and Hu Qili, have successively served as ministers of electronics (machinery and electronics) industry. They have invested enormous energy and painstaking efforts and adopted correct strategic principles and policy measures. Leading the broad masses of cadres and workers in the electronics industry to keep forging ahead, successfully completing the strategic tasks and development goals in various periods, writing different historical chapters and jointly creating today's glory.
Looking back on the development track of the electronic industry in the past 20 years, we can see that the following major decisions and fruitful work have had a significant impact on the overall reform and development of the electronic industry, which has prompted major changes in the whole or some areas of the electronic industry and achieved rapid development.
First, the industrial development model has changed from military-oriented to people-oriented in integration of defense and civilian technologies.
China electronics industry was established to meet the needs of national defense construction, especially the enterprises directly under the former Ministry of Electronics Industry. Since its establishment, it has long adhered to the policy of "focusing on the military" and has not produced or rarely produced civilian products. In the early 1960s, the production of civil electronic products was criticized as "doing nothing". During the Cultural Revolution, Lin Biao and his party put forward that "the Fourth Machinery Department only cares about the military", which seriously restricted the development of civilian products of electronic enterprises directly under the Ministry. Although slogans such as "combining the army with the people, focusing on the army, combining peacetime and wartime, and integration of defense and civilian technologies" have been put forward, the leading organs of the Ministry and military enterprises are worried about all kinds of criticisms and accusations in the past in engaging in civilian products, and their subordinate enterprises have been slow to take the step of developing civilian products, and the output value of civilian products has been hovering around 20% of the total output value of the electronics industry for a long time. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the work center of the whole party and the whole country turned to economic construction. The output value of civilian products in the national electronics industry has increased to 78. 4%, while the civilian products of enterprises directly under the Ministry, as the main force of the electronics industry, still account for only 27%, of which radar and director enterprises only account for 7.3% and 1% respectively. With the continuous sharp drop in military orders, the tasks of military enterprises are seriously inadequate, and it is very difficult to develop civilian products. In order to get rid of the predicament of military enterprises, the Fourth Machinery Department made a decision to vigorously develop civilian products. On June 1980, 10, a conference on civilian products of subordinate enterprises was held. Minister Qian Min pointed out that the main contradiction at that time was the underdevelopment of civilian products. According to the instructions of the central leading comrades and the actual situation of the electronic industry, the electronic industry. It has broken through the ideological shackles of "not doing business properly" in military industrial enterprises, prompted military industrial enterprises to dispel their concerns, improved their enthusiasm and consciousness in developing civilian products, and changed from "I want to engage in civilian products" to "I want to engage in civilian products". This major policy change is the key to the rapid development of civilian products in electronic military enterprises since 1980.
198 1 year, the state machinery Committee was established, the electronics industry was converted from military to civilian, and the fourth machinery department was renamed the Ministry of electronics industry. Comrade Jiang Zemin worked in the Ministry of Electronic Industry 1982, and did a lot of work for the electronic industry to speed up the development of civilian products. As a result, the development mode of the electronic industry has rapidly changed from military-oriented to civilian-oriented, and mainly serves the military industry.
1, combined with technology introduction and technical transformation, enables key military enterprises to rapidly form the production capacity of civilian products. When the development of civilian products began in 0980, most military enterprises were "looking for rice to cook" and assisted workshops in making simple products such as floor lamps and armchairs. Since the Sixth Five-Year Plan, we have taken advantage of the favorable conditions of opening to the outside world to introduce foreign applicable technologies to key military enterprises. These enterprises have established various production lines of civil electronic products, and have their own pillar products, and have realized mass production, such as Changhong brand TV set produced by Changhong Machinery Factory, Huanghe brand TV set and refrigerator produced by Huanghe Machinery Factory, Changling-ariston refrigerator produced by Changling Machinery Factory, Bat brand electric fan produced by Changjiang Machinery Factory and Changfeng brand washing machine produced by Changfeng Machinery Factory.
2. Relocate and adjust the third-line enterprises to get rid of difficulties and improve their ability to survive and develop. By 198 1 year, the budgeted investment of the electronic industry for the third-level construction was 3.57 billion yuan, accounting for 64% of the total investment of the national electronic industry in the same period, and * * * built 24 third-level enterprises1year, accounting for 70% of the enterprises directly under the Ministry. At the same time, there are 19% local electronic enterprises in various provinces and cities. Although the state has implemented a series of preferential policies such as tax exemption and subsidies for these third-tier enterprises, most of them are still in trouble. In 2008+098 1, 37 subordinate enterprises suffered losses, and 34 were third-class enterprises. Therefore, while actively adjusting the product structure of third-tier enterprises and vigorously developing civilian products, the Ministry of Electronic Industry actively pays attention to the adjustment and relocation of enterprises that are difficult to survive in the original site according to national policies, and determines to relocate 64 enterprises during the Sixth Five-Year Plan period with a total budget of 65.438+63 billion yuan. By 654.38+0.990, 53 units will be relocated. According to the statistics of 654.38+0.05 relocated enterprises, it will be relocated from 654.38+0.984 to 654.38+0.990.
3. Promote the transfer of military technology to civilian use. The Ministry of Electronic Industry directly under the Ministry of Electronic Industry has more than 50 researches, most of which are built around supporting the frontier of national defense and military industry. In the process of military conversion, the service direction has also been adjusted accordingly. Many research institutes have set up research and development companies focusing on the development of civilian products, and a considerable number of research institutes have entered the coastal special zones to establish export-oriented development institutions. At the same time, the transformation process of scientific research achievements has been accelerated. At present, many electronic research institutes have developed into high-tech enterprise groups integrating science, industry and trade. There are 204 economic entities under 48 research institutes (including 37 Sino-foreign joint ventures), with total annual income of 1 400,21000 yuan, profit of 4 1.25 million yuan, tax payment of 22.32 million yuan, and foreign exchange earned by export of 7565438 yuan. Among them, the output value of civilian products is 46,765,438+10,000 yuan, and the profit is 288 1 10,000 yuan, which makes the scientific research unit move from simply serving the military industry to economic growth. The export value of 1.985 is 274 million US dollars, which is more than 26 times higher than that of 1.980. 1990 increased to $3.787 billion, an increase of 12.8 times compared with 1985, in which the export of consumer electronic products accounted for 68% of the total export; 5. Enriched people's material and cultural life. By 1990, more than 4.4 million black and white TV sets1/kloc-0, 47.586 million color TV sets, 0.47 million tape recorders/kloc-0, 247.437 million radios, and a large number of household electronic products such as washing machines, refrigerators and electronic keyboards were provided. 6. The development of consumer electronic products has also played an important role in promoting the electronic industry to intensive mass production, mastering modern mass production technology, learning modern management and promoting the formation of economies of scale.
Five, conscientiously implement the national preferential policies, support the priority development of four high-tech products.
At the the State Council 1986 1 12 meeting, after listening to "Some Thoughts on the Development Policy and Strategy of Electronic Industry in China" made by Minister Li of the Ministry of Electronic Industry (an investigation report on the electronic industry in the United States), it is considered that the task of accelerating the development of China's electronic industry is arduous, and governments at all levels should give support in policies and funds and decide to put integrated circuits, computers and electronic information technologies. Collect income tax by half; Exempt key equipment and instruments from customs duties; Withdraw 10% of R&D expenses according to sales revenue; Major import items are exempt from import duties. In order to recruit outstanding talents, pilot small start-ups are allowed to implement preferential wage policies. In addition, the state has decided to allocate an electronic development fund of 6,543.8 billion yuan every year during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period.
These preferential policies implemented during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period have achieved remarkable results. Compared with 1986, the sales revenue, profits and paid-in fiscal revenue of 235 enterprises and institutions enjoying preferential policies increased by 232%, 189% and 29% respectively. With the support of preferential policies, such as China Great Wall Computer Group, Lenovo Computer Group, Inspur Computer Group and Taiji Computer Company. According to estimates, by1990 * *, more than 800 million yuan of preferential funds were obtained, and more than 5,000 sets of special equipment for scientific research and development were purchased with preferential funds, and more than 3,000 kinds of products were developed, which accelerated the technological transformation and product upgrading of electronic enterprises. More than 2,000 scientific and technological development experiments and production lines have been established, which have improved the ability of scientific research, design and development, promoted technological progress, promoted the adjustment of industrial structure, product structure and enterprise structure of the electronics industry, and formed economies of scale in some high-tech products.
6. Make bold use of foreign capital, strive to expand exports, persist in promoting domestic development from outside, and accelerate the development process.
Since the reform and opening up, the electronics industry has always regarded the development of foreign trade as an important policy to revitalize the electronics industry. 1980, China Electronic Technology Import and Export Corporation was established (1985 was renamed as China Electronic Import and Export Corporation), and foreign trade reached a new level. Entering the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period, it further proposed: "Go out and strive to expand the export of electronic products and earn more foreign exchange. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, especially after the establishment of the new Ministry of Electronic Industry, international trade cooperation and expanding the export of electronic products were placed in a more important position. Minister Hu Qili put forward the overall strategy of "market-oriented, combining the inside and outside, promoting the inside from the outside, and accelerating development", placing the utilization of foreign markets in a strategic position, emphasizing that the domestic and foreign markets should be regarded as a unified big market, and only by entering the international market,
The state attaches great importance to and supports the export of electronic products. For example, when China Electronic Import & Export Corporation was established, it was given the preferential treatment of not paying profits for three years and retaining all the foreign exchange earned through export. According to the national policy, the electronics industry itself has also taken a series of measures, mainly including: 1, establishing export bases and expanding foreign trade autonomy. 190 set up 36 export bases and expanded 98 enterprises with foreign trade autonomy; 2. Vigorously develop the "three supplements" (processing with supplied materials, assembling with supplied parts, manufacturing with supplied samples and compensation trade), and use the preferential policies of the state to attract foreign investment to set up "product export enterprises". From 65438 to 0995, the number of foreign-funded electronic enterprises reached 10246, most of which were processing enterprises; 3. Support the development of foreign trade enterprises and establish the main channels of foreign trade. Take the electronic industry import and export company as the main body and form the main force of foreign trade. 4.1In March 1995, China Electronic Import and Export Group was established with 308 member units as the core. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, it is planned to focus on cultivating large export-oriented companies and enterprise groups integrating science, industry and trade with economies of scale in production, scientific and technological development and import and export business. By the year 2000, there will be1000 enterprises with export value exceeding1000, and the total import and export volume of China Electronic Import and Export Group will reach 5 billion US dollars, including 3 billion US dollars, forming a strong electronic foreign trade force.
As a result of the above measures, the export of electronic products has made rapid progress. Before 1980, the export value of electronic industrial systems was only100000, and the total export value was only $22 million, together with companies engaged in electronic products export such as light industry and machinery. Exports in the Sixth Five-Year Plan took a big step and entered the Seventh Five-Year Plan, which developed more rapidly. Exports from 1986 reached $270 million, from 1987 to $670 million, from 1988 to 1989 to 127 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 57%. According to customs statistics, 1995 reached165.3 billion USD, with an average annual increase of 34.3%. 196 reached 21500 million USD, an increase of 30.04% over the previous year. 1997 exports reached $26.929 billion, up by 25.26%, and became the national economy of China.
It is China's strategic decision to carry out international cooperation and boldly use foreign capital. In China's Decision on Encouraging Foreign Investment, it is proposed that foreign-invested "advanced technology enterprises" and "product export enterprises" be given special preferential treatment, because most electronic projects are "advanced technology" and "product export", which can enjoy special preferential treatment and have great attraction to foreign investors. Development zones around the country also regard electronics as the preferred industry for introducing foreign capital. They also actively encourage and support this. Therefore, the electronics industry is a department that uses more foreign capital. According to relevant statistics and calculations, in the first half of 1986, there were about 150 foreign-invested enterprises, and the actually utilized foreign capital was about 200 million US dollars. By the end of 1988, there were 536 foreign-invested enterprises, and the amount of foreign capital utilized was US$ 607 million. 199 1 year, there are 2846 foreign-funded enterprises, and the amount of foreign capital utilized is 2.502 billion US dollars. 1993, the number of foreign-funded enterprises reached 5,000, and the amount of foreign capital utilized was 4160 million US dollars; During the period of 1994, there were 8,000 foreign-invested enterprises with a contract value of US$ 7 billion and actually utilized foreign capital of US$ 4 billion. 10264 foreign-invested enterprises reached10264 in 1995, with a contract value of $9.5 billion and actual utilization of $7 billion. According to the statistics of 6,508 foreign-invested enterprises in the electronics industry at the end of197, the contractual utilization of foreign capital reached157.6 billion US dollars, and the international utilization of foreign capital reached 65,438.
The utilization of foreign capital and the establishment of foreign-funded enterprises have played an important role in promoting the development of China's electronic industry and achieved remarkable results. To sum up, there are six aspects:
1, which promoted the rapid development of the industry. China is short of funds, and its long-term insufficient investment in the electronic industry has restricted its development. Through the introduction of foreign capital, the shortage of domestic investment has been made up to a considerable extent, which has injected vitality into the development of electronic industry and produced a great impetus. From 1980 to 1995, the total investment of the state and local governments in the technical transformation of infrastructure in the electronic industry totaled nearly 60 billion yuan, and the actual utilization of foreign capital in the same period totaled 7 billion US dollars, accounting for 42 billion yuan at the average exchange rate of 1:6, accounting for about 70% of the total investment, which made the electronic industry, especially the coastal areas, develop rapidly.
It promotes the formation of big companies. From the analysis of the development process of the top 100 electronic enterprises, we can clearly see that foreign-funded enterprises have played a great role in promoting the development of large companies. First, foreign-funded enterprises with early holdings have developed into large companies. For example, shenzhen huaqiang, Konka, Fujian Furi, Xiamen China and Xiamen New Electronics Co., Ltd. invested only about 3 million yuan in joint ventures in the early 1980s. After more than ten years of effective operation and mutual cooperation, second, some joint ventures have invested heavily and started from a high point, and have become the top enterprises in China after being completed and put into production. A number of large joint ventures, such as Beijing Panasonic CRT, Beijing International Exchange System, Nanjing Hua Fei Color Display System and Anyang Color Tube Glass Shell, were established in the late Eighth Five-Year Plan and 1990s, with an investment of tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of dollars, and soon entered the top 100 enterprises after they were put into operation. Third, large companies with domestic capital as the main body also seek development and strengthen their own strength with foreign capital. For example, Shanghai Radio and Television has set up 25 joint ventures (excluding the joint venture project being negotiated with Sony) with a total investment of 2.9410.3 million US dollars; Nanjing Panda Group directly introduced foreign capital of US$ 42.27 million with a total investment of US$ 654.38+0.5 billion, and established four limited companies, namely, Nanjing Ericsson Communication, Nanjing Shuangqiang Computer, Nanjing Lejin Panda Electric Appliance and Nanjing Sharp Electronics. There are only three foreign-funded enterprises in the top 100 electronic companies, 1987, 1995 and 17.
3. It has promoted the improvement of economic benefits. Most joint ventures in the field of electronics are successful and have good benefits. For example, among the five top ten joint ventures, electronics accounted for four. Judging from the situation of some key provinces and cities, foreign-funded enterprises have become local large profits and taxes, and the economic benefits of the electronics industry mainly depend on the support of foreign-funded enterprises. In 2005, the electronics industry achieved the highest profit of 65400. There are 5 foreign-funded enterprises, among which Shanghai Bell Telephone Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. achieved a profit of 65.438+53.7 million yuan, ranking first, and Beijing Matsushita Color Tube Co., Ltd. achieved a profit of 492 million yuan. The joint venture company put into production in Shanghai achieved sales revenue of 65.438+0.995 billion yuan and profit of 860 million yuan, accounting for 6.2 1% of the whole system respectively.
4. It has promoted the improvement of technology and management. In utilizing foreign capital and developing joint ventures, many projects have greatly promoted the production technology and product level of electronic enterprises in China. The most common thing is to introduce and introduce more advanced technical equipment and students. Br> references:
A glorious historical chapter in the 20 years of reform and opening-up in the electronics industry